The Effect of Crops and Crop Rotations on Weed Management

Öz

It is inevitable that no plant protection pests find in agricultural areas. In these plant protection pests, weeds do not cause visible symptoms to crops and affect the yield directly. Although chemical management against weeds is preferred because of its ease of applicability and economic situation, it is not possible to achieve sustainability in different methods of integrated weed management that is no longer effective nowadays due to similar reasons such as herbicide resistance and poor crop rotations. For this purpose, it is essential of sustainable agriculture that enriched application of the most successful crop rotation method, which reduces agricultural inputs of weed control in rest with the producers, is environment friendly and does not cause any herbicide residue. The most effective method for managing weed species, which vary according to the cultivated crop, is crop rotation, it is more successful than other weed management methods in terms of periodic changes of sowing and harvesting dates, phenology, competitiveness, fertilization requests and weed species of crops. In this review, the place and the importance of some crops used in crop rotations have been revealed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Crop rotation,Crops,Weed management

Kültür Bitkileri ile Ekim Nöbeti Uygulamalarının Yabancı Ot Yönetimine Etkisi

Öz

Tarım alanlarında bitki koruma etmenlerinin bulunmaması kaçınılmazdır. Bu bitki koruma etmenleri içerisinde üründe gözle görülür simptom oluşturmayanlar ve direk verime etki eden zararlılar yabancı otlardır. Uygulanabilirliğinin kolaylığı ve ekonomik oluşundan dolayı kimyasal mücadele tercih edilmesine rağmen, aynı şekilde farklı yöntemleri içinde barındıran yabancı ot entegre mücadele yönetimide artık günümüzde yeterli başarıya ulaşmamakla beraber herbisit dayanıklılığı ve fakir ekim nöbeti uygulamaları gibi benzeri nedenlerden dolayı sürdürülebilirlik sağlanamamaktadır. Bunun için üreticilerin elinde yabancı ot mücadelesiyle birlikte tarımsal girdileri azaltan, çevreye dost ve herbisit kalıntısına sebep olmayan en başarılı ekim nöbeti yönteminin zenginleştirilerek uygulanması sürdürülebilir tarımın olmazsa olmazıdır. Kültür bitkisine göre değişen yabancı ot türleriyle mücadelede en etkin yöntem ekim nöbeti olup, kültür bitkilerinin ekim ve hasat tarihlerinin, fenolojilerinin, rekabet güçlerinin, gübreleme isteklerinin ve yabancı ot türleriyle olan ilişkilerinin periyodik olarak değişmesinde, diğer yabancı ot mücadele yöntemlerine göre daha başarılıdır. Bu derlemede ekim nöbetinde kullanılan bazı kültür bitkilerinin yabancı ot mücadelesindeki yeri ve önemi ortaya konmuştur. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ekim nöbeti,Kültür bitkileri,Yabancı ot mücadelesi

Kaynakça

1. Anderson RL., Stymiest CE., Swan BA., Rickertsen JR. (2007). Weed community response to crop rotations in Western South Dakota. Weed Technology, 21: 131-135.
2. Bassil KL., Vakil C., Sanborn M., Cole DC., Kaur JS., Kerr KJ. (2007). Cancer health effects of pesticides. The official journal of the College of Family Physicians of Canada, 53(10): 1704-1711.
3. Blackshaw RE., Larney FJ., Lindwall CW., Watson, PR., Derksen DA. (2001). Tillage intensity and crop rotation affect weed community dynamics in a winter wheat cropping system. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 81: 805-813.
4. Blackshaw, RE. (1994). Rotation affects downy brome (Bromus tectorum) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum). Weed Technology, 8:728-732.
5. Bradlow HL., Davis DL., Lin G., Sepkovic D., Tiwari R. (1995) Effects of pesticides on the ratio of 16 alpha/2-hydroxyestrone: a biologic marker of breast cancer risk. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103(7): 147–150.
6. Buhler DD. (2002). Challenges and opportunities for integrated weed management. Weed Science, 50: 273-280.
7. Bullock DG. (1992). Crop rotation. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 11(4): 309-326.
8. Cardina J., Herms JP., Doohan DJ. (2002). Crop rotation and tillage system effects on weed seedbanks. Weed Science, 50: 448-460.

9. Filizadeh Y., Rezazadeh A., Younessi Z. (2007). Effects of crop rotation and tillage depth on weed competition and yield of rice in the paddy fields of Northern Iran. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 9: 99-105.
10. Forcella F., Eradat-Oskoui K., Wagner SW. (1993). Application of weed seedbank ecology to low-input crop management. Ecological Applications, 3: 74-83.
11. Hill JE., Bayer DE. (1990). Integrated systems for rice weed control. The 42nd Proceedings of the Annual California Weed Conference. Salinas, CA: California Weed Science Society. pp. 85-89.
12. Kara B., Kara N., Akman Z., Balabanlı, C. (2011). Tarla bitkilerinde ekim nöbetinde ön bitki değeri ve etkileri. Batı Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Derim Dergisi, 28:(1): 12-24.
13. Koocheki A., Nassiri M., Alimoradi L., Ghorbani R. (2009). Effect of cropping systems and crop rotations on weeds. Agron. Sustain. Dev., Springer Verlag/EDP Sciences/INRA, 29(2): 401-408.
14. Labrada R. (2006). Weed management: a basic component of modern crop production. Chapter 2 In: Singh HP., Batish DR., Kohli RK. (eds). Handbook of Sustainable Weed Management (Crop Science). Binghamton, NY: Haworth.
15. Lawes B., Gilbert J., Henry J. (1895). The Rothamsted Experiments. Edinburgh, Blackwood, UK.
16. Liebman M., Dyck E. (1993). Crop rotation and intercropping strategies for weed management. Ecological Applications, 3(1): 92-122.
17. Liebman M., Gallandt ER. (1997). Many little hammers: ecological management of crop–weed interactions. In: Jackson LE. (eds.) Ecology in Agriculture. San Diego, CA: Academic Press. pp. 291–343.
18. Liebman M., Ohno T. (1998). Crop rotation and legume residue effects on weed emergence and growth: applications for weed management. In: Hatfield JL., Buhler DD., Stewart BA. (eds.) Integrated Weed and Soil Management. Chelsea, MI: Ann Arbor Press. pp. 181-221.
19. Melander B., Rasmussen G. (2001). Effects of cultural methods and physical weed control on intrarow weed numbers, manual weeding and marketable yield in direct-sown leek and bulb onion. Weed Research, 41: 491-508.
20. O’Donovan JT., Blackshaw RE., Harker KN., Clayton GW., Moyer JR., Dosdall LM., Maurice DC., Turkington TK. (2007). Integrated approaches to managing weeds in spring-sown crops in western Canada. Crop Protection, 26: 390-398.
21. Oerke EC. (2006). Crop losses to pests. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 144(1): 31-43
22. Pop AI., Gus P., Rusu T., Bogdan I., Moraru P., Pop L. (2009). Influence of crop rotation upon weed development on corn, wheat and soybean crops. Scientific Papers, USAMV Bucharest, Series A, Vol. LII, 2009, ISSN 1222-5339.
23. Power JF., Follett RF. (1987). Monoculture. Scientific American, 256: 78-86.
24. Rahnavard A., Ashrafi ZY., Alizade HM., Sadeghi S. (2009). Studies on the effect of fertilizer application and crop rotation on the weed infestated fields in Iran. Journal of Agricultural Technology, 5(1): 41-50.
25. Schreiber, MM. (1992). Influence of tillage, crop rotation, and weed management on giant foxtail (Setaria faberi) population dynamics and corn yield. Weed Science, 40:645-653.
26. Snedeker SM. (2001). Pesticides and breast cancer risk: a review of DDT, DDE, and dieldrin. Environmental Health Perspectives, 109(Suppl 1): 35–47.
27. Stewart G., Pittman DW. (1931). Twenty years of rotation and manuring experiments at Logan, Utah. Utah Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 228.
28. Torun H. (2017). Osmaniye İli’nde ekim nöbetinin kısır yabani yulafta (Avena sterilis L.) oluşmuş herbisit direncine etkisinin araştırılması ve haritalaması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Doktora Tezi, 225s, Adana.
29. Uygur FN. (2015). Ekim nöbeti sistemlerinin tarıma ve yabancı otlara etkisi. Ders Notu, s 6.
30. Uygur FN., Koch W., Walter H. (1984). Yabancı ot bilimine giriş. PLITS, 1984/2(1), Verlog J. Margraf, Stuttgart, Germany, s. 114.
31. Vencill WK., Nichols RL., Webster TM., Soteres JK., Mallory-Smith C., Burgos NR., Johnson WG., McClelland MR. (2012). Herbicide resistance: Toward an understanding of resistance development and the impact of herbicide-resistant crops. Weed Science, 60(Special Issue): 2-30.
32. Weichenthal S., Moase C, Chan P. (2010) A review of pesticide exposure and cancer incidence in the agricultural health study cohort. Environmental Health Perspectives, 118(8): 1117-1125.
33. Wibberley J. (1996). A brief history of rotations, economic considerations and future directions. Aspects of Applied Biology, 47: 1-10.