Biyolojik Mücadelenin Yeni Yüzü: Biyoherbisitler

Öz

Sürdürülebilir yabancı ot yönetimi, hem organik hem de konvansiyonel tarım alanlarının en büyük zorluklarından biridir. Günümüzde yabancı ot mücadelesi için en çok tercih edilen yöntem kimyasal mücadele olup, sürekli herbisit kullanımı sonucunda; dayanıklılık, çevresel kirlilik, kalıntı gibi birçok sorunu da ortaya çıkartmaktadır. Bu nedenle de biyolojik preparatların ağırlıklı olarak kullanıldığı organik tarıma ve iyi tarım uygulamalarına olan ilgi sürekli artmaktadır. Sertifikalı organik tarım ve geleneksel tarımın sürdürülebilirliğini sağlamak için herbisitler dışında başka ürünlere de ihtiyaç vardır. Biyoherbisitler, sentetik herbisitlere olan bağımlılığı azaltmada ve tarımsal çevreyi korumada uygun alternatifler arasındadır. Bu ürünler, entegre yabancı ot mücadelesi içerisinde biyolojik mücadelenin bir parçasıdır.
Sentetik herbisit kullanımına alternatif olarak üretilmeye çalışılan biyoherbisitler ne yazık ki istenilen düzeyde ticarileştirilmemiştir. Yabancı otların biyolojik mücadele etmenleri ile kontrolü üzerine uzun süren araştırmalar yapılsa da piyasaya ancak birkaç biyoherbisit sürülebilmiştir. Biyoherbisitlerin ticarileştirilmesinin ve kullanımının önündeki engeller; elde edilen ürünün etki spektrumunun sadece birkaç yabancı ot ile sınırlı olması, inkubasyon için nemin yeterli sürede birçok alanda sağlanamaması, yüksek uygulama normlarına ihtiyaç duyulması, raf ömrünün çok uzun olmaması, fungusit uygulamalarının biyolojik preparatların aktivitesini düşürmesi olarak sıralanabilir. Bu çalışmada biyoherbisitlerin üretim süreçleri, etkinliği ve potansiyeli değerlendirilmektedir. Ülkemiz bitki, böcek ve mikroorganizma biyoçeşitliliği bakımından büyük bir potansiyeli barındırdığı için biyoherbisitlerin keşfedilmesi ve ticarileştirilmesi konusunda büyük imkana da sahiptir. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Biyoherbisit
• Biyolojik Mücadele
• Yabancı ot

The New Face of Biological Control: Bioherbicide

Öz

Sustainable weed management is one of the most troublesome issues in organic and conventional crop production. Herbicide use is the most common weed control practice nowadays. Using them without a rotation results in some problems such as herbicide resistance, environmental pollution, and residue. Therefore, the interest in organic farming and good farming is getting more and more because biological products have been heavily used in these fields. To provide sustainability for these farming systems, there is need for more products except herbicides. Bioherbicides are among the appropriate alternatives to reduce dependency to the synthetic herbicides and protect agro-environment. These products are part of biological control in the Integrated Weed Management concept.
The bioherbicides that have been produced as an alternative to synthetic herbicides were not commercialized as much as desired. Although the research about the biological control of the weeds has been conducted for many years, there were only a few bioherbicides in the market. The restrictions that caused commercialization and use of these products were their efficacy spectrum only limited to a few weeds, the moisture required for incubation couldn’t be provided in many fields, they need high application volume, they have not so long shelf life, the fungicide applications may reduce the activity of biological products. In the study, the production process, efficacy, and potency of bioherbicides were discussed. Turkey has a big opportunity to discover and commercialize these products because it has tremendous potential in terms of plant, insect and microorganism biodiversity.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Bioherbicide
• Biological control
• Control
• Weed

Kaynakça

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