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Siber Zorbalık Önleme ve Müdahale Programlarının İncelenmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 44 - 56, 30.12.2023

Öz

Siber zorbalık, çevrimiçi ortamda ve teknolojik cihazlarla iletişim kurulan kişiye uygulanan kasıtlı, agresif davranışlar olarak bilinmekte, en sık mesajlaşma, sosyal medya hesapları ve çevrimiçi oyun ortamlarında gerçekleşmektedir. Gençlerin dijital iletişime hızlı ayak uydurması dünyada yaygınlığı giderek artan siber zorbalıkla karşılaşma durumlarını da artırmaktadır. Bu derlemenin amacı Dünyada ve Türkiye’de siber zorbalığın önlenmesi ve müdahalesinde geliştirilen programlar hakkında bilgi vermektir. Siber zorbalıkla karşılaşan gençlerde depresyon, sosyal izolasyon, uyku ve yeme problemleri, intihara kalkışma gibi durumlar görülmesi nedeniyle siber zorbalık bir halk sağlığı sorunu olarak ele alınmaktadır. Siber zorbalık sonucunda gelişen bu olumsuz durumlar gençlerin siber zorbalık farkındalıklarının yetersiz olması, karşılaştıklarında nasıl tepki vereceklerini bilememeleri ve dijital teknolojilerin kullanıldığı her yerde ve zamanda karşılaşabilecekleri riskli bir durum olması nedeniyle ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu nedenle siber zorbalığın önlenmesi ve müdahalesi ile ilgili dünyada ve Türkiye’de eğitim programları geliştirilmektedir. Siber zorbalığı önleme ve müdahale programlarının siber zorbalık farkındalığı oluşturma, güvenli internet kullanımı, dijital etik, empati, dijtal iletişim gibi konuları kapsadığı, büyük çoğunluğunun okul etkinlikleri ile yalnızca gençleri ele aldığı görülmektedir. Gençlerin ebeveynlerinin, öğretmenlerinin ya da çevresindeki yakın arkadaşlarının siber zorbalığı önleme ve müdahale programlarına daha az dahil edildiği ve sağlık profesyonellerinin geliştirdiği programların yeterli nicelikte olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ancak okul dışında gençlerin evinde olduğu zamanlarda da karşılaşılabilen bir durum olan siber zorbalığın önlenmesi ve müdahalesinde gençlerin ve yakın çevrelerinin programlara dahil edilmesi, okul tabanlı müdahaleler yanında toplum tabanlı müdahalelerin de ele alınması gerektiği önerilmektedir. Ayrıca sağlık üzerine olumsuz etkileri olan siber zorbalığın önlenmesi ve müdahalesi amacıyla sağlık profesyonelleri tarafından geliştirilen programlara ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Olweus D. Bullying at school and later criminality: Findings from three Swedish community samples of males. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health.2011, 21:151-156.
  • 2. Salmeron PA, Christian BJ. Evaluation of an educational program to improve school nursing staff perceptions of bullying in pinellas county, Florida. Pediatric Nursing. 2016,42(6): 283-292.
  • 3. Li C, Wang P, Martin-Moratinos M, Bella-Fernández M, Blasco-Fontecilla H.Traditional bullying and cyberbullying in the digital age and its associated mental health problems in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2020; 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02128-x
  • 4. Liu J, Graves N. Childhood bullying: a rewiew of constructs,concepts, and nursing implications. Public Health Nursing. 2011;28(6):556-568.
  • 5. Lee J. Pathways from childhood bullying victimization to young adult depressive and anxiety symptoms. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2021; 52(1):129-140.
  • 6. Kim SS, Craig WM, King N, Bilz L, Cosma A, Molcho M, Qirjako G, Gaspar De Matos M, Augustine L, Šmigelskas K, Pickett W. Bullying, mental health, and the moderating role of supportive adults:a cross-national analysis of adolescents in 45 Countries. Int J Public Health. 2022; 67:1-10. doi: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604264
  • 7. Smith PK, Mahdavi J, Carvalho M, Fisher S, Russell S, Tippe N. Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. J of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2008;49(4) :376–385.
  • 8. Thomas HJ, Connor JP, Scott JG. Integrating traditional bullying and cyberbullying: challenges of definition and measurement in adolescents–a review. Educational Psychology Review,2015; 27(1):135-152.
  • 9. Dilmaç JA. Dijital ortamda sapkınlık: siber zorbalık. Turkish Studies Social Sciences 2020;15(3):1087- 1099. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.29228/TurkishStudies.39895.
  • 10. Prensky M. Digital natives, digital immigrants. On the Horizon. 2001;9(5):1-5. Erişim adresi:https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/10748120110424816/full/pdf?title=digital-natives-digitalimmigrants-part-1
  • 11. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK), İstatistiklerle Çocuk, 2021 Erişim adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Cocuk-2021-45633#:~:text=%C3%87ocuklar%C4%B1n%20%C4%B0nternet%20kullan%C4%B1m%20oran%C4%B1%202021,y%C4%B1l%C4%B1nda%20%82%2C7%20oldu. Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2023
  • 12. Zhu C, Huang S, Evans R, Zhang W. Cyberbullying among adolescents and children: a comprehensive review of the global situation, risk factors, and preventive measures. Frontiers in Public Health. 2021; 9:1-12.
  • 13. Martínez J, Rodríguez-Hidalgo AJ, Zych I. Bullying and cyberbullying in adolescents from disadvantaged areas: Validation of questionnaires; prevalence rates; and relationship to self-esteem, empathy and social skills. Int J Envr. Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6199
  • 14. Huang J, Zhong Z, Zhang H, Li L. Cyberbullying in social media and online games among chinese college students and its associated factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18:1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18094819.
  • 15. Shaheen AM, Hammad S, Haourani EM, Nassar OS. Factors affecting Jordanian school adolescents' experience of being bullied. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2018; 38:66-71.
  • 16. Uludasdemir D, Kucuk S.Cyber bullying experiences of adolescents and parental awareness: Turkish example. J Pediatr Nurs.2019; 44: 84-90.
  • 17. Henares-Montiel J, Benítez-Hidalgo V, Ruiz-Pérez I, Pastor-Moreno G, Rodríguez Barranco M. Cyberbullying and associated factors in member countries of the european union: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies with representative population samples. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19:1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph19127364
  • 18. Bayram F, Özkamalı E. Lise öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık yapma ve siber mağdur olma durumlarının incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2019;20(1):303-318. doi: 10.17679/inuefd.543251
  • 19. López-Castro L, Priegue D. Influence of family variables on cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: A systematic literature review. Social Sciences. 2019; 8(3):98.
  • 20. Garmy P, Hansson E, Vilhjalmsson R, Kristjánsdóttir G. Bullying and pain in school-aged children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Open Nursing.2019;5:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2377960819887556
  • 21. Bonanno RA, Hymel S. Cyber bullying and internalizing difficulties: Above and beyond the impact of traditional forms of bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2013;42(5):685-697.
  • 22. Topcu C, Erdur-Baker O. RCBI-II: The second revision of the revised cyber bullying inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 2018, 51:32–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1395705.
  • 23. Albdour M, Hong JS, Lewin L, Yarandi H.The impact of cyberbullying on physical and psychological health of Arab American adolescents. J of İmmigrant and Minority Health.2019;21(4):706-715.
  • 24. Zych I, Baldry AC, Farrington DP, Llorent VJ. Are children involved in cyberbullying low on empathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of research on empathy versus different cyberbullying roles. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2019;45:83-97.
  • 25. Lei H, Mao W, Cheong CM, Wen Y, Cui Y, Cai, Z. The relationship between self-esteem and cyberbullying: A meta-analysis of children and youth students. Current Psychology, 2020; 39(3):830-842.
  • 26. Ramos Salazar L. Cyberbullying victimization as a predictor of cyberbullying perpetration, body image dissatisfaction, healthy eating and dieting behaviors, and life satisfaction. Journal of interpersonal violence,2021; 36(1-2): 354-380.
  • 27. Nagata JM, Yang JH, Singh G, Kiss O, Ganson KT, Testa A, Jackson DB, Baker FC. Cyberbullying and sleep disturbance among early adolescents in the U.S. Acad Pediatr. 2022; 26:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2022.12.007.
  • 28. Karaman HB, Arslan C. An Investigation of Adolescents’ Levels of Exposure to Cyberbullying in Terms of Social Media Attitudes and Social Appearance Anxiety. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews,2020; 9(3):17–25. Retrieved from https://perrjournal.com/index.php/perrjournal/article/view/102
  • 29. Shah R, Dodd M, Allen E, Viner R, Bonell C. Is being a victim of bullying or cyberbullying in secondary school associated with subsequent risk-taking behavior in adolescence? A longitudinal study in secondary schools. J Adolesc. 2022;94(4):611-627. doi: 10.1002/jad.12050.
  • 30. Hu Y, Bai Y, Pan Y, Li S. Cyberbullying victimization and depression among adolescents: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 2021;305: 114198.
  • 31. Islam MI, Yunus FM, Kabir E, Khanam R. Evaluating risk and protective factors for suicidality and self-harm in Australian adolescents with traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimizations. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2022;36(1):73-83.
  • 32. Kim S, Kimber M, Boyle MH,Georgiades K. Sex differences in the association between cyberbullying victimization and mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation in adolescents. The Canadian J of Psyc. 2019;64(2):126-135.
  • 33. Lee MS, Zi-Pei W, Svanström L, Dalal K. Cyber bullying prevention: Intervention in Taiwan, Plos One, 2013, 8(5): e64031.
  • 34. Schultze-Krumbholz A, Schultze M, Zagorscak P, Wölfer R, Scheithauer H. Feeling cybervictims' pain-The effect of empathy training on cyberbullying, Aggressive Behavior, 2016, 42(2):147-56, doi: 10.1002/ab.21613.
  • 35. Palladino BE, Nocentini A, Menesini E. Evidence‐based intervention against bullying and cyberbullying: Evaluation of the NoTrap! program in two independent trials, Aggressive Behavior, 2016, 42(2): 194-206.
  • 36. Cross D, Shaw T, Hadwen K, Cardoso P, Slee P, Roberts C, Thomas L, Barnes A. Longitudinal impact of the Cyber Friendly Schools program on adolescents’ cyberbullying behavior. Aggr. Behav., 2016; 42: 166-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21609
  • 37. Sorrentino A, Baldry AC, Farrington, DP. The efficacy of the Tabby improved prevention and intervention program in reducing cyberbullying and cybervictimization among students. Int J of Env Res. and Publ Health. 2018; 15(11): 2536.
  • 38. Ortega-Barón J, Buelga S, Ayllón E, Martínez-Ferrer B, Cava MJ. Effects of intervention program Prev@ cib on traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Int J of Env Res. and Publ Health. 2019;16(4):527.
  • 39. Buils RF, Miedes AC, Oliver MR. Effect of a cyberbullying prevention program integrated in the primary education curriculum, Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed.), 2020; 25(1):23-29.
  • 40. Özbay A. Sanal zorbalığa maruz kalan ergenlerin çözüm odaklı kısa süreli terapi yönelimli psikoeğitim programının psikolojik belirtiler ve sanal mağduriyete etkisi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı Eğitimde Psikolojik Hizmetler Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Sakarya:2017, Sakarya Üniversitesi.
  • 41. Duman E. Velilere yönelik geliştirilen siber zorbalık farkındalık eğitiminin etkisinin incelenmesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bilgisayar ve Öğretim Teknolojileri Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa: Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2019.
  • 42. Akyüz A, Koç Z. Empati yönelimli siber zorbalık psiko-eğitim programının lise 9. ve 10. Sınıf öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık ve empati düzeylerine etkisi, Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020;40(1):75-111
  • 43. Yurdakul Y, Ayhan AB. The effect of the cyberbullying awareness program on adolescents' awareness of cyberbullying and their coping skills. Curr Psychol. 2022; 3:1-15. doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-03483-3.
  • 44. Gökmen ÖF. Örnek olay temelli sanal zorbalık ile ilgili kısa filmlerin ortaokul öğrencilerinin sanal zorba/mağdur, farkındalık, empati düzeylerine ve baş etme stratejilerini öğrenmelerine etkisi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bilgisayar ve Öğretim Teknolojileri Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Sakarya:2019, Sakarya Üniversitesi.
  • 45. Polanin JR, Espelage DL, Grotpeter JK, Ingram K, Michaelson L, Spinney E, Robinson L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to decrease cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Prevention Science, 2022;23(3):439-454.
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  • 47. Gaffney H, Farrington DP, Espelage DL, Ttofi MM. Are cyberbullying intervention and prevention programs effective? A systematic and meta-analytical review. Aggression and Violent Behavr. 2019; 45:134-153.
  • 48. Ng ED, Chua JYX, Shorey S. The Effectiveness of Educational Interventions on Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying Among Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse.2020:1-20. doi:10.1177/1524838020933867
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  • 50. Byrne E, Vessey JA, Pfeifer L. Cyberbullying and social media: Information and interventions for school nurses working with victims, students, and families. The Journal of School Nursing. 2018;34(1), 38-50. Yosep I, Pramukti I, Agustina HR, Kurniawan K, Agustina HS, Hikmat R. Triple-P e-Parenting to improve awareness of psychiatric nurses on preventing cyberbullying in adolescents. In Healthcare. 2022; 11(1): 19-30.
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 44 - 56, 30.12.2023

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Olweus D. Bullying at school and later criminality: Findings from three Swedish community samples of males. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health.2011, 21:151-156.
  • 2. Salmeron PA, Christian BJ. Evaluation of an educational program to improve school nursing staff perceptions of bullying in pinellas county, Florida. Pediatric Nursing. 2016,42(6): 283-292.
  • 3. Li C, Wang P, Martin-Moratinos M, Bella-Fernández M, Blasco-Fontecilla H.Traditional bullying and cyberbullying in the digital age and its associated mental health problems in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2020; 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02128-x
  • 4. Liu J, Graves N. Childhood bullying: a rewiew of constructs,concepts, and nursing implications. Public Health Nursing. 2011;28(6):556-568.
  • 5. Lee J. Pathways from childhood bullying victimization to young adult depressive and anxiety symptoms. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. 2021; 52(1):129-140.
  • 6. Kim SS, Craig WM, King N, Bilz L, Cosma A, Molcho M, Qirjako G, Gaspar De Matos M, Augustine L, Šmigelskas K, Pickett W. Bullying, mental health, and the moderating role of supportive adults:a cross-national analysis of adolescents in 45 Countries. Int J Public Health. 2022; 67:1-10. doi: 10.3389/ijph.2022.1604264
  • 7. Smith PK, Mahdavi J, Carvalho M, Fisher S, Russell S, Tippe N. Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. J of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2008;49(4) :376–385.
  • 8. Thomas HJ, Connor JP, Scott JG. Integrating traditional bullying and cyberbullying: challenges of definition and measurement in adolescents–a review. Educational Psychology Review,2015; 27(1):135-152.
  • 9. Dilmaç JA. Dijital ortamda sapkınlık: siber zorbalık. Turkish Studies Social Sciences 2020;15(3):1087- 1099. doi: https://dx.doi.org/10.29228/TurkishStudies.39895.
  • 10. Prensky M. Digital natives, digital immigrants. On the Horizon. 2001;9(5):1-5. Erişim adresi:https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/10748120110424816/full/pdf?title=digital-natives-digitalimmigrants-part-1
  • 11. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK), İstatistiklerle Çocuk, 2021 Erişim adresi: https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Istatistiklerle-Cocuk-2021-45633#:~:text=%C3%87ocuklar%C4%B1n%20%C4%B0nternet%20kullan%C4%B1m%20oran%C4%B1%202021,y%C4%B1l%C4%B1nda%20%82%2C7%20oldu. Erişim Tarihi: 10.01.2023
  • 12. Zhu C, Huang S, Evans R, Zhang W. Cyberbullying among adolescents and children: a comprehensive review of the global situation, risk factors, and preventive measures. Frontiers in Public Health. 2021; 9:1-12.
  • 13. Martínez J, Rodríguez-Hidalgo AJ, Zych I. Bullying and cyberbullying in adolescents from disadvantaged areas: Validation of questionnaires; prevalence rates; and relationship to self-esteem, empathy and social skills. Int J Envr. Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(17):6199
  • 14. Huang J, Zhong Z, Zhang H, Li L. Cyberbullying in social media and online games among chinese college students and its associated factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021;18:1-12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph18094819.
  • 15. Shaheen AM, Hammad S, Haourani EM, Nassar OS. Factors affecting Jordanian school adolescents' experience of being bullied. Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2018; 38:66-71.
  • 16. Uludasdemir D, Kucuk S.Cyber bullying experiences of adolescents and parental awareness: Turkish example. J Pediatr Nurs.2019; 44: 84-90.
  • 17. Henares-Montiel J, Benítez-Hidalgo V, Ruiz-Pérez I, Pastor-Moreno G, Rodríguez Barranco M. Cyberbullying and associated factors in member countries of the european union: a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies with representative population samples. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2022; 19:1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ ijerph19127364
  • 18. Bayram F, Özkamalı E. Lise öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık yapma ve siber mağdur olma durumlarının incelenmesi. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2019;20(1):303-318. doi: 10.17679/inuefd.543251
  • 19. López-Castro L, Priegue D. Influence of family variables on cyberbullying perpetration and victimization: A systematic literature review. Social Sciences. 2019; 8(3):98.
  • 20. Garmy P, Hansson E, Vilhjalmsson R, Kristjánsdóttir G. Bullying and pain in school-aged children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study. Open Nursing.2019;5:1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2377960819887556
  • 21. Bonanno RA, Hymel S. Cyber bullying and internalizing difficulties: Above and beyond the impact of traditional forms of bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2013;42(5):685-697.
  • 22. Topcu C, Erdur-Baker O. RCBI-II: The second revision of the revised cyber bullying inventory. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 2018, 51:32–41. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/07481756.2017.1395705.
  • 23. Albdour M, Hong JS, Lewin L, Yarandi H.The impact of cyberbullying on physical and psychological health of Arab American adolescents. J of İmmigrant and Minority Health.2019;21(4):706-715.
  • 24. Zych I, Baldry AC, Farrington DP, Llorent VJ. Are children involved in cyberbullying low on empathy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of research on empathy versus different cyberbullying roles. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2019;45:83-97.
  • 25. Lei H, Mao W, Cheong CM, Wen Y, Cui Y, Cai, Z. The relationship between self-esteem and cyberbullying: A meta-analysis of children and youth students. Current Psychology, 2020; 39(3):830-842.
  • 26. Ramos Salazar L. Cyberbullying victimization as a predictor of cyberbullying perpetration, body image dissatisfaction, healthy eating and dieting behaviors, and life satisfaction. Journal of interpersonal violence,2021; 36(1-2): 354-380.
  • 27. Nagata JM, Yang JH, Singh G, Kiss O, Ganson KT, Testa A, Jackson DB, Baker FC. Cyberbullying and sleep disturbance among early adolescents in the U.S. Acad Pediatr. 2022; 26:1-6. doi: 10.1016/j.acap.2022.12.007.
  • 28. Karaman HB, Arslan C. An Investigation of Adolescents’ Levels of Exposure to Cyberbullying in Terms of Social Media Attitudes and Social Appearance Anxiety. Psycho-Educational Research Reviews,2020; 9(3):17–25. Retrieved from https://perrjournal.com/index.php/perrjournal/article/view/102
  • 29. Shah R, Dodd M, Allen E, Viner R, Bonell C. Is being a victim of bullying or cyberbullying in secondary school associated with subsequent risk-taking behavior in adolescence? A longitudinal study in secondary schools. J Adolesc. 2022;94(4):611-627. doi: 10.1002/jad.12050.
  • 30. Hu Y, Bai Y, Pan Y, Li S. Cyberbullying victimization and depression among adolescents: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 2021;305: 114198.
  • 31. Islam MI, Yunus FM, Kabir E, Khanam R. Evaluating risk and protective factors for suicidality and self-harm in Australian adolescents with traditional bullying and cyberbullying victimizations. American Journal of Health Promotion. 2022;36(1):73-83.
  • 32. Kim S, Kimber M, Boyle MH,Georgiades K. Sex differences in the association between cyberbullying victimization and mental health, substance use, and suicidal ideation in adolescents. The Canadian J of Psyc. 2019;64(2):126-135.
  • 33. Lee MS, Zi-Pei W, Svanström L, Dalal K. Cyber bullying prevention: Intervention in Taiwan, Plos One, 2013, 8(5): e64031.
  • 34. Schultze-Krumbholz A, Schultze M, Zagorscak P, Wölfer R, Scheithauer H. Feeling cybervictims' pain-The effect of empathy training on cyberbullying, Aggressive Behavior, 2016, 42(2):147-56, doi: 10.1002/ab.21613.
  • 35. Palladino BE, Nocentini A, Menesini E. Evidence‐based intervention against bullying and cyberbullying: Evaluation of the NoTrap! program in two independent trials, Aggressive Behavior, 2016, 42(2): 194-206.
  • 36. Cross D, Shaw T, Hadwen K, Cardoso P, Slee P, Roberts C, Thomas L, Barnes A. Longitudinal impact of the Cyber Friendly Schools program on adolescents’ cyberbullying behavior. Aggr. Behav., 2016; 42: 166-180. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.21609
  • 37. Sorrentino A, Baldry AC, Farrington, DP. The efficacy of the Tabby improved prevention and intervention program in reducing cyberbullying and cybervictimization among students. Int J of Env Res. and Publ Health. 2018; 15(11): 2536.
  • 38. Ortega-Barón J, Buelga S, Ayllón E, Martínez-Ferrer B, Cava MJ. Effects of intervention program Prev@ cib on traditional bullying and cyberbullying. Int J of Env Res. and Publ Health. 2019;16(4):527.
  • 39. Buils RF, Miedes AC, Oliver MR. Effect of a cyberbullying prevention program integrated in the primary education curriculum, Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed.), 2020; 25(1):23-29.
  • 40. Özbay A. Sanal zorbalığa maruz kalan ergenlerin çözüm odaklı kısa süreli terapi yönelimli psikoeğitim programının psikolojik belirtiler ve sanal mağduriyete etkisi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı Eğitimde Psikolojik Hizmetler Bilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Sakarya:2017, Sakarya Üniversitesi.
  • 41. Duman E. Velilere yönelik geliştirilen siber zorbalık farkındalık eğitiminin etkisinin incelenmesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bilgisayar ve Öğretim Teknolojileri Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Bursa: Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi, 2019.
  • 42. Akyüz A, Koç Z. Empati yönelimli siber zorbalık psiko-eğitim programının lise 9. ve 10. Sınıf öğrencilerinin siber zorbalık ve empati düzeylerine etkisi, Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi. 2020;40(1):75-111
  • 43. Yurdakul Y, Ayhan AB. The effect of the cyberbullying awareness program on adolescents' awareness of cyberbullying and their coping skills. Curr Psychol. 2022; 3:1-15. doi: 10.1007/s12144-022-03483-3.
  • 44. Gökmen ÖF. Örnek olay temelli sanal zorbalık ile ilgili kısa filmlerin ortaokul öğrencilerinin sanal zorba/mağdur, farkındalık, empati düzeylerine ve baş etme stratejilerini öğrenmelerine etkisi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Bilgisayar ve Öğretim Teknolojileri Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı, Doktora Tezi, Sakarya:2019, Sakarya Üniversitesi.
  • 45. Polanin JR, Espelage DL, Grotpeter JK, Ingram K, Michaelson L, Spinney E, Robinson L. A systematic review and meta-analysis of interventions to decrease cyberbullying perpetration and victimization. Prevention Science, 2022;23(3):439-454.
  • 46. Hutson E, Kelly S, Militello LK. Systematic review of cyberbullying interventions for youth and parents with implications for evidence-based practice. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2018;15(1):72-79. doi: 10.1111/wvn.12257.
  • 47. Gaffney H, Farrington DP, Espelage DL, Ttofi MM. Are cyberbullying intervention and prevention programs effective? A systematic and meta-analytical review. Aggression and Violent Behavr. 2019; 45:134-153.
  • 48. Ng ED, Chua JYX, Shorey S. The Effectiveness of Educational Interventions on Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying Among Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse.2020:1-20. doi:10.1177/1524838020933867
  • 49. Yosep I, Hikmat R, Mardhiyah A. Nursing intervention for preventing cyberbullying and reducing its negative impact on students: A Scoping Review. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2023;26(16):261-273. doi: 10.2147/JMDH.S400779.
  • 50. Byrne E, Vessey JA, Pfeifer L. Cyberbullying and social media: Information and interventions for school nurses working with victims, students, and families. The Journal of School Nursing. 2018;34(1), 38-50. Yosep I, Pramukti I, Agustina HR, Kurniawan K, Agustina HS, Hikmat R. Triple-P e-Parenting to improve awareness of psychiatric nurses on preventing cyberbullying in adolescents. In Healthcare. 2022; 11(1): 19-30.
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Dilek Uludasdemir 0000-0002-2910-2110

Sibel Küçük 0000-0001-9009-1871

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ocak 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Uludasdemir D, Küçük S. Siber Zorbalık Önleme ve Müdahale Programlarının İncelenmesi. TSAD. 2023;4(3):44-56.