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Evaluation of Capabilities of Russian Federation’s Unmanned Aerial Vehicle/ Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 11 - 20, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.51534/tiha.1199782

Öz

This study aims to reveal Russian Federation's (RF) capabilities of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)/armed unmanned aerial vehicle (UCAV) systems, efforts to develop UAV/UCAV systems, and how it uses existing UAV/UCAV capabilities in military operations. The main claim of the study is that RF is not advanced in long-range and medium/high altitude UAV/UCAV systems, but it follows various policies in order to eliminate the aforementioned capability deficiencies in a short time. Considering the RF military power parameters, it is generally among the leading countries of the world in every field. However, the capabilities of RF's UAV and UCAV systems are the exception to this situation. RF remained relatively uninterested in UAV/UCAV systems for various reasons in the 1990s and 2000s. For this reason, it cannot sufficiently benefit from the force multiplier effect created by the UAV/UCAV systems in the battlefield. RF, which is at a certain level in tactical UAV systems, needs long range, medium and high altitude UAV/UCAV systems. In this context, the projects started in the 2010s have gained momentum in recent years. Today, the RF is trying to meet its urgent needs for UAVs / UCAVs with its own means, and if it is not possible, tries to procure it from countries such as Iran. If RF can realize the planned UAV/UCAV projects, it will become an important UAV/UCAV manufacturer and user in the near future. The most challenging issue for Moscow in this regard is the sanctions imposed on RF by the USA and Western countries due to Ukraine.

Kaynakça

  • Bendett, S. (2021). Military Robotics Development. Advanced Military Technology in Russia: Capabilities and implications. Chatham House. 47-62.
  • Bullen, L. & News, Z. (2022). Russia Blitzes Ukrainian Targets on Video With Deadly Orlan-10 Drones. https://www.newsweek.com/russia-blitzes-ukrainian-targets-video-deadly-orlan-10-drones-1707449. (Erişim Tarihi: 25.05.2022).
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  • Cohen, A. & Hamilton, R. E. (2011). The Russian Military and The Georgia War: Lessons and Implications. Strategic Research Institute. ISBN 1-58487-491-0.
  • Countries by UCAV. (2019). ArmedForces.eu, https://armedforces.eu/air_forces/ranking_drones. (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2022).
  • Deveci, M. (2022). Ukrayna: 13 Eylül'den bu yana İran'a ait 223 kamikaze İHA'yı düşürdük. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ukrayna-13-eylulden-bu-yana-irana-ait-223-kamikaze-ihayi-dusurduk-/2715194. (Erişim Tarihi: 28.10.2022).
  • Dangwal, A. (2021). Russia Says Its Orion UAV Has Fighter-Like Capabilities; Can Shoot Down Drones In Air-To-Air Combat. The Eurasian Times. https://eurasiantimes.com/russia-says-its-orion-uav-has-fighter-like-capabilities-can-shoot-down-drones-in-air-to-air-combat-watch/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2023).
  • Edmonds, J. & Bendett, S. (2022). Russian Military Autonomy in a Ukraine Conflict. CNA. https://www.cna.org/archive/CNA_Files/pdf/russian-military-autonomy-in-a-ukraine-conflict.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2022).
  • Facon, I. (2015). Prolifated Drones: A Perspective on Russia, http://drones.cnas.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/A-Perspective-on-Russia-Proliferated-Drones.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 25.06.2022).
  • Faragasso, S. (2022). Russian Military UAV Used in Ukraine Depends on Foreign Parts. Institute for Science and International Security. https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/russian-military-uav-used-in-ukraine-depends-on-foreign-parts/. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2022).
  • General Gerasimov on the Syrian Campaign. (2018). OE Watch. https://community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/m/oe-watch-articles-singular-format/285858. (Erişim Tarihi: 26.12.2022).
  • General Staff reveals details of drones that attacked Russian bases in Syria. (2018). TASS, 11 Ocak 2018, https://tass.com/defense/984635. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2022).
  • Gettinger, D. (2019). The Drone Databook, The Center for the Study of the Drone at Bard College, https://dronecenter.bard.edu/files/2019/10/CSD-Drone-Databook-Web.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 25.06.2022).
  • Giles, K. (2017). Assessing Russia’s Reorganized and Rearmed Military. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/05/03/assessing-russia-s-reorganized-and-rearmed-military-pub-69853. (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2022).
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  • Kalina, N. & Kozyulin, V (2010). Russia's Defense Industry: Feet of Clay. Security Index. 16(1), 31-46.
  • Karnozov, V. (2019). Russia advances UAV forces, sheds light on Syrian experiences, Aviation International News. https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-10-06/russia-advances-uav-forces-sheds-light-syrian-experiences. (Erişim Tarihi:15.06.2022).
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  • Lester, W. G. & Bartles, K. B. (2016b). Integration of unmmanned aerial systems within Russian Artillery. Fires, Temmuz-Ağustos 2016, 31-38, https://community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/m/fmso-monographs/195395. (Erişim Tarihi: 05.07.2022).
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  • Palavenis, D. (2022). Russia was lagging behind in drone capabilities, but is now catching up – comment. https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1648450/russia-was-lagging-behind-in-drone-capabilities-but-is-now-catching-up-comment. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2022).
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Rusya Federasyonu’nun İnsansız Hava Aracı/Silahlı İnsansız Hava Aracı Kabiliyetlerinin Değerlendirilmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1, 11 - 20, 30.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.51534/tiha.1199782

Öz

Bu çalışma Rusya Federasyonu’nun (RF); insansız hava aracı (İHA)/silahlı insansız hava aracı (SİHA) sistemleri imkân ve kabiliyetlerini, İHA/SİHA sistemleri geliştirme sürecini ve mevcut İHA/SİHA kabiliyetlerini askeri harekâtlarında nasıl kullandığını ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın temel iddiası RF’nin uzun menzilli ve orta/yüksek irtifa İHA/SİHA sistemlerinde ileri seviyede bulunmadığı, ancak bahse konu yetenek eksikliklerini kısa sürede gidermek maksadıyla çeşitli politikalar izlediğidir. RF askeri güç parametreleri göz önüne alındığında genel olarak her alanda dünyanın önde gelen ülkeleri arasında bulunmaktadır. Ancak RF’nin İHA ve SİHA sistemleri imkân ve kabiliyetleri bu durumun istisnasını oluşturmaktadır. RF, 1990’lı ve 2000’li yıllarda İHA/SİHA sistemlerine çeşitli nedenlerle görece ilgisiz kalmıştır. Bu nedenle günümüzde İHA/SİHA sistemlerinin muharebe sahasında yarattığı kuvvet çarpanı etkisinden yeterince yararlanamamaktadır. Taktik İHA sistemlerinde belirli bir seviyede bulunan RF, uzun menzilli, orta ve yüksek irtifa İHA/SİHA sistemlerine ihtiyaç duymaktadır. Bu kapsamda 2010’lu yıllarda başlatılan projeler, son yıllarda hız kazanmıştır. RF günümüzde İHA/SİHA’lara yönelik acil ihtiyaçlarını kendi imkânlarıyla karşılamaya çalışmakta, mümkün olmadığı takdirde ise İran gibi ülkelerden tedarik etmeye çalışmaktadır. RF, planlanan İHA/SİHA projelerini gerçekleştirebilmesi durumunda yakın dönemde önemli bir İHA/SİHA üreticisi ve kullanıcısı durumuna gelecektir. Bu konuda Moskova’yı en fazla zorlayan husus ise Ukrayna nedeniyle ABD ve Batılı ülkelerin RF’ye uyguladıkları yaptırımlardır.

Kaynakça

  • Bendett, S. (2021). Military Robotics Development. Advanced Military Technology in Russia: Capabilities and implications. Chatham House. 47-62.
  • Bullen, L. & News, Z. (2022). Russia Blitzes Ukrainian Targets on Video With Deadly Orlan-10 Drones. https://www.newsweek.com/russia-blitzes-ukrainian-targets-video-deadly-orlan-10-drones-1707449. (Erişim Tarihi: 25.05.2022).
  • Chapter Five: Russia and Eurasia. (2022). The Military Balance, 122(1), https://doi.org/10.1080/04597222.2022.2022930. https://sbu.proxy.deepknowledge.io/MuseSessionID=0210j74xe/MuseProtocol=https/MuseHost=www.tandfonline.com/MusePath/doi/full/10.1080/04597222.2022.2022930. (Erişim Tarihi: 08.08.2022).
  • Cohen, A. & Hamilton, R. E. (2011). The Russian Military and The Georgia War: Lessons and Implications. Strategic Research Institute. ISBN 1-58487-491-0.
  • Countries by UCAV. (2019). ArmedForces.eu, https://armedforces.eu/air_forces/ranking_drones. (Erişim Tarihi: 28.12.2022).
  • Deveci, M. (2022). Ukrayna: 13 Eylül'den bu yana İran'a ait 223 kamikaze İHA'yı düşürdük. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/ukrayna-13-eylulden-bu-yana-irana-ait-223-kamikaze-ihayi-dusurduk-/2715194. (Erişim Tarihi: 28.10.2022).
  • Dangwal, A. (2021). Russia Says Its Orion UAV Has Fighter-Like Capabilities; Can Shoot Down Drones In Air-To-Air Combat. The Eurasian Times. https://eurasiantimes.com/russia-says-its-orion-uav-has-fighter-like-capabilities-can-shoot-down-drones-in-air-to-air-combat-watch/. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.01.2023).
  • Edmonds, J. & Bendett, S. (2022). Russian Military Autonomy in a Ukraine Conflict. CNA. https://www.cna.org/archive/CNA_Files/pdf/russian-military-autonomy-in-a-ukraine-conflict.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 12.08.2022).
  • Facon, I. (2015). Prolifated Drones: A Perspective on Russia, http://drones.cnas.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/A-Perspective-on-Russia-Proliferated-Drones.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 25.06.2022).
  • Faragasso, S. (2022). Russian Military UAV Used in Ukraine Depends on Foreign Parts. Institute for Science and International Security. https://isis-online.org/isis-reports/detail/russian-military-uav-used-in-ukraine-depends-on-foreign-parts/. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2022).
  • General Gerasimov on the Syrian Campaign. (2018). OE Watch. https://community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/m/oe-watch-articles-singular-format/285858. (Erişim Tarihi: 26.12.2022).
  • General Staff reveals details of drones that attacked Russian bases in Syria. (2018). TASS, 11 Ocak 2018, https://tass.com/defense/984635. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2022).
  • Gettinger, D. (2019). The Drone Databook, The Center for the Study of the Drone at Bard College, https://dronecenter.bard.edu/files/2019/10/CSD-Drone-Databook-Web.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 25.06.2022).
  • Giles, K. (2017). Assessing Russia’s Reorganized and Rearmed Military. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/05/03/assessing-russia-s-reorganized-and-rearmed-military-pub-69853. (Erişim Tarihi: 25.12.2022).
  • Global nuclear arsenals are expected to grow as states continue to modernize–New SIPRI Yearbook out now. (2022). Sipri. https://www.sipri.org/media/press-release/2022/global-nuclear-arsenals-are-expected-grow-states-continue-modernize-new-sipri-yearbook-out-now. (Erişim Tarihi:12.10.2022).
  • Harrington, J. (2019). In Hurricane Barry's wake, here are the worst floods in American history. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/weather/2019/07/17/worst-floods-in-american-history/39692839/. (Erişim Tarihi: 02.07.2020).
  • Imposing Sanctions on Entities and Individuals in Response to Iran’s Transfer of Military UAVs to Russia. (2022). U.S. Department of State. https://www.state.gov/imposing-sanctions-on-entities-and-individuals-in-response-to-irans-transfer-of-military-uavs-to-russia/. (Erişim Tarihi: 26.10.2022).
  • Kalina, N. & Kozyulin, V (2010). Russia's Defense Industry: Feet of Clay. Security Index. 16(1), 31-46.
  • Karnozov, V. (2019). Russia advances UAV forces, sheds light on Syrian experiences, Aviation International News. https://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/defense/2019-10-06/russia-advances-uav-forces-sheds-light-syrian-experiences. (Erişim Tarihi:15.06.2022).
  • Lester, W. G. & Bartles, K. B. (2016a). The Russian Way of War: Force Structure, Tactics, and Modernization of the Russian Ground Forces, Foreing Military Studies Office. https://www.armyupress.army.mil/portals/7/hot%20spots/documents/russia/ 2017-07-the-russian-way-of-war-grau-bartles.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2022).
  • Lester, W. G. & Bartles, K. B. (2016b). Integration of unmmanned aerial systems within Russian Artillery. Fires, Temmuz-Ağustos 2016, 31-38, https://community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/m/fmso-monographs/195395. (Erişim Tarihi: 05.07.2022).
  • Mitzer, S. & Oliemans, J. (2022). “Too Little, Too Late - A Guide to Russia’s Armed Drones”. Oryx. https://www.oryxspioenkop.com/2022/10/too-little-too-late-guide-to-russias.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 16.10.2022).
  • Oliver, D. (2019). Russia’s Rapid UAV Expansion, Armada International. 8-11. https://www.armada international.com/2019/03/russias-rapid-uav-expansion/. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2022).
  • On the Edge: Security, protracted conflicts and the Role of Drones in Eurasia. (2021). https://dronewars.net/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/DW-Eurasia-WEB.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 05.07.2022).
  • Orlan-10 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (2021). Airforce Technology. https://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/orlan-10-unmanned-aerial-vehicle-uav/. (Erişim Tarihi: 27.12.2022).
  • Palavenis, D. (2022). Russia was lagging behind in drone capabilities, but is now catching up – comment. https://www.lrt.lt/en/news-in-english/19/1648450/russia-was-lagging-behind-in-drone-capabilities-but-is-now-catching-up-comment. (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2022).
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  • Putin’den 'Rusya’nın İHA cephanesini geliştirme' çağrısı. (2021). Sputnik Türkiye. https://sputniknews.com.tr/20211102/putinden-rusyanin-iha-cephanesini-gelistirme-cagrisi-1050418665.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2022).
  • Rozin, I. (2021). What is the Altius UAV capable of? Russia Beyond. https://www.rbth.com/science-and-tech/334013-what-is-altius-uav-capable. (Erişim Tarihi: 29.12.2022).
  • Russian army to have strategic drones soon — defense minister. (2022). TASS. https://tass.com/defense/1453839. (Erişim Tarihi: 26.05.2022).
  • Russian Defense Ministry not planning to buy more Israeli drones. (2014). Interfax. https://0210c74yq-y-https-eds-p-ebscohost-com.sbu.proxy.deepknowledge.io/eds/detail/detail?vid=20&sid=96bf30b9-20d3-4d7e-b9c7-6f293a71f8e8%40redis&bdata=Jmxhbmc9dHImc2l0ZT1lZHMtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=97357832&db=n5h. (Erişim Tarihi: 26.06.2022).
  • Russian UAV Organization and Developments. (2021). OE Watch. https://webcache.googleusercontent. com/search?q=cache:Hw0loL9Nh6wJ:https://community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/m/oe-watch-articles-2-singular-format/382806/download &cd=1&hl=tr&ct=clnk&gl=tr&client=avast-a-1. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.06.2022).
  • Russia to launch mass production of effective drones — Medvedev. (2022). TASS, https://tass.com/defense/1523079,-. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2022).
  • Rusya: 'Altius' İHA'ları, Bayraktar Akıncı ile benzer özelliklere sahip olacak”. (2022). Sputnik, https://sputniknews.com.tr/20220613/rusya-altius-ihalari-bayraktar-akinci-ile-benzer-ozelliklere-sahip-olacak-1057357949.html. (Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2022).
  • Rusya: Ukrayna'nın Türk SİHA'larını kullanması ülkenin doğusunda istikrarsızlığa yol açabilir”. (2021). BBC News Türkçe. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/ haberler-dunya-59067531. (Erişim Tarihi: 26.10.2022).
  • Sabbagh, D. (2022). ‘War-enabling, not war-winning’: how are drones affecting the Ukraine war?. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/may/15/war-enabling-not-war-winning-how-are-drones-affecting-the-ukraine-war. (Erişim Tarihi: 25.05.2022).
  • Sukhoi S-70 Okhotnik-B (t.y.). GlobalSecurity.org. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/russia/su-70.htm. (Erişim Tarihi: 30.12.2022).
  • Trends in World Military Expenditure, 2021. (2022). Sipri. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-04/fs_2204_milex_2021_0.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 20.10.2022).
  • UAV Use in the Russian Armed Forces. (2018). OE Watch. https://community.apan.org/wg/tradoc-g2/fmso/m/oe-watch-articles-singular-format/281443/download. (Erişim Tarihi: 24.12.2022).
  • Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS): DoD Purpose and Operational Use, t.y. U.S. Department of Defense. https://dod.defense.gov/UAS/. (Erişim Tarihi: 26.10.2022).
  • Urcosta, R. B. (2020). The Revolution in Drone Warfare The Lessons from the Idlib De-Escalation Zone. European, Middle Eastern, & African Affairs. 50-65.
  • Watling, J. & Reynolds, N. (2022). Ukraine at War: Paving the Road from Survival to Victory. Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies. https://static.rusi.org/special-report-202207-ukraine-final-web_0.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi: 23.09.2022).
  • Wezeman, P. D., Kuimova, A. & Wezeman, S. T. (2022). “Trends in International Arms Transfers, 2021”. Sipri. https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-03/fs_2203_at_2021.pdf. (Erişim Tarihi:09.09.2022).
  • Witt, S. (2022). The Turkish Drone That Changed the Nature of Warfare. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/05/16/the-turkish-drone-that-changed-the-nature-of-warfare. (Erişim Tarihi: 25.05.2022)
  • URL-1: https://www.joint-forces.com/defence-equipment-news/33546-orlan-10-uav-systems-for-kyrgyzstan, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2022).
  • URL2: https://www.defenseworld.net/2022/03/08/russian- orion-e-drone-makes-its-first-kill-in- ukraine.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2022).
  • URL-3: https://www.airporthaber.com/havacilik-haberleri /uav-altiusu-ilk-ucusunu-yapti.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2022).
  • URL-4: https://www.kokpitteyiz.com/sukhoi-s-70- okhotnik/. (Erişim Tarihi: 30.10.2022).
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Savunma Çalışmaları, Bölgesel Çalışmalar, Uluslararası İlişkiler (Diğer), Mühendislik, Dijital Elektronik Cihazlar, Elektronik, Sensörler ve Dijital Donanım (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri [tr] Research Articles [en]
Yazarlar

Ahmet Sapmaz 0000-0003-0858-9000

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 15 Haziran 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 5 Kasım 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Sapmaz, A. (2023). Rusya Federasyonu’nun İnsansız Hava Aracı/Silahlı İnsansız Hava Aracı Kabiliyetlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye İnsansız Hava Araçları Dergisi, 5(1), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.51534/tiha.1199782
AMA Sapmaz A. Rusya Federasyonu’nun İnsansız Hava Aracı/Silahlı İnsansız Hava Aracı Kabiliyetlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. tiha. Haziran 2023;5(1):11-20. doi:10.51534/tiha.1199782
Chicago Sapmaz, Ahmet. “Rusya Federasyonu’nun İnsansız Hava Aracı/Silahlı İnsansız Hava Aracı Kabiliyetlerinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Türkiye İnsansız Hava Araçları Dergisi 5, sy. 1 (Haziran 2023): 11-20. https://doi.org/10.51534/tiha.1199782.
EndNote Sapmaz A (01 Haziran 2023) Rusya Federasyonu’nun İnsansız Hava Aracı/Silahlı İnsansız Hava Aracı Kabiliyetlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. Türkiye İnsansız Hava Araçları Dergisi 5 1 11–20.
IEEE A. Sapmaz, “Rusya Federasyonu’nun İnsansız Hava Aracı/Silahlı İnsansız Hava Aracı Kabiliyetlerinin Değerlendirilmesi”, tiha, c. 5, sy. 1, ss. 11–20, 2023, doi: 10.51534/tiha.1199782.
ISNAD Sapmaz, Ahmet. “Rusya Federasyonu’nun İnsansız Hava Aracı/Silahlı İnsansız Hava Aracı Kabiliyetlerinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Türkiye İnsansız Hava Araçları Dergisi 5/1 (Haziran 2023), 11-20. https://doi.org/10.51534/tiha.1199782.
JAMA Sapmaz A. Rusya Federasyonu’nun İnsansız Hava Aracı/Silahlı İnsansız Hava Aracı Kabiliyetlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. tiha. 2023;5:11–20.
MLA Sapmaz, Ahmet. “Rusya Federasyonu’nun İnsansız Hava Aracı/Silahlı İnsansız Hava Aracı Kabiliyetlerinin Değerlendirilmesi”. Türkiye İnsansız Hava Araçları Dergisi, c. 5, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 11-20, doi:10.51534/tiha.1199782.
Vancouver Sapmaz A. Rusya Federasyonu’nun İnsansız Hava Aracı/Silahlı İnsansız Hava Aracı Kabiliyetlerinin Değerlendirilmesi. tiha. 2023;5(1):11-20.