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Earthquake Performance Analysis of a Masonry School Building's Retrofitted State by the Equivalent Frame Method

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1
https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1392529

Öz

Nonlinear analyses of masonry structures are frequently used in both engineering practice and academic studies. Due to the dominant nonlinear behaviour of masonry structures, complex and extensive finite element models are required to obtain accurate analysis results. While masonry walls are usually modelled using fine-meshed shells or solid elements in such structures, high computing power in modelling, analyzing, and post-processing results is necessary for the analyses of large structures. In recent years, the equivalent frame method, as a solution to this problem has been developed and presented in the literature. In this study, the equivalent frame method is used in a masonry structure modelling, and the axial force-bending relationship is represented by force-based fiber elements. The multi-linear load-deformation relationship reflects the shear behaviour of the walls. Within the scope of the study, an existing masonry school building is modelled using the equivalent frame elements with OpenSees software. Seismic performance analyses are done considering the existing and retrofitted states of the structure, and the results are discussed in a comparative manner.

Kaynakça

  • Degli Abbati, S., Morandi, P., Cattari, S., & Spacone, E. (2022). On the reliability of the equivalent frame models: the case study of the permanently monitored Pizzoli's town hall. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 20(4), 2187-2217.
  • Camata, G., Marano, C., Sepe, V., Spacone, E., Siano, R., Petracca, M., ... & Pelà, L. (2022). Validation of nonlinear equivalent-frame models for irregular masonry walls. Engineering Structures, 253, 113755.
  • Cattari, S., Camilletti, D., D'Altri, A. M., & Lagomarsino, S. (2021). On the use of continuum Finite Element and Equivalent Frame models for the seismic assessment of masonry walls. Journal of Building Engineering, 43, 102519.
  • Cattari, S., D'Altri, A. M., Camilletti, D., & Lagomarsino, S. (2022). Equivalent frame idealization of walls with irregular openings in masonry buildings. Engineering Structures, 256, 114055.
  • D’Altri, A. M., Sarhosis, V., Milani, G., Rots, J., Cattari, S., Lagomarsino, S., ... & de Miranda, S. (2020). Modeling strategies for the computational analysis of unreinforced masonry structures: review and classification. Archives of computational methods in engineering, 27, 1153-1185.
  • Gunes, B., Cosgun, T., Sayin, B., Ceylan, O., Mangir, A., & Gumusdag, G. (2021). Seismic assessment of a reconstructed historic masonry structure: A case study on the ruins of Bigali castle mosque built in the early 1800s. Journal of Building Engineering, 39, 102240.
  • Gunes, B., Mangir, A., Cosgun, T., Sayin, B., & Akcay, C. (2022). Seismic performance assessment of a historical masonry-infilled RC building located in the historical peninsula of Istanbul (1940s). In Structures (Vol. 45, pp. 951-968). Elsevier..
  • Lagomarsino, S., Penna, A., Galasco, A., & Cattari, S. (2013). TREMURI program: an equivalent frame model for the nonlinear seismic analysis of masonry buildings. Engineering structures, 56, 1787-1799.
  • Liberatore, D., & Addessi, D. (2015). Strength domains and return algorithm for the lumped plasticity equivalent frame model of masonry structures. Engineering Structures, 91, 167-181.
  • Marano, C., Petracca, M., Camata, G., & Spacone, E. (2021). Equivalent frame method combining flexural and shear responses of masonry buildings. In 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions (SAHC).
  • Marino, S., Cattari, S., Lagomarsino, S., Dizhur, D., & Ingham, J. M. (2019, June). Post-earthquake damage simulation of two colonial unreinforced clay brick masonry buildings using the equivalent frame approach. In Structures (Vol. 19, pp. 212-226). Elsevier.
  • Nicola, T., Leandro, C., Guido, C., & Enrico, S. (2015). Masonry infilled frame structures: state-of-the-art review of numerical modelling. Earthquakes and structures, 8(3), 733-759.
  • Petracca, M., Pelà, L., Rossi, R., Zaghi, S., Camata, G., & Spacone, E. (2017). Micro-scale continuous and discrete numerical models for nonlinear analysis of masonry shear walls. Construction and Building Materials, 149, 296-314.
  • Raka, E., Spacone, E., Sepe, V., & Camata, G. (2015). Advanced frame element for seismic analysis of masonry structures: model formulation and validation. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 44(14), 2489-2506.
  • Requena-Garcia-Cruz, M. V., Cattari, S., Bento, R., & Morales-Esteban, A. (2023). Comparative study of alternative equivalent frame approaches for the seismic assessment of masonry buildings in OpenSees. Journal of Building Engineering, 105877.
  • Roca, P., Molins, C., & Marí, A. R. (2005). Strength capacity of masonry wall structures by the equivalent frame method. Journal of structural engineering, 131(10), 1601-1610.
  • Shabani, A., & Kioumarsi, M. (2022). A novel macroelement for seismic analysis of unreinforced masonry buildings based on MVLEM in OpenSees. Journal of Building Engineering, 49, 104019.
  • Siano, R., Sepe, V., Camata, G., Spacone, E., Roca, P., & Pelà, L. (2017). Analysis of the performance in the linear field of equivalent-frame models for regular and irregular masonry walls. Engineering Structures, 145, 190-210.
  • Siano, R., Roca, P., Camata, G., Pelà, L., Sepe, V., Spacone, E., & Petracca, M. (2018). Numerical investigation of nonlinear equivalent-frame models for regular masonry walls. Engineering Structures, 173, 512-529.
  • Vanin, F., Penna, A., & Beyer, K. (2020). A three‐dimensional macroelement for modelling the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane response of masonry walls. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 49(14), 1365-1387.
  • Google Maps, 2023. https://goo.gl/maps/mPTxKffFv2upNPCL8 Retrieved on: 06.07.2023.
  • Parlak, Ö., Yaldiz, E. (2017). Konya’da Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi ilkokul yapıları. Türk İslam Medeniyeti Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12, 24, 175-202.
  • Mazzoni, S., McKenna, F., Scott, M. H., and Fenves, G. L. (2006). OpenSees command language manual. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center.
  • Midas Gen. (2020). Integrated Solution System for Building and General Structures. MIDAS Information Technology Co., Gyeonggi-do Korea.
  • A Petracca, M., Candeloro, F., & Camata, G. (2019). STKO user manual. ASDEA Software Technology, Pescara Italy.
  • Turnšek, V., & Čačovič, F. (1971). Some experimental results on the strength of brick masonry walls. Proceedings of the 2nd International Brick Masonry Conference, 149-156.
  • Ibarra, L.F., Medina, R. A., & Krawinkler, H. (2005). Hysteretic models that incorporate strength and stiffness deterioration, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 34(12), 1489-1511.
  • TBEC (2018). Türkiye Building Earthquake Code. Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, Ministry of Interior, The Republic of Türkiye, Ankara, 2018.
  • GMERHB (2016). Guide to Management of Earthquake Risks in Historic Buildings. Directorate General of Foundations, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, The Republic of Türkiye, Ankara, 2018.
  • Aviram, A., Badillo, J. W., Prieto, J. A., & Jaramillo, J. D. (2019). Unreinforced brick masonry wall collapse investigation under moderate wind loads, Revista Ingeniería de Construcción, 34(1), 65-80.

Earthquake Performance Analysis of a Masonry School Building's Retrofitted State by the Equivalent Frame Method

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1
https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1392529

Öz

Nonlinear analyses of masonry structures are frequently used in both engineering practice and academic studies. Due to the dominant nonlinear behaviour of masonry structures, complex and extensive finite element models are required to obtain accurate analysis results. While masonry walls are usually modelled using fine-meshed shells or solid elements in such structures, high computing power in modelling, analyzing, and post-processing results is necessary for the analyses of large structures. In recent years, the equivalent frame method, as a solution to this problem has been developed and presented in the literature. In this study, the equivalent frame method is used in a masonry structure modelling, and the axial force-bending relationship is represented by force-based fiber elements. The multi-linear load-deformation relationship reflects the shear behaviour of the walls. Within the scope of the study, an existing masonry school building is modelled using the equivalent frame elements with OpenSees software. Seismic performance analyses are done considering the existing and retrofitted states of the structure, and the results are discussed in a comparative manner.

Kaynakça

  • Degli Abbati, S., Morandi, P., Cattari, S., & Spacone, E. (2022). On the reliability of the equivalent frame models: the case study of the permanently monitored Pizzoli's town hall. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 20(4), 2187-2217.
  • Camata, G., Marano, C., Sepe, V., Spacone, E., Siano, R., Petracca, M., ... & Pelà, L. (2022). Validation of nonlinear equivalent-frame models for irregular masonry walls. Engineering Structures, 253, 113755.
  • Cattari, S., Camilletti, D., D'Altri, A. M., & Lagomarsino, S. (2021). On the use of continuum Finite Element and Equivalent Frame models for the seismic assessment of masonry walls. Journal of Building Engineering, 43, 102519.
  • Cattari, S., D'Altri, A. M., Camilletti, D., & Lagomarsino, S. (2022). Equivalent frame idealization of walls with irregular openings in masonry buildings. Engineering Structures, 256, 114055.
  • D’Altri, A. M., Sarhosis, V., Milani, G., Rots, J., Cattari, S., Lagomarsino, S., ... & de Miranda, S. (2020). Modeling strategies for the computational analysis of unreinforced masonry structures: review and classification. Archives of computational methods in engineering, 27, 1153-1185.
  • Gunes, B., Cosgun, T., Sayin, B., Ceylan, O., Mangir, A., & Gumusdag, G. (2021). Seismic assessment of a reconstructed historic masonry structure: A case study on the ruins of Bigali castle mosque built in the early 1800s. Journal of Building Engineering, 39, 102240.
  • Gunes, B., Mangir, A., Cosgun, T., Sayin, B., & Akcay, C. (2022). Seismic performance assessment of a historical masonry-infilled RC building located in the historical peninsula of Istanbul (1940s). In Structures (Vol. 45, pp. 951-968). Elsevier..
  • Lagomarsino, S., Penna, A., Galasco, A., & Cattari, S. (2013). TREMURI program: an equivalent frame model for the nonlinear seismic analysis of masonry buildings. Engineering structures, 56, 1787-1799.
  • Liberatore, D., & Addessi, D. (2015). Strength domains and return algorithm for the lumped plasticity equivalent frame model of masonry structures. Engineering Structures, 91, 167-181.
  • Marano, C., Petracca, M., Camata, G., & Spacone, E. (2021). Equivalent frame method combining flexural and shear responses of masonry buildings. In 12th International Conference on Structural Analysis of Historical Constructions (SAHC).
  • Marino, S., Cattari, S., Lagomarsino, S., Dizhur, D., & Ingham, J. M. (2019, June). Post-earthquake damage simulation of two colonial unreinforced clay brick masonry buildings using the equivalent frame approach. In Structures (Vol. 19, pp. 212-226). Elsevier.
  • Nicola, T., Leandro, C., Guido, C., & Enrico, S. (2015). Masonry infilled frame structures: state-of-the-art review of numerical modelling. Earthquakes and structures, 8(3), 733-759.
  • Petracca, M., Pelà, L., Rossi, R., Zaghi, S., Camata, G., & Spacone, E. (2017). Micro-scale continuous and discrete numerical models for nonlinear analysis of masonry shear walls. Construction and Building Materials, 149, 296-314.
  • Raka, E., Spacone, E., Sepe, V., & Camata, G. (2015). Advanced frame element for seismic analysis of masonry structures: model formulation and validation. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 44(14), 2489-2506.
  • Requena-Garcia-Cruz, M. V., Cattari, S., Bento, R., & Morales-Esteban, A. (2023). Comparative study of alternative equivalent frame approaches for the seismic assessment of masonry buildings in OpenSees. Journal of Building Engineering, 105877.
  • Roca, P., Molins, C., & Marí, A. R. (2005). Strength capacity of masonry wall structures by the equivalent frame method. Journal of structural engineering, 131(10), 1601-1610.
  • Shabani, A., & Kioumarsi, M. (2022). A novel macroelement for seismic analysis of unreinforced masonry buildings based on MVLEM in OpenSees. Journal of Building Engineering, 49, 104019.
  • Siano, R., Sepe, V., Camata, G., Spacone, E., Roca, P., & Pelà, L. (2017). Analysis of the performance in the linear field of equivalent-frame models for regular and irregular masonry walls. Engineering Structures, 145, 190-210.
  • Siano, R., Roca, P., Camata, G., Pelà, L., Sepe, V., Spacone, E., & Petracca, M. (2018). Numerical investigation of nonlinear equivalent-frame models for regular masonry walls. Engineering Structures, 173, 512-529.
  • Vanin, F., Penna, A., & Beyer, K. (2020). A three‐dimensional macroelement for modelling the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane response of masonry walls. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 49(14), 1365-1387.
  • Google Maps, 2023. https://goo.gl/maps/mPTxKffFv2upNPCL8 Retrieved on: 06.07.2023.
  • Parlak, Ö., Yaldiz, E. (2017). Konya’da Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi ilkokul yapıları. Türk İslam Medeniyeti Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12, 24, 175-202.
  • Mazzoni, S., McKenna, F., Scott, M. H., and Fenves, G. L. (2006). OpenSees command language manual. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research (PEER) Center.
  • Midas Gen. (2020). Integrated Solution System for Building and General Structures. MIDAS Information Technology Co., Gyeonggi-do Korea.
  • A Petracca, M., Candeloro, F., & Camata, G. (2019). STKO user manual. ASDEA Software Technology, Pescara Italy.
  • Turnšek, V., & Čačovič, F. (1971). Some experimental results on the strength of brick masonry walls. Proceedings of the 2nd International Brick Masonry Conference, 149-156.
  • Ibarra, L.F., Medina, R. A., & Krawinkler, H. (2005). Hysteretic models that incorporate strength and stiffness deterioration, Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 34(12), 1489-1511.
  • TBEC (2018). Türkiye Building Earthquake Code. Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency, Ministry of Interior, The Republic of Türkiye, Ankara, 2018.
  • GMERHB (2016). Guide to Management of Earthquake Risks in Historic Buildings. Directorate General of Foundations, Ministry of Culture and Tourism, The Republic of Türkiye, Ankara, 2018.
  • Aviram, A., Badillo, J. W., Prieto, J. A., & Jaramillo, J. D. (2019). Unreinforced brick masonry wall collapse investigation under moderate wind loads, Revista Ingeniería de Construcción, 34(1), 65-80.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Deprem Mühendisliği, Yapı Mühendisliği
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Vefa Okumuş 0000-0002-4105-8423

Atakan Mangır 0000-0003-4668-3938

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 24 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 19 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Okumuş, V., & Mangır, A. (2024). Earthquake Performance Analysis of a Masonry School Building’s Retrofitted State by the Equivalent Frame Method. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, 36(1). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1392529
AMA Okumuş V, Mangır A. Earthquake Performance Analysis of a Masonry School Building’s Retrofitted State by the Equivalent Frame Method. tjce. Temmuz 2024;36(1). doi:10.18400/tjce.1392529
Chicago Okumuş, Vefa, ve Atakan Mangır. “Earthquake Performance Analysis of a Masonry School Building’s Retrofitted State by the Equivalent Frame Method”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 36, sy. 1 (Temmuz 2024). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1392529.
EndNote Okumuş V, Mangır A (01 Temmuz 2024) Earthquake Performance Analysis of a Masonry School Building’s Retrofitted State by the Equivalent Frame Method. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 36 1
IEEE V. Okumuş ve A. Mangır, “Earthquake Performance Analysis of a Masonry School Building’s Retrofitted State by the Equivalent Frame Method”, tjce, c. 36, sy. 1, 2024, doi: 10.18400/tjce.1392529.
ISNAD Okumuş, Vefa - Mangır, Atakan. “Earthquake Performance Analysis of a Masonry School Building’s Retrofitted State by the Equivalent Frame Method”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering 36/1 (Temmuz 2024). https://doi.org/10.18400/tjce.1392529.
JAMA Okumuş V, Mangır A. Earthquake Performance Analysis of a Masonry School Building’s Retrofitted State by the Equivalent Frame Method. tjce. 2024;36. doi:10.18400/tjce.1392529.
MLA Okumuş, Vefa ve Atakan Mangır. “Earthquake Performance Analysis of a Masonry School Building’s Retrofitted State by the Equivalent Frame Method”. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, c. 36, sy. 1, 2024, doi:10.18400/tjce.1392529.
Vancouver Okumuş V, Mangır A. Earthquake Performance Analysis of a Masonry School Building’s Retrofitted State by the Equivalent Frame Method. tjce. 2024;36(1).