INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE CORPORATE SECTOR, HEALTHIER CORPORATE SECTOR THROUGH CSR AND STRONGER CSR THROUGH SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4, 27 - 53, 01.12.2018

Mahfoozur Rahman

Öz

Governments and welfare organisations like United Nations Organisation have to a great degree failed in bringing peace, prosperity and inclusive development to our ailing world. It’s time to invite the corporate sector that is capable of substantial development to step in the inclusive development process that will lead to prosperous future for all. But the evils in the corporate arena are spreading fast, innumerable recent researches in the field of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) prove that the gap between the display of CSR principles on papers and their actual application is widening day by day leading to frauds, mounting corruption and coercion in business spheres. Many corporate bodies are accused of behaving unethically including issues like inadequate salaries to employees, social suppression, killings, detrimental behaviour towards nature, etc. The narrowing corporate goal for an inclusive development is turning into a demonic and immoral money making throat-cut competition. This article focusses on the concepts of CSR and Social Entrepreneurship, various corporate failures and their reasons, and suggests the use of CSR principles through Social Entrepreneurship to make corporate bodies fit to be invited for inclusive development projects.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR), Social Entrepreneurship, , Inclusive Development, Corporate Sector, Corporate Frauds

KURUMSAL SEKTÖR İLE KAPSAYICI KALKINMA: SOSYAL GİRİŞİMCİLİK İLE DAHA GÜÇLÜ KURUMSAL SOSYAL SORUMLULUK VE DAHA SAĞLIKLI KURUMSAL SEKTÖR

Öz

Hükümetler ve Birleşmiş Milletler gibi refah örgütleri; dünyamıza barış, refah ve kapsayıcı bir kalkınma sunmada büyük başarısızlığa uğradı. Bundan dolayı toplumların bütün kesimini kapsayacak uygun bir kalkınma planı ortaya koymak için gelişme yeteneğine sahip kurumsal sektörün sürece dahil edilme zamanı. Ancak kurumsal alandaki yozlaşma hızla artıyor. Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk (KSS) alanında yapılan birçok yeni araştırmaya göre; KSS prensiplerinin kağıt üzerinde kaldığı ve fiili uygulamaya yansıtılamadığı, iş alanlarında yolsuzluk ve zorlamaların arttığı, bundan dolayı prensipler ile uygulama arasındaki farkın günden güne arttığı sonucu ortaya çıkıyor. Birçok kurumsal organ, çalışanlara yetersiz maaş, sosyal baskı, cinayet, doğaya yönelik zararlı davranışlar vb. konuları içeren etik olmayan davranışlarda bulunmakla suçlanıyor. Kapsayıcı bir gelişme için daraltılmış kurumsal hedef, boğaz kesimli rekabeti yaratan şeytani ve ahlaki olmayan bir para kazanma aracına dönüşüyor. Bu makale KSS ve Sosyal Girişimcilik kavramlarına odaklanarak kurumsal sektördeki başarısızlıkları ve bu başarısızlıklara sebep olan nedenleri ortaya koyuyor. Sosyal girişimcilik yoluyla yürütülecek olan kalkınma temelli projelerin KSS ilkeleri temel alınarak uygulanmasını öneriyor.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk (KSS), Sosyal Girişimcilik, Kapsayıcı Kalkınma, Kurumsal Sektörü, Kurumsal Yolsuzluk

Kaynakça

• Anon, (2018). [Online] Available At: Https://Www.Unsystem.Org/Content/FS-F00-05 [Accessed 31 Mar. 2018].
• Be´Dard, J. (2011). Discussion of ‘‘The Relationship Between Perceived Tone At The Top and Earnings Quality’’. Contemporary Accounting Research, 28(4), 1225–1229.
• Bhagwat, P. (2011, March). Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development. In Proceedings of The Articles and Case Studies: Inclusive & Sustainable Growth Conference (Vol. 1, No. 1).
• Bhawe, N., Gupta, V. K., & Jain, T. K. (2007). The Entrepreneurship of The Good Samaritan: A Qualitative Study To Understand How Opportunities Are Perceived In Social Entrepreneurship (Summary). Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research, 27(23), 1.
• Boele, R., Fabig, H., & Wheeler, D. (2001). Shell, Nigeria and The Ogoni. A Study In Unsustainable Development: I. The Story of Shell, Nigeria and The Ogoni People– Environment, Economy, Relationships: Conflict and Prospects For Resolution. Sustainable Development, 9(2), 74-86.
• Burke, L., & Logsdon, J. M. (1996). How Corporate Social Responsibility Pays Off. Long Range Planning, 29(4), 495-502.
• Burke, L., Logsdon, J. M., & Reiner, M. (1991, July). Strategic Corporate Social Responsibility: Payoffs From Doing The Right Thing. In Proceedings of The International Association For Business and Society (Vol. 2, Pp. 97-126).
• Carroll, A. B. (2008). A History of Corporate Social Responsibility. In The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social
• Carroll, A. B. (1979). A Three-Dimensional Conceptual Model of Corporate Performance. Academy of Management Review, 4(4), 497-505.
• Carroll, A. B. (1991). The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility: Toward The Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders. Business Horizons, 34(4), 39-48.
• Confederation of Indian Industries. (2014). Public-Private Partnerships In CSR In India: Ten Demonstrative Case Studies. Retrieved From Https://Cii.In/Publicationdetail.Aspx?Enc=Clruuzavhdbv6h5jfg4ptpu9uvexohpj+O/Hapbc z5usm1myt6jpxih3q+Hptfpkwbm59kchqqp2llgn5mbj6r4ju0fpnho9rud3brkqu1csoolyqqqq 4/Gw1G0rBnzKOtzaHTklw/2o2+E7dci8x3puwjvcd0sh2povpqtdv2qi+Caqsgnlo6kgrrnp+K /Y Chibba, M. (2008). Perspectives On Inclusive Development. World Economics, 9(4), 145- 158.
• Chinadaily.Com.Cn. (2018). Top 10 World's Most Profitable Companies In 2017[10]- Chinadaily.Com.Cn. [Online] Available At: Http://Www.Chinadaily.Com.Cn/Bizchina/2017top10/2017- 08/03/Content_30337706_10.Htm
• Crane, A. (Ed.). (2008). The Oxford Handbook of Corporate Social Responsibility. Oxford Handbooks.
• E Ite, U. (2004). Multinationals and Corporate Social Responsibility In Developing Countries: A Case Study of Nigeria.
• Efendi, J., Srivastava, A., & Swanson, E. P. (2007). Why Do Corporate Managers Misstate Financial Statements? The Role of Option Compensation and Other Factors. Journal of Financial Economics, 85(3), 667-708.Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Cumberland, A., Murphy, B. C., Shepard, S. A., Zhou, Q., & Carlo, G. (2002). Prosocial Development In Early Adulthood: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 993.
• Erickson, M., Hanlon, M., & Maydew, E. L. (2006). Is There A Link Between Executive Equity Incentives and Accounting Fraud?. Journal of Accounting Research, 44(1), 113- 143.
• Findley, M. G. (2007). Spoiling The Peace Or Seeking The Spoils?: Civil War Outcomes and The Role of Spoilers (Doctoral Dissertation, University of Illinois At Urbana- Champaign).
• Fortune. (2018). Fortune Global 500 List 2017: See Who Made It. [Online] Available At: Http://Fortune.Com/Global500/
• Gray, A. (2017). The Worlds 10 Biggest Economies In 2017. Retrieved March 20, 2018, From Https://Www.Weforum.Org/Agenda/2017/03/Worlds-Biggest-Economies-In-2017/ Höglund, K., & Zartman, I. W. (2006). Violence By The State: Official Spoilers and Their Allies.
• Hopkins, M. (2012). Corporate Social Responsibility and International Development: Is Business The Solution?.Earthscan.
• Hustinx, L., Handy, F., Cnaan, R. A., Brudney, J. L., Pessi, A. B., & Yamauchi, N. (2010). Social and Cultural Origins of Motivations To Volunteer: A Comparison of University Students In Six Countries. International Sociology, 25(3), 349-382.
• Huybrechts, B., & Nicholls, A. (2012). Social Entrepreneurship and Social Business: An Introduction and Discussion With Case Studies. Social Entrepreneurship and Social Business: An Introduction and Discussion With Case Studies. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden, 31-48.
• Ilieva-Koleva, D., & Dobreva, J. (2015). Social Entrepreneurship As A Form of Social Responsibility In Bulgaria. Megatrend Revija, 12(2), 123-136.
• Johnson, H. L. (1971). Business In Contemporary Society: Framework and Issues. Wadsworth Pub. Co.
• Johnson, S. A., Ryan, H. E., & Tian, Y. S. (2009). Managerial Incentives and Corporate Fraud: The Sources of Incentives Matter. Review of Finance, 13(1), 115-145.
• Juščius, V. (2007). Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development. Management of Organizations: Systematic Research, (44).
• Kohli, S., Bandhopadhyay, R., & Kohli, K. (2015). Public Private Partnership In Education An Impactful Means of Promoting Skill Development and Inclusive Growth In India. Scholedge International Journal of Multidisciplinary & Allied Studies, 2(5), 21-35.
• Kuratko, D.M. (2009). The Social and Ethical Perspectives of Entrepreneurship. In Introduction To Entrepreneurship (Pp. 80-101). Australia and UK, PA: South-Western.
• Libit, W. M., Draney, W. L., & Freier, T. E. (2014). Silence Is Not Necessarily Golden: Elements of An Effective Whistleblower Hotline. Insights: The Corporate & Securities Law Advisor, 28(10), 10-16.
• Maclean, R., & Jagannathan, S. (2014). Introduction--Improving Skills Development For Employability In An Ever-Changing World. Prospects: Quarterly Review of Comparative Education, 44(2), 159-165.
• Mair, J., & Noboa, E. (2006). Social Entrepreneurship: How Intentions To Create A Social Venture Are Formed. In Social Entrepreneurship (Pp. 121-135). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
• FELO, A. J. (2016). Richard Scrushy: The Rise and Fall of The “King of Health Care”. Handbook of Frauds, Scams, and Swindles: Failures of Ethics In Leadership.
• Miller, T. L., Grimes, M. G., Mcmullen, J. S., & Vogus, T. J. (2012). Venturing For Others With Heart and Head: How Compassion Encourages Social Entrepreneurship. Academy of Management Review, 37(4), 616-640.
• Matulich, S., & Currie, D. M. (Eds.). (2016). Handbook of Frauds, Scams, and Swindles: Failures of Ethics In Leadership. CRC Press.
• Montjourides, P. (2013). Education Data In Conflict-Affected Countries: The Fifth Failure?. Prospects, 43(1), 85-105.
• Moon, J. (2007). The Contribution of Corporate Social Responsibility To Sustainable Development. Sustainable Development, 15(5), 296-306.
• Murphy, P. E. (1978). An Evolution: Corporate Social Responsiveness. University of Michigan Business Review, 6(30), 19-25.
• Nelsen, J. R., Nick Temple, K., & Renewable Energy Startups. (2016, September 13). Social Enterprise: Statistics From Around The World. Retrieved From Http://Socialgoodstuff.Com/2016/08/Statistics-From-Around-The-World/
• Panth, B. (2014). Skills Development For Employability and Inclusive Growth: Policy Dilemmas and Priorities In South Asia. Prospects: Quarterly Review of Comparative Education, 44(2), 167-182.
• Payne, A. (2006). Corporate Social Responsibility and Sustainable Development. Journal of Public Affairs, 6(3-4), 286-297.
• Rodgers, W., Söderbom, A., & Guiral, A. (2015). Corporate Social Responsibility Enhanced Control Systems Reducing The Likelihood of Fraud. Journal of Business Ethics, 131(4), 871-882. Doi:10.1007/S10551-014-2152-5
• Santos, F. M. (2012). A Positive Theory of Social Entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Ethics, 111(3), 335-351.
• Siteresources.Worldbank.Org. (2018). [Online] Available At: Http://Siteresources.Worldbank.Org/INTEMPOWERMENT/Resources/486312- 1095094954594/Draft2.Pdf [Accessed 31 Mar. 2018].
• Soltani, B. (2014). The Anatomy of Corporate Fraud: A Comparative Analysis of High Profile American and European Corporate Scandals. Journal of Business Ethics, 120(2), 251-274.
• Stephan, U., Braidford, P., Folmer, E., Hart, M., & Lomax, S. (2017). Social Enterprise: Market Trends 2017.
• Sullivan Mort, G., Weerawardena, J., & Carnegie, K. (2003). Social Entrepreneurship: Towards Conceptualisation. International Journal of Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Marketing, 8(1), 76-88.
• Volkmann, C., Tokarski, K., & Ernst, K. (2012). Social Entrepreneurship and Social Business. An Introduction and Discussion With Case Studies. Gabler. Wiesbaden.
• Swamy, R. (1990). The Makings of A Social Entrepreneur: The Case of Baba Amte. Vikalpa, 15(4), 29-38.
• Wade M. 2005. Good Company Citizenship. In Governance and Sustainability: New Challenges For States, Companies and Societies, Petschow U, Rosenau J, Von Weizsacker E (Eds). Greenleaf: Sheffi Eld; 186–199.
• Wagner, S., & Dittmar, L. (2006). The Unexpected Benefits of Sarbanes-Oxley. Harvard Business Review, 84(4), 133-140.
• Wood, D. J. (1990). Business and Society. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman.
• Wood, D. J. (1991). Corporate Social Performance Revisited. Academy of Management Review, 16(4), 691-718.
• Wren, D. A. (2005). The History of Management Thought. John Wiley & Sons.
• Yonekawa, M. (2014). Critical Analysis of Spoilers and Neighbouring States For Peace Implementation: Peacekeepers' Failure To Protect Civilians In Eastern DR Congo. Global Change, Peace & Security, 26(2), 159-176.