Seismic Risk Prioritization of Stone Masonry Building Stock in Urla Peninsula Based on Rapid Assessment Techniques
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1
Yavuz Selim Karavin
,
Nefise Akdağ
,
Uğur Demir
Öz
This study aims to investigate seismic risk of stone masonry buildings in the Urla Peninsula, a region of historical and architectural significance within İzmir, Türkiye. A total of 100 stone masonry buildings were surveyed and documented with a focus on their architectural characteristics, including construction techniques, material types, structural configurations, and age. Data on the properties of all surveyed buildings are provided in an open-access database. Based on the survey, multiple rapid seismic performance assessment methods were applied to evaluate the vulnerability of these structures. These included: i) FEMA P-154 Rapid Visual Screening, ii) Provisions for the Seismic Risk Evaluation of Existing Buildings under Urban Renewal Law (RBTE-2019), iii) Seismic Vulnerability Index for Vernacular Architecture (SVIVA), and iv) the Masonry Quality Index (MQI). The comparative use of different methods is intended to investigate the relative influence of parameters shaping the seismic performance of the masonry building stock rather than to align their scores. The outcomes of this research are expected to contribute to the current risk mitigation efforts for stone masonry buildings in İzmir, thereby supporting regional seismic resilience planning.
Proje Numarası
124M705; 2024IYTE-2-0019
Kaynakça
-
Tunc, A., The importance of building inventory update in urban regeneration of Turkey: A call for action and solution, Glob J Ecol, 9(1), 001-010, 2024.
-
Baran, T., Kahraman, S., Özçelik, Ö., Girgin, S.C., Yapı Stoku Envanter Çalışmalarının Önemi, TMMOB 2. Kent Sempozyumu, Türkiye, 2013.
-
Iacovino, C., Flora, A., Cardone, D., Vona, M., Defining a masonry building inventory for the city of Potenza, In Computational Science and Its Applications–ICCSA 2020: 20th International Conference, Italy, 2020.
-
Papathoma-Köhle, M., Cristofari, G., Wenk, M., Fuchs, S., The importance of indicator weights for vulnerability indices and implications for decision making in disaster management, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 36, 2019.
-
Farcasiu, A., Griesbach, P., Wilson, R., Acikgoz, S., & Pulatsu, B., Post-Earthquake Forensic Examination of Two Unreinforced Masonry Buildings via Discontinuum-Based Analysis. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, 36(5), 2025.
-
Gatti, M., A Rapid method to census the seismic risk class of masonry buildings, Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 15(1), 2024.
-
Işık, E., Avcil, F., Büyüksaraç, A., İzol, R., Arslan, M. H., Aksoylu, C., Ulutaş, H., Structural damages in masonry buildings in Adıyaman during the Kahramanmaraş (Turkiye) earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on 06 February 2023, Engineering Failure Analysis, 151, 2023.
-
García, D., San-José, J. T., Garmendia, L., San-Mateos, R., Experimental study of traditional stone masonry under compressive load and comparison of results with design codes, Materials and Structures, 45, 995-1006, 2012.
-
Giaretton, M., Dizhur, D., da Porto, F., Ingham, J. M., An inventory of unreinforced load-bearing stone masonry buildings in New Zealand, Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 47(2), 57-74, 2014.
-
Beconcini, M. L., Croce, P., Formichi, P., Landi, F., Puccini, B., Experimental evaluation of shear behavior of stone masonry wall, Materials, 14(9), 2021.
-
Gonen, S., Soyoz, S., Investigations on the elasticity modulus of stone masonry, In Structures, 378-389, 2021.
-
Lourenço, P. B., Masonry structures, overview, Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, 1-9, 2014.
-
Tomaževič, M., Masonry Buildings, Seismic Performance, and Eurocodes, Performance-Based Seismic Engineering: Vision for an Earthquake Resilient Society, 365-381, 2014.
-
Borri, A., Corradi, M., De Maria, A., The failure of masonry walls by disaggregation and the masonry quality index, Heritage, 3(4), 1162-1198, 2020.
-
Simões, A. G., Appleton, J. G., Bento, R., Caldas, J. V., Lourenço, P. B., Lagomarsino, S., Architectural and structural characteristics of masonry buildings between the 19th and 20th centuries in Lisbon, Portugal. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 11(4), 457-474, 2017.
-
Cruz, A., Chieffo, N., Karimzadeh, S., Ortiz, A., Sandoval, E., Lourenço, P. B., Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment of Non-Engineered URM Residential Buildings, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 122, 2025.
-
Borri, A., Corradi, M., Castori, G., De Maria, A., A method for the analysis and classification of historic masonry, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13, 2647-2665, 2015.
-
Penna, A., Seismic assessment of existing and strengthened stone-masonry buildings: critical issues and possible strategies, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13, 1051-1071, 2015.
-
Aydogdu, H.H., Demir, C., Comert, M., Kahraman, T., Ilki, A., Structural Characteristics of the Earthquake-Prone Building Stock in Istanbul and Prioritization of Existing Buildings in Terms of Seismic Risk-A Pilot Project Conducted in Istanbul, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 28:6, 1660-1684, 2024.
-
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards: A Handbook; Applied Technological Council (ATC), FEMA P-154, FEMA, Washington, D.C., 2015.
-
NRC (National Research Council), Manual for Screening of Buildings for Seismic Investigation, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1993.
-
OASP (Greek Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization), Provisions for Pre-Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment of Public Buildings (Part A), OASP, Athens, Greece, 2000.
-
IDMP, Istanbul Earthquake Master Plan, Istanbul, Turkey: Istanbul metropolitan municipality, 2003.
-
RBTE-2019, Ministry for Environment and Urban Planning, Principles for Identifying Risky Buildings, Ministry for Environment and Urban Planning, Türkiye, 2019.
-
Heras., J.O., Reduction of the seismic vulnerability of vernacular architecture with traditional strengthening solutions, Doctoral Declaretion, University of Minho, 2018.
-
Grünthal G., Musson R.M.W., Schwarz J., Stucchi M., European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98). Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie, Vol. 15, Conseil de l’Europe, Luxembourg, 1998.
-
Restrepo-Velez, L. F., Magenes, G., Simplified procedure for the seismic risk assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings, In Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Canada, 2004.
-
Islam, S. M., Bhuiyan, M. A. R., Uddin, M. T., Visual Rating Method for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, Preprint (Version 1), 2024.
-
Shabani, A., Kioumarsi, M., Zucconi, M., State of the art of simplified analytical methods for seismic vulnerability assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings, Engineering Structures, 239, 2021.
-
GFDRR., GFDRR and World Bank Group report, Türkiye, 2015., https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/Turkey.pdf, accessed on 28th April 2025.
-
Baran, T., Ozcelik, O., Misir, I. S., Saatci, A., Girgin, S. C., Kahraman, S., Seismic resilience challenge for İzmir: pilot project for seismic risks of existing buildings, In 16th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Thessaloniki, 2018.
-
URL-1: https://www.izmir.bel.tr/izmirdeprem
-
Kahraman, S., Baran, T., Özçelik, Ö., Saatçı, A., Mısır, S., Girgin, S. C., Yapi Stoku Envanter Çalişmalari: İzmir Balçova Ve Seferihisar Pilot Projeleri, 2. Türkiye Deprem Mühendisliği ve Sismoloji Konferansı, Türkiye, 2013.
-
TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute), Population of province/district centers, towns/villages and annual growth rate of population by provinces and districts, 2023.
-
IDA (İzmir Development Agency), Peninsula Sustainable Development Strategy, 2014.
-
Çınar, A. K., Ekici, Y., Baysan, N., 30 Ekim 2020 Depreminin Düşündürdükleri, Planlama, TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası, 31 (1),1-8, 2021.
-
Binici, B., Yakut, A., Canbay, E., Akpinar, U., Tuncay, K., Identifying buildings with high collapse risk based on samos earthquake damage inventory in İzmir, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 20. 7853–7872, 2022.
-
Uzelli, T., Bilgiç, E., ÖZTÜRK, B., Baba, A., Sözbilir, H., Tatar, O., Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020, Samos Earthquake, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 30(8), 758-778, 2021.
-
Demir, U., Mechanical and microstructural properties of stone units in the masonry building stock of Urla peninsula, Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 15(4), 963-969, 2024.
-
Karavin, Y. S., Kahraman, Y., Akdag, N., Demir, U., Photographs and Locational Information of 100 Stone Masonry Buildings in Urla Peninsula, 2025.
-
AFAD (Turkish Ministry of Interior Affairs Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency), Earthquake hazard map of Türkiye, Türkiye, 2018.
-
TBEC (Turkish Building Earthquake Code), Disaster and Emergency Presidency, Türkiye, 2018.
-
TSDC (Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas), Turkish ministry of public works and settlement, Türkiye, 1998.
-
Senaldi, I., Magenes, G., Penna, A., Alessandro, Galasco A., Maria Rota, M., The Effect of Stiffened Floor and Roof Diaphragms on the Experimental Seismic Response of a Full-Scale Unreinforced Stone Masonry Building, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 18:3, 407-443, 2014.
-
Vintzileou, E., Palieraki, V., Damage to stone masonry buildings in historical centers due to the 2023 earthquake sequence in Turkey. Earthquake Spectra, 40(4), 2306-2338, 2024.
-
Dedeoglu I.O., Yetkin M., Calayır, Y., Seismic performance of masonry structures in the rural area during the November 23, 2022, Düzce-Gölyaka earthquake. Journal of Building Engineering, 2024.
-
Ortega, J., Vasconcelos, G., Rodrigues, H., Correia, M., A vulnerability index formulation for the seismic vulnerability assessment of vernacular architecture, Engineering Structures, 197, 2019.
-
Waskom, M. L., seaborn: statistical data visualization, Journal of Open-Source Software, 6(60), 2021.
Seismic Risk Prioritization of Stone Masonry Building Stock in Urla Peninsula Based on Rapid Assessment Techniques
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 37 Sayı: 1
Yavuz Selim Karavin
,
Nefise Akdağ
,
Uğur Demir
Öz
This study aims to investigate seismic risk of stone masonry buildings in the Urla Peninsula, a region of historical and architectural significance within İzmir, Türkiye. A total of 100 stone masonry buildings were surveyed and documented with a focus on their architectural characteristics, including construction techniques, material types, structural configurations, and age. Data on the properties of all surveyed buildings are provided in an open-access database. Based on the survey, multiple rapid seismic performance assessment methods were applied to evaluate the vulnerability of these structures. These included: i) FEMA P-154 Rapid Visual Screening, ii) Provisions for the Seismic Risk Evaluation of Existing Buildings under Urban Renewal Law (RBTE-2019), iii) Seismic Vulnerability Index for Vernacular Architecture (SVIVA), and iv) the Masonry Quality Index (MQI). The comparative use of different methods is intended to investigate the relative influence of parameters shaping the seismic performance of the masonry building stock rather than to align their scores. The outcomes of this research are expected to contribute to the current risk mitigation efforts for stone masonry buildings in İzmir, thereby supporting regional seismic resilience planning.
Destekleyen Kurum
TUBİTAK ve İYTE Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü
Proje Numarası
124M705; 2024IYTE-2-0019
Teşekkür
Bu proje TUBİTAK (124M705) ve İYTE BAP Koordinatörlüğü (2024IYTE-2-0019) tarafından desteklenmiştir.
Kaynakça
-
Tunc, A., The importance of building inventory update in urban regeneration of Turkey: A call for action and solution, Glob J Ecol, 9(1), 001-010, 2024.
-
Baran, T., Kahraman, S., Özçelik, Ö., Girgin, S.C., Yapı Stoku Envanter Çalışmalarının Önemi, TMMOB 2. Kent Sempozyumu, Türkiye, 2013.
-
Iacovino, C., Flora, A., Cardone, D., Vona, M., Defining a masonry building inventory for the city of Potenza, In Computational Science and Its Applications–ICCSA 2020: 20th International Conference, Italy, 2020.
-
Papathoma-Köhle, M., Cristofari, G., Wenk, M., Fuchs, S., The importance of indicator weights for vulnerability indices and implications for decision making in disaster management, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 36, 2019.
-
Farcasiu, A., Griesbach, P., Wilson, R., Acikgoz, S., & Pulatsu, B., Post-Earthquake Forensic Examination of Two Unreinforced Masonry Buildings via Discontinuum-Based Analysis. Turkish Journal of Civil Engineering, 36(5), 2025.
-
Gatti, M., A Rapid method to census the seismic risk class of masonry buildings, Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 15(1), 2024.
-
Işık, E., Avcil, F., Büyüksaraç, A., İzol, R., Arslan, M. H., Aksoylu, C., Ulutaş, H., Structural damages in masonry buildings in Adıyaman during the Kahramanmaraş (Turkiye) earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) on 06 February 2023, Engineering Failure Analysis, 151, 2023.
-
García, D., San-José, J. T., Garmendia, L., San-Mateos, R., Experimental study of traditional stone masonry under compressive load and comparison of results with design codes, Materials and Structures, 45, 995-1006, 2012.
-
Giaretton, M., Dizhur, D., da Porto, F., Ingham, J. M., An inventory of unreinforced load-bearing stone masonry buildings in New Zealand, Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 47(2), 57-74, 2014.
-
Beconcini, M. L., Croce, P., Formichi, P., Landi, F., Puccini, B., Experimental evaluation of shear behavior of stone masonry wall, Materials, 14(9), 2021.
-
Gonen, S., Soyoz, S., Investigations on the elasticity modulus of stone masonry, In Structures, 378-389, 2021.
-
Lourenço, P. B., Masonry structures, overview, Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, 1-9, 2014.
-
Tomaževič, M., Masonry Buildings, Seismic Performance, and Eurocodes, Performance-Based Seismic Engineering: Vision for an Earthquake Resilient Society, 365-381, 2014.
-
Borri, A., Corradi, M., De Maria, A., The failure of masonry walls by disaggregation and the masonry quality index, Heritage, 3(4), 1162-1198, 2020.
-
Simões, A. G., Appleton, J. G., Bento, R., Caldas, J. V., Lourenço, P. B., Lagomarsino, S., Architectural and structural characteristics of masonry buildings between the 19th and 20th centuries in Lisbon, Portugal. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, 11(4), 457-474, 2017.
-
Cruz, A., Chieffo, N., Karimzadeh, S., Ortiz, A., Sandoval, E., Lourenço, P. B., Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment of Non-Engineered URM Residential Buildings, International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 122, 2025.
-
Borri, A., Corradi, M., Castori, G., De Maria, A., A method for the analysis and classification of historic masonry, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13, 2647-2665, 2015.
-
Penna, A., Seismic assessment of existing and strengthened stone-masonry buildings: critical issues and possible strategies, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 13, 1051-1071, 2015.
-
Aydogdu, H.H., Demir, C., Comert, M., Kahraman, T., Ilki, A., Structural Characteristics of the Earthquake-Prone Building Stock in Istanbul and Prioritization of Existing Buildings in Terms of Seismic Risk-A Pilot Project Conducted in Istanbul, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 28:6, 1660-1684, 2024.
-
FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency), Rapid Visual Screening of Buildings for Potential Seismic Hazards: A Handbook; Applied Technological Council (ATC), FEMA P-154, FEMA, Washington, D.C., 2015.
-
NRC (National Research Council), Manual for Screening of Buildings for Seismic Investigation, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada, 1993.
-
OASP (Greek Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization), Provisions for Pre-Earthquake Vulnerability Assessment of Public Buildings (Part A), OASP, Athens, Greece, 2000.
-
IDMP, Istanbul Earthquake Master Plan, Istanbul, Turkey: Istanbul metropolitan municipality, 2003.
-
RBTE-2019, Ministry for Environment and Urban Planning, Principles for Identifying Risky Buildings, Ministry for Environment and Urban Planning, Türkiye, 2019.
-
Heras., J.O., Reduction of the seismic vulnerability of vernacular architecture with traditional strengthening solutions, Doctoral Declaretion, University of Minho, 2018.
-
Grünthal G., Musson R.M.W., Schwarz J., Stucchi M., European Macroseismic Scale 1998 (EMS-98). Cahiers du Centre Européen de Géodynamique et de Séismologie, Vol. 15, Conseil de l’Europe, Luxembourg, 1998.
-
Restrepo-Velez, L. F., Magenes, G., Simplified procedure for the seismic risk assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings, In Proceedings of the 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Canada, 2004.
-
Islam, S. M., Bhuiyan, M. A. R., Uddin, M. T., Visual Rating Method for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, Preprint (Version 1), 2024.
-
Shabani, A., Kioumarsi, M., Zucconi, M., State of the art of simplified analytical methods for seismic vulnerability assessment of unreinforced masonry buildings, Engineering Structures, 239, 2021.
-
GFDRR., GFDRR and World Bank Group report, Türkiye, 2015., https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/Turkey.pdf, accessed on 28th April 2025.
-
Baran, T., Ozcelik, O., Misir, I. S., Saatci, A., Girgin, S. C., Kahraman, S., Seismic resilience challenge for İzmir: pilot project for seismic risks of existing buildings, In 16th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Thessaloniki, 2018.
-
URL-1: https://www.izmir.bel.tr/izmirdeprem
-
Kahraman, S., Baran, T., Özçelik, Ö., Saatçı, A., Mısır, S., Girgin, S. C., Yapi Stoku Envanter Çalişmalari: İzmir Balçova Ve Seferihisar Pilot Projeleri, 2. Türkiye Deprem Mühendisliği ve Sismoloji Konferansı, Türkiye, 2013.
-
TUIK (Turkish Statistical Institute), Population of province/district centers, towns/villages and annual growth rate of population by provinces and districts, 2023.
-
IDA (İzmir Development Agency), Peninsula Sustainable Development Strategy, 2014.
-
Çınar, A. K., Ekici, Y., Baysan, N., 30 Ekim 2020 Depreminin Düşündürdükleri, Planlama, TMMOB Şehir Plancıları Odası, 31 (1),1-8, 2021.
-
Binici, B., Yakut, A., Canbay, E., Akpinar, U., Tuncay, K., Identifying buildings with high collapse risk based on samos earthquake damage inventory in İzmir, Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 20. 7853–7872, 2022.
-
Uzelli, T., Bilgiç, E., ÖZTÜRK, B., Baba, A., Sözbilir, H., Tatar, O., Effects of seismic activity on groundwater level and geothermal systems in İzmir, Western Anatolia, Turkey: the case study from October 30, 2020, Samos Earthquake, Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 30(8), 758-778, 2021.
-
Demir, U., Mechanical and microstructural properties of stone units in the masonry building stock of Urla peninsula, Dicle Üniversitesi Mühendislik Fakültesi Mühendislik Dergisi, 15(4), 963-969, 2024.
-
Karavin, Y. S., Kahraman, Y., Akdag, N., Demir, U., Photographs and Locational Information of 100 Stone Masonry Buildings in Urla Peninsula, 2025.
-
AFAD (Turkish Ministry of Interior Affairs Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency), Earthquake hazard map of Türkiye, Türkiye, 2018.
-
TBEC (Turkish Building Earthquake Code), Disaster and Emergency Presidency, Türkiye, 2018.
-
TSDC (Specification for Structures to be Built in Disaster Areas), Turkish ministry of public works and settlement, Türkiye, 1998.
-
Senaldi, I., Magenes, G., Penna, A., Alessandro, Galasco A., Maria Rota, M., The Effect of Stiffened Floor and Roof Diaphragms on the Experimental Seismic Response of a Full-Scale Unreinforced Stone Masonry Building, Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 18:3, 407-443, 2014.
-
Vintzileou, E., Palieraki, V., Damage to stone masonry buildings in historical centers due to the 2023 earthquake sequence in Turkey. Earthquake Spectra, 40(4), 2306-2338, 2024.
-
Dedeoglu I.O., Yetkin M., Calayır, Y., Seismic performance of masonry structures in the rural area during the November 23, 2022, Düzce-Gölyaka earthquake. Journal of Building Engineering, 2024.
-
Ortega, J., Vasconcelos, G., Rodrigues, H., Correia, M., A vulnerability index formulation for the seismic vulnerability assessment of vernacular architecture, Engineering Structures, 197, 2019.
-
Waskom, M. L., seaborn: statistical data visualization, Journal of Open-Source Software, 6(60), 2021.