Diversity and Geographic Distribution of Fungi on Broomrape Species

Öz

Broomrapes (Orobanche spp. and Phelipanche spp.) are annual root parasitic weeds from the Orobanchaceae family. Broomrape species have a wide host range causing yield losses in crop production. Broomrape control is challenging due to dependency, prolific seed production, long-term seed viability in soil, and unique physiological and biological characteristics. Traditional weed control methods, including mechanical, physical, and chemical, may be limited in their effectiveness in the management of broomrape. In biological control, identification and utilizing soil-borne microorganisms are considered potentially effective. Notably, fungi isolated from various broomrape species and different hosts are extensively documented in the literature. During the 70-year period from 1954 to the present, in the studies conducted in 25 different countries from 4 continents, 104 fungal species belonging to 42 genera have been reported from five main broomrape species. With this review prepared by an extensive literature review, the fungal diversity in broomrape species has been revealed and is intended to be a resource for researchers working on this subject.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Phelipanche spp.
• Orobanche spp.
• fungus
• Fusarium
• fungal diversity
• broomrape

Canavar Otu Türlerindeki Fungusların Çeşitliliği ve Coğrafik Dağılımları

Öz

Canavar otları (Orobanche spp. ve Phelipanche spp.), Orobanchaceae familyasına bağlı tek yıllık kök paraziti yabancı otlardır. Canavar otu türlerinin konukçu dizisi oldukça geniş olup, tarımsal üretimde verim kayıplarına neden olmaktadırlar. Canavar otları ile mücadele konukçuya bağlı yaşamaları, çok sayıda tohum oluşturmaları ve tohumlarının uzun yıllar toprakta canlı kalabilmeleri ve bu bitkilerin benzersiz fizyolojik ve biyolojik özellikleri nedeniyle zordur. Geleneksel yabancı ot mücadele yöntemlerinden mekanik, fiziksel ve kimyasal mücadele yöntemleri bu yabancı otların mücadelesinde sınırlı kalabilmektedir. Biyolojik mücadelede toprak kökenli mikroorganizmaların tanılanması ve kullanımının etkili olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Farklı canavar otu türlerinden ve farklı konukçulardan izole edilen funguslara literatürde geniş ölçüde yer verilmiştir. 1954 yılından günümüze kadar geçen 70 yıllık süre boyunca, 4 kıtadan 25 farklı ülkede yürütülen çalışmalarda, 5 ana canavar otu türünden 42 cinse ait 104 farklı fungus türü rapor edilmiştir. Geniş bir literatür taraması ile hazırlanan bu derleme ile canavar otu türlerindeki fungal çeşitlilik ortaya konulmuş olup, bu bilgilerin bu konuda çalışan araştırıcılara kaynak oluşturması amaçlanmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Phelipanche spp.
• Orobanche spp.
• fungus
• Fusarium
• fungal çeşitlilik
• canavar otu

Kaynakça

1. Abouzeid, M., Elkassas, R., El-Mahalawy, A., & Eldin, A. K. (2005, 19-23 June 2005). Pattern and potentiality of fungal isolates from soil rhizosphere and from young Orobanche crenata infesting Vicia faba fields in the south of Egypt. Proceedings of the 13th EWRS Symposium, Bari, Italy.
2. Abouzeid, M. A., & El-Tarabily, K. A. (2010). Fusarium spp. suppress germination and parasitic establishment of bean and hemp broomrapes. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 49(1), 51-64.
3. Abu-Irmaileh, B. (1991). Soil solarization controls broomrapes (Orobanche spp.) in host vegetable crops in the Jordan Valley. Weed Technology, 5(3), 575-581.
4. Akhter, G., Khan, T. A., & Zafar, A. (2018). First report of Orobanche cernua parasitism on Allium cepa in Banda district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of crop improvement, 32(5), 681-689.
5. Aksoy, E., Arslan, Z., Tetik, Ö., & Eymirli, S. (2016). Using the possibilities of some trap, catch and Brassicaceaen crops for controlling crenate broomrape a problem in lentil fields. International Journal of Plant Production, 10(1), 53-62.
6. Al-Menoufi, O. (1986). Studies on Orobanche spp. 2: Fungi associated with Orobanche crenata Forsk. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Research, 31(2), 297-310.
7. Alonso, L. C., Rodriguez-Ojeda, M., Fernandez-Escobar, J., & Lopez-Calero, G. (1998). Chemical control of broomrape. Helia, 21(29), 45-54.
8. Ampova, G., Shabanov, D., Porphristov, P., Stefanov, D., & Tomov, N. (1967). Studies on Fusarium on broomrape in tobacco crops. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 12(3), 17-19.

9. Amsellem, Z., Kleifeld, Y., Kerenyi, Z., Hornok, L., Goldwasser, Y., & Gressel, J. (2001). Isolation, identification, and activity of mycoherbicidal pathogens from juvenile broomrape plants. Biological Control, 21(3), 274-284.
10. Antonova, T., Araslanova, N., Strelnikov, E., Ramazanova, S., Guchetl, S., & Chelyustnikova, T. (2013). Distribution of highly virulent races of sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) in the southern regions of the Russian Federation. Russian Agricultural Sciences, 39(1), 46-50.
11. Aybeke, M. (2017). Fusarium infection causes genotoxic disorders and antioxidant-based damages in Orobanche spp. Microbiological Research, 201, 46-51. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S094450131730160X?via%3Dihub
12. Aybeke, M. (2020). Aspergillus alliaceus infection fatally shifts Orobanche hormones and phenolic metabolism. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, 51(3), 883-892. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7455667/pdf/42770_2020_Article_283.pdf
13. Bailey, K. L. (2014). The bioherbicide approach to weed control using plant pathogens. In Integrated Pest Management (pp. 245-266). Elsevier.
14. Başbağcı, G., Çiğnitaş, E., & Kitiş, Y. E. (2023). Batı Akdeniz Bölgesi Örtü Altı Domates Alanlarında Sorun Olan Canavar Otu (Phelipanche spp.) Türlerinden İzole Edilen Funguslar. Turkish Journal of Weed Science, 26(2), 106-113.
15. Bedi, J., & Donchev, N. (1991). "Results on mycoherbicide control of sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wall.) under glasshouse and field conditions,76-82". 5th international symposium of parasitic weeds, International Parasitic Plant Society, Book of Proceedings, Nairobi, Kenya.
16. Berestetskiy, A. (2021). Development of mycoherbicides. In Encyclopedia of mycology (pp. 629-640).
17. Boari, A., & Vurro, M. (2004). Evaluation of Fusarium spp. and other fungi as biological control agents of broomrape (Orobanche ramosa). Biological Control, 30(2), 212-219.
18. Bordin, E. R., Frumi Camargo, A., Rossetto, V., Scapini, T., Modkovski, T. A., Weirich, S., Carezia, C., Barretta Franceschetti, M., Balem, A., & Golunski, S. M. (2018). Non-toxic bioherbicides obtained from Trichoderma koningiopsis can be applied to the control of weeds in agriculture crops. Industrial Biotechnology, 14(3), 157-163.
19. Boutiti, Z., Souissi, T., Kharrat, M., Julien, M., Sforza, R., & Bon, M. (2008). "Evaluation of Fusarium potential biological control against Orobanche on Faba bean in Tunisia, . XII International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds., La Grande Motte, France.
20. Castillejo, M. A., Amiour, N., Dumas-Gaudot, E., Rubiales, D., & Jorrı́n, J. V. (2004). A proteomic approach to studying plant response to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) in pea (Pisum sativum). Phytochemistry, 65(12), 1817-1828.
21. Chai, A.-L., Li, P.-L., Guo, W.-T., Li, B.-J., & Aisimutuola, P. (2018). First report of Fusarium acuminatum wilt in the broomrape parasite of processing tomato in China. Plant Disease, 102(3), 676.
22. Chedadi, T., Idrissi, O., Elhansali, M., & Haddioui, A. (2020). Survey of yield losses by Orobanche crenata in carrot (Daucuscarota L.) in Morocco. Indian Journal of Ecology, 47(2), 365-368.
23. Chou, H., Wu, K.-G., Yeh, C.-C., Tai, H.-Y., Tam, M. F., Chen, Y.-S., & Shen, H.-D. (2014). The transaldolase, a novel allergen of Fusarium proliferatum, demonstrates IgE cross-reactivity with its human analogue. PLoS One, 9(7), e103488.
24. Cignitas, E., Basbagci, G., Sulu, G., & Kitis, Y. E. (2024). Fusarium fujikuroi as a potential biocontrol agent of the parasitic weed Phelipanche aegyptiaca in tomato. Journal of Phythopathology, 172(3), e13344. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1111/jph.13344
25. Cohen, B. A. (2001). Ontogeny of pathogenesis and the biochemical responses of Orobanche following infection by compatible Fusarium spp The Weizmann Institute of Science (Israel)].
26. Cohen, B. A., Amsellem, Z., Lev‐Yadun, S., & Gressel, J. (2002). Infection of tubercles of the parasitic weed Orobanche aegyptiaca by mycoherbicidal Fusarium species. Annals of Botany, 90(5), 567-578.
27. Darvishnia, M., Baharvand, L., Aghabeigi, F., & Hoseini, M. (2013). Biological control of broom rape using antagonistic fungi in Lorestan Province. Conference of Research Findings in Agriculture, Kordestan, Iran.
28. Dehaghi, M., Ghotbi, M., Montazeri, M., Ghotbi, M., & Cambozia, J. (2008). Host-Range and Factors Enhancing the Virulence and Desiccation Tolerance of Fusarium oxysporum as Promising Biocontrol Agent of Orobanche aegyptiaca. The 5th International Weed Science Congress,
29. Demirci, M., Nemli, Y., & Kaya, Y. (2003). Effect of soil temperature on Orobanche cernua Loeffl. growing stages and control strategies. Proc. European Weed Research Society (EWRS) 7th Mediterranean Symposium,
30. Ding, L. L., Zhang, X. K., Zhao, S. F., Yao, Z. Q., & Du, J. (2012). Isolation and identification of pathogen of Orobanche cumana stem-rot disease in Xinjiang. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 49(6), 1096.
31. Ding, L. L., Zhao, S. F., Zhang, X. K., Yao, Z. Q., & Zhang, J. (2012). Sclerotinia rot of broomrape (Orobanche cumana) caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in China. Plant Disease, 96(6), 916.
32. Dor, E. (2003). The efficacy of a mixture of fungi to control Egyptian and sunflower broomrape. Cost Action 849: Parasitic Plant Management in Sustainable Agriculture. Meeting on Biology and Control of Broomrape (Athens, Greece, 30 October-2 November 2003),
33. Dor, E., Alperin, B., Wininger, S., Ben-Dor, B., Somvanshi, V. S., Koltai, H., Kapulnik, Y., & Hershenhorn, J. (2010). Characterization of a novel tomato mutant resistant to the weedy parasites Orobanche and Phelipanche spp. Euphytica, 171, 371-380.
34. Dor, E., & Hershenhorn, J. (2009). Evaluation of the pathogenicity of microorganisms isolated from Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in Israel. Weed Biology and Management, 9(3), 200-208.
35. Dor, E., Hershenhorn, J., Andolfi, A., Cimmino, A., & Evidente, A. (2009). Fusarium verticillioides as a new pathogen of the parasitic weed Orobanche spp. Phytoparasitica, 37, 361-370.
36. Duafala, T., Wilhelm, S., Gold, A., & Sagen, J. (1976). Rhizoctonia disease of broomrape, a possible biological control. The American Phytopathological Society, 3, 272.
37. Eizenberg, H., Tanaami, Z., Jacobsohn, R., & Rubin, B. (2001). Effect of temperature on the relationship between Orobanche spp. and carrot (Daucus carota L.). Crop Protection, 20(5), 415-420.
38. En-Nahli, Y., El Arroussi, H., Kumar, S., Bouhlal, O., Mentag, R., Hejjaoui, K., Douaik, A., Abbes, Z., Es-Safi, N. E., & Amri, M. (2021). Resistance to Orobanche crenata Forsk. in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.): exploring some potential altered physiological and biochemical defense mechanisms. Journal of Plant Interactions, 16(1), 321-331.
39. Fernández-Aparicio, M., Reboud, X., & Gibot-Leclerc, S. (2016). Broomrape weeds. Underground mechanisms of parasitism and associated strategies for their control: a review. Frontiers in plant science, 7, 1-23.
40. Fernández‐Aparicio, M., Sillero, J., Pérez‐de‐Luque, A., & Rubiales, D. (2008). Identification of sources of resistance to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) in Spanish lentil (Lens culinaris) germplasm. Weed Research, 48(1), 85-94.
41. Fernández Martínez, J. M., Velasco Varo, L., & Pérez-Vich, B. (2012). Progress in research on breeding for resistance to broomrape. 18th International Sunflower Conference, Asociación Argentina de Girasol, Balcarce, Argentina.
42. Fischl, G., Horváth, Z., Sövény, E., Fekete, T., & Bujdos, L. (2001, 6-8 November 2001). Tobacco broomerape control (facts and challenges) 6. Tiszántúli Növényvédelmi Fórum, Debrecen, Hungary.
43. Fomin, E. (1954). Microbiological method of controlling Orobanche on tomatoes and cabbages. Nauchnye Trudy Ukranian Institute Ovoshtevodstva (Kiev), 3, 238-255.
44. Galdames, R., & Diaz, J. (2010). Stem rot of branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) caused by Sclerotium rolfsii in Chile. Plant Disease, 94(10), 1266-1266.
45. Ghannam, I., Barakat, R., & Al-Masri, M. (2007). Biological control of Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) using Fusarium spp. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 46(2), 177-184.
46. Ghasemi, S., Saremi, H., Torabi, S., & Hosseini, M. (2013). Evaluation of the effect of allelopatic bacteria Pseudomonas fluorescens and antagonistic fungi Fusarium spp. on biological control of tomato broomrape. Biological Control of Pests and Plant Disease, 1(2), 109-119.
47. Gholizadeh, R., & Hemmati, R. (2019). Occurrence and pathogenicity of some fungal species on broomrape. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 55(1), 83-86.
48. Gibot-Leclerc, S., Guinchard, L., Edel-Hermann, V., Dessaint, F., Cartry, D., Reibel, C., Gautheron, N., Bernaud, E., & Steinberg, C. (2022). Screening for potential mycoherbicides within the endophyte community of Phelipanche ramosa parasitizing tobacco. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 98(3), 1-16.
49. Goussous, S., Hameed, K., & Saadoun, I. (2009). Isolation and evaluation of indigenous fungal and bacterial isolates as potential bioagents against broomrape (Orobanche cernua) in Jordan. Plant Pathology Journal (Faisalabad), 8(3), 98-105.
50. Gressel, J. (2001). Potential failsafe mechanisms against the spread and introgression of transgenic hypervirulent biocontrol fungi. TRENDS in Biotechnology, 19(4), 149-154.
51. Gupta, P., & Pavgi, M. (1970). Orobanche cernua, a new host for Sclerotium rolfsii. Science and Culture, 36(6), 349-350.
52. Hameed, K., Saadoun, I., & Shyab, Z.-A. (2001). Potential biological control of Orobanche by fungi isolated from diseased specimens in Jordan. The Plant Pathology Journal, 17(5), 257-263.
53. Hemmati, R., & Gholizadeh, R. (2019). Talaromyces trachyspermus a potential biocontrol agent for branched broom rape (Orobanche ramosa). Australasian Plant Pathology, 48, 217-219.
54. Hodosy, S. (1981). Biological control of broomrape, Orobanche ramosa, a tomato parasite. I. Occurrence and adaptability of Fusarium species to control broomrape in Hungary. Zoldsegtermesztesi Kutato Intezet Bulletinje, 14, 21-29.
55. Jebri, M., Ben Khalifa, M., Fakhfakh, H., Perez-Vich, B., & Velasco, L. (2017). Genetic diversity and race composition of sunflower broomrape populations from Tunisia. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 421-430.
56. Jiang, Y., & Wang, J. (2023). The registration situation and use of mycopesticides in the world. Journal of Fungi, 9(9), 940.
57. Joel, D. M. (2013). The haustorium and the life cycles of parasitic Orobanchaceae. In Parasitic Orobanchaceae (pp. 21-23). Springer.
58. Kabulov, D. T., & Khalimov, M. K. (1974). Some biological characteristics of Egyptian broomrape and ways of controlling it by means of the fungus Fusarium. Nauchnye Trudy Biologicheskogo Fakulteta, Samarkandskii Gosudarstvennyi Universitet imeni A. Navoi (Botanika), 207, 167-173.
59. Karam Pur, F., Fasihi, M., & Heydari, A. (2004). Identification of fungal pathogenic agents of broom rape on tomato fields AGRIS - International System for Agricultural Science and Technology. (https://agris.fao.org/search/en/providers/122649/records/647247df53aa8c896304b6d0) (Date accessed: May, 2024).
60. Kaya, Y. (2014). Current situation of sunflower broomrape around the world. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Broomrape (Orobanche spp.) in Sunflower, International Sunflower Association, Paris, France.
61. Keates, S. E., Kostman, T. A., Anderson, J. D., & Bailey, B. A. (2003). Altered gene expression in three plant species in response to treatment with Nep1, a fungal protein that causes necrosis. Plant Physiology, 132(3), 1610-1622.
62. Kleifeld, Y., Goldwasser, Y., Herzlinger, G., Joel, D., Golan, S., & Kahana, D. (1994). The effects of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and other crops as trap and catch crops for control of Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.). Weed Research, 34(1), 37-44.
63. Kong, L., Wang, L., Zhao, J., Li, Q., & Zhao, M. (2006). Occurrence and biocontrol of Orobanche cumana on tobacco and sunflower. Acta Phytopatholog Ica Sinica, 36(5), 466-469.
64. Labrousse, P., Arnaud, M., Serieys, H., Bervillé, A., & Thalouarn, P. (2001). Several mechanisms are involved in resistance of Helianthus to Orobanche cumana Wallr. Annals of Botany, 88(5), 859-868.
65. Landa, B. B., Navas-Cortés, J. A., Castillo, P., Vovlas, N., Pujadas-Salvá, A. J., & Jiménez-Díaz, R. M. (2006). First report of broomrape (Orobanche crenata) infecting lettuce in southern Spain. Plant Disease, 90(8), 1112-1112.
66. Linke, K., Sauerborn, J., & Saxena, M. (1992). Options for biological control of the parasitic weed Orobanche. Proceedings of the Eight International Symposium on Biological Control of Weeds.
67. Linke, K. H., Scheibel, C., Saxena, M., & Sauerborn, J. (1992). Fungi occurring on Orobanche spp. and their preliminary evaluation for Orobanche control. International Journal of Pest Management, 38(2), 127-130.
68. Meir, S., Amsellem, Z., Al‐Ahmad, H., Safran, E., & Gressel, J. (2009). Transforming a NEP1 toxin gene into two Fusarium spp. to enhance mycoherbicide activity on Orobanche—failure and success. Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science, 65(5), 588-595.
69. Mohammadi, A. (2014). Biological control of Orobanche ramosa by Fusarium solani. International Journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research, 2(11), 2751-2755.
70. Molinero-Ruiz, L., Delavault, P., Pérez-Vich, B., Pacureanu-Joita, M., Bulos, M., Altieri, E., & Domínguez, J. (2015). History of the race structure of Orobanche cumana and the breeding of sunflower for resistance to this parasitic weed: A review. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 13(4), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.5424/sjar/2015134-8080
71. Musselman, L. J., & Parker, C. (1982). Preliminary host ranges of some strains of economically important broomrapes (Orobanche). Economic Botany, 36(3), 270-273.
72. Müller-Stöver, D., Buschmann, H., & Sauerborn, J. (2005). Increasing control reliability of Orobanche cumana through integration of a biocontrol agent with a resistance-inducing chemical. European journal of plant pathology, 111, 193-202.
73. Müller-Stöver, D., & Kroschel, J. (2005). The potential of Ulocladium botrytis for biological control of Orobanche spp. Biological Control, 33(3), 301-306.
74. Nanni, B., Ragozzino, E., & Marziano, F. (2005). Fusarium rot of Orobanche ramosa parasitizing tobacco in southern Italy. Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 44(2), 203-207.
75. Narasimhan, M., & Thirumalachar, M. (1954). A Sclerotinia disease of Orobanche cernua in Bihar (India). Phytopathologische Zeitschrift, 22(4), 421-428.
76. Negewo, T., Ahmed, S., Tessema, T., & Tana, T. (2022). Biological characteristics, impacts, and management of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) in faba bean (Vicia faba): a review. Frontiers in Agronomy, 4, 1-15. https://doi.org/ doi: 10.3389/fagro.2022.708187.
77. Nemat Alla, M. M., Shabana, Y. M., Serag, M. M., Hassan, N. M., & El‐Hawary, M. M. (2008). Granular formulation of Fusarium oxysporum for biological control of faba bean and tomato Orobanche. Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science, 64(12), 1237-1249.
78. Nickrent, D. L. (2020). Parasitic angiosperms: how often and how many? Taxon, 69(1), 5-27.
79. Nosratti, I., Mobli, A., Mohammadi, G., Yousefi, A. R., Sabeti, P., & Chauhan, B. S. (2020). The problem of Orobanche spp. and Phelipanche spp. and their management in Iran. Weed Science, 68(6), 555-564.
80. Panchenko, V. (1974). Micro-organisms in the control of Egyptian broomrape parasitizing water melons. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya, 8(2), 122-125.
81. Panchenko, V. (1975). The use of Fusarium oxysporum var. orthoceras for the biological control of broomrape in Astrakhan Province. Trudy Vsesoyuznogo Nauchno-Issledovatel'skogo Instituta Zashchity Rastenii, 191-198.
82. Parker, C., & Riches, C. R. (1993). Parasitic weeds of the world: biology and control. CAB International, Wallingford Oxon OX10 8DE UK, 315 pp.
83. Qasem, J. R. (2009). Parasitic weeds of the Orobanchaceae family and their natural hosts in Jordan. Weed Biology and Management, 9(2), 112-122.
84. Raju, C., Krishna, M., Nagarajan, K., & Chari, M. (1995). A new disease of Orobanche cernua parasitizing tobacco, caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. Phytoparasitica, 23(3), 235-237.
85. Rostami, A., Saremi, H., & Javan-Nikkhah, M. (2017). Morphological and phylogenic analysis of Fusarium species associated with vertical system of Orobanche spp. Mycologia Iranica, 4(1), 39-47.
86. Rubiales, D., Fernández‐Aparicio, M., Pérez‐de‐Luque, A., Castillejo, M. A., Prats, E., Sillero, J. C., Rispail, N., & Fondevilla, S. (2009). Breeding approaches for crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata Forsk.) management in pea (Pisum sativum L.). Pest Management Science: formerly Pesticide Science, 65(5), 553-559.
87. Rubiales, D., Pérez-de-Luque, A., Joel, D. M., Alcántara, C., & Sillero, J. C. (2003). Characterization of resistance in chickpea to crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata). Weed Science, 51(5), 702-707.
88. Saremi, H., & Okhovvat, S. (2008). Biological control of Orobanche aegyptiaca by Fusarium oxysporum F. sp. Orobanchein northwest Iran. Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences, 73(4), 931-938.
89. Sauerborn, J., Müller-Stöver, D., & Hershenhorn, J. (2007). The role of biological control in managing parasitic weeds. Crop Protection, 26(3), 246-254.
90. Sharma, P., Rai, P., Siddiqui, S., & Chauhan, J. (2011). First Report of Fusarium Wilt in the Broomrape Parasite Growing on Brassica spp. in India. Plant Disease, 95(1), 75-75.
91. Shevchenko, S., Desyatnyk, L., Shevchenko, M., Kolesnykova, K., & Derevenets-Shevchenko, K. (2024). Control of weeds and sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr) in sunflower crops by crop rotation and tillage. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 81(1), 382-392. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2024.2320031
92. Shilo, T., Zygier, L., Rubin, B., Wolf, S., & Eizenberg, H. (2016). Mechanism of glyphosate control of Phelipanche aegyptiaca. Planta, 244, 1095-1107. https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00425-016-2565-8.pdf.
93. Stankevich, G. (1971). A specialized form of Colletotrichum lagenarium Halst. et al. on Orobanche aegyptiaca. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya, 5(2), 208-211.
94. Stoddard, F., Nicholas, A. H., Rubiales, D., Thomas, J., & Villegas-Fernández, A. (2010). Integrated pest management in faba bean. Field crops research, 115(3), 308-318.
95. Suh, C. (2011). Evaluation of bioactivity of phytotoxins from pathogenic fungi of Orobanche sp [PhD Thesis, Agricultural University of Athens].
96. Swarnalatha, G., Sarala, K., Prabhakara Rao, K., Baghyalakshmi, K., Sambasiva Rao, K., & Poorna Bindu, J. (2020). Parasitic interactions of Orobanche with selected Nicotiana species and identification of effective resistant genotypes. Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 67(5), 1125-1136.
97. Tahmasbali, M., Darvishzadeh, R., Fayaz Moghaddam, A., & Alipour, H. (2021). Selection of tolerant genotypes to broomrape Orobanche cernua stress in oriental tobacco Nicotiana tabacum genotypes using stress tolerance indices. Journal of Applied Research in Plant Protection, 9(4), 83-100.
98. Tashkoski, P. (2013). Fusarium rot on Orobanche ramosa-broomrape on tobacco in the republic of Macedonia. Tobacco, 63(1-6), 47-55.
99. Taslakh'yan, M., & Grigoryan, S. (1978). Fungi found on broomrape species of the Armenian Republic. Mikologiya i Fitopatologiya, 12(2), 112-114.
100. Thomas, H., Sauerborn, J., Muller-Stover, D., & Kroschel, J. (1999). Fungi of Orobanche aegyptiaca in Nepal with potential as biological control agents. Biocontrol Science and Technology, 9(3), 379-381. Timchenko, V., & Dovgal', E. (1972). Microbiological control method for broomrape on vegetable crops. In Biolischeskii Metod Borb'by s Vreditelyami Ovoshchykh Kul'ur (pp. 109-111).
101. Wang, Y., Ji, L., Li, Q., Wang, L., Xiao, Y., & Kong, L. (2016). Isolation and identification of multifunction bio-control agent Fusarium against Orobanche cernua. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 32(6), 788-793.
102. Wang, Z. Y., Zhu, G. J., & Ma, D. C. (1985). Control of Egyptian Broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers.) with Fusarium orobanches Jacz. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 1(1), 24-26.
103. Watson, A. K. (2013). Biocontrol. In Parasitic Orobanchaceae: Parasitic Mechanisms and Control Strategies (pp. 469-497). Springer.
104. Westwood, J. H., Depamphilis, C. W., Das, M., Fernández-Aparicio, M., Honaas, L. A., Timko, M. P., Wafula, E. K., Wickett, N. J., & Yoder, J. I. (2012). The parasitic plant genome project: new tools for understanding the biology of Orobanche and Striga. Weed Science, 60(2), 295-306.
105. Xia, B., Hu, J., Zhu, X., Liang, Y., Ren, X., Wu, Y., & Chen, D. (2018). First report of sunflower broomrape wilt caused by Fusarium brachygibbosum in China. Plant Disease, 102(11), 2372-2372.
106. Xu, D., Zhang, Y., Zhao, J., & Zhao, J. (2016). First report of broomrape wilt caused by Plectosphaerella cucumerina in inner Mongolia, China. Plant Disease, 100(12), 2538-2538.
107. Ye, X., Zhang, M., McErlean, C. S., & Ma, Y. (2023). Nitrogen and phosphorus supply strongly reduced the control efficacy of maize against sunflower broomrape. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 69(3), 431-445.
108. Zhang, J., Jia, R., Zhang, Y., Li, M., Zhou, H., & Zhao, J. (2018). First report of stem rot of sunflower broomrape (Orobanche cumana) caused by Sclerotinia minor Jagger in Inner Mongolia, China. Plant Disease, 102(3), 683-683.
109. Zhang, J., Wang, N., Liu, Z.-d., Bao, T.-t., Zhang, Z.-w., Yun, X.-p., Shi, B.-x., Zhang, H., Chen, G.-h., & Chen, Y.-f. (2022). Identification and pathogenicity differentiation of the pathogens causing necrotic spot on sunflower broomrape. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Sinica, 37, 172-180.
110. Zhang, X., Yao, Z., Zhao, S., Xie, H., & Yang, M. (2013). Rhizopus Stem Rot of Orobanche aegyptiaca caused by Rhizopus oryzae in China. Journal of Phytopathology, 161(10), 745-748.
111. Żukiewicz-Sobczak, W. A. (2013). The role of fungi in allergic diseases. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology/Postępy Dermatologii i Alergologii, 30(1), 42-45.