Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2023, , 71 - 104, 24.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.31807/tjwsm.1175743

Öz

Kaynakça

  • AQEM. (2002). Manual for the application of the AQEM system. A comprehensive method to assess European streams using benthic macroinvertebrates, developed for the purpose of the Water Framework Directive. Version, 1(02), 2002.
  • Armitage, P. D., Moss, D., Wright, J. F., & Furse, M. T. (1983). The performance of a new biological water quality score system based on macroinvertebrates over a wide range of unpolluted running-water sites. Water research, 17(3), 333-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043- 1354(83)90188-4
  • Arslan, N., Salur, A., Kalyoncu, H., Mercan, D., Barişik, B., & Odabaşi, D. A. (2016). The use of BMWP and ASPT indices for evaluation of water quality according to macroinvertebrates in Küçük Menderes River (Turkey). Biologia, 71(1), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2016- 0005
  • Barbour, M. T., Gerritsen, J., Griffith, 3., Frydenborg, R., McCarron, E., White, J. S., & Bastian, M. L. (1996). A framework for biological criteria for Florida streams using benthic macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 15(2), 185-211. https://doi.org/10.2307/1467948
  • Barbour, M. T. (1999). Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in wadeable streams and rivers: periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/monitoring/techmon.html
  • Birk, S., Bonne, W., Borja, A., Brucet, S., Courrat, A., Poikane, S., Solimini, A., van de Bund, W., Zampoukas, N., & Hering, D. (2012). Three hundred ways to assess Europe's surface waters: An almost complete overview of biological methods to implement the Water Framework Directive. Ecological Indicators, 18(1), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.10.009
  • Biological Monitoring Working Party. (1978). Final report of the Biological Monitoring Working Party: Assessment and presentation of the biological quality of rivers in Great Britain. Department of the Environmental Water Data Unit, London.
  • Borja, A., Barbone, E., Basset, A., Borgersen, G., Brkljacic, M., Elliott, M., Garmendia, J.M., Marques, J.C., Mazik, K., Muxika, I., Neto, J.M., Norling, K., Rodríguez, J.G., Rosati, I., Rygg, B., Teixeira, H., & Trayanova, A. (2011). Response of single benthic metrics and multi-metric methods to anthropogenic pressure gradients, infive distinct European coastal and transitional ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, 499–513. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.12.009
  • Buffagni, A., Erba, S., Cazzola, M., & Kemp, J. L. (2004). The AQEM multimetric system for the southern Italian Apennines: assessing the impact of water quality and habitat degradation on pool macroinvertebrates in Mediterranean rivers. Hydrobiologia; Dordrecht, 516(1-3), 313-329. http://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000025273.15958.6a
  • Butcher, J. T., Stewart, P. M., & Simon, T. P. (2003). A benthic community index for streams in the northern lakes and forests ecoregion. Ecological Indicators, 3(3), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00042-6
  • Chainho, P., Chaves, M. L., Costa, J. L., Costa, M. J., & Dauer, D. M. (2008). Use of multimetric indices to classify estuaries with different hydromorphological characteristics and different levels of human pressure. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(6), 1128-1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.03.018
  • Chaves, M.L., Chainho, P., Costa, J.L., Prat, N., & Costa, M.J. (2005). Regional and local environmental factors structuring undisturbed benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the Mondego River basin, Portugal. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 163 (4), 497–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0003-9136/2005/0163-0497
  • Davis, W. S., & Simon, T. P. (Eds.). (1995). Biological assessment and criteria: tools for water resource planning and decision making. CRC Press.
  • Digitizing Project, (2022). The Project on Digitizing Water Resources, Preparation of Monitoring Programs by Performing Typology, Water Body and Risk Assessment. The Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Water Management, 2017-2021.
  • Directive 2000/60/EC, 2000. European Parliament and the Council (EC) 2000/60/EC of 23 October 2000 on establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Off. J. Eur. Commun. L327, 1–72. http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0060:en:NOT
  • European Union Directive, W. F. (2000). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official journal of the European communities, 22(12), 2000.
  • Everard, M. (2012). Why does ‘good ecological status’ matter? Water and Environment Journal, 26(2), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2011.00273.x
  • Furse, M., Hering, D., Moog, O., Verdonschot, P., Johnson, R. K., Brabec, K., Gritzalis, K., Buffagni, A., Pinto, P., Friberg, N., Murray-Bligh, J., Kokes, J., Alber, R., UsseglioPolatera, P., Haase, P., Sweeting, R., Bis, B., Szoszkiewicz, K., Soszka, H., Springe, G., Sporka, F., & Krno, I. J. (2006). The STAR project: context, objectives and approaches. In M. T. Furse1, D. Hering, K. Brabec, A. Buffagni, L. Sandin & P. F. M. Verdonschot (Eds.), The ecological status of European Rivers: Evaluation and intercalibration of assessment methods (pp. 3-29). Springer, Dordrecht. http://www.jlakes.org/ch/book/978-1-4020-5493-8.pdf
  • Gabriels, W., Lock, K., De Pauw, N., & Goethals, P. L. (2010). Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index Flanders (MMIF) for biological assessment of rivers and lakes in Flanders (Belgium). Limnologica-Ecology and Management of Inland Waters, 40(3), 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2009.10.001
  • Hawkins, C. P., Olson, J. R., & Hill, R. A. (2010). The reference condition: predicting benchmarks for ecological and water-quality assessments. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 29(1), 312-343. https://doi.org/10.1899/09-092.1
  • Hawkins, C. P., & Norris, R. H. (2000). Performance of different landscape classifications for aquatic bioassessments: introduction to the series. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 19(3), 367-369.
  • Hellawell, J. M. (Ed.). (2012). Biological indicators of freshwater pollution and environmental management. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Herlihy, A. T., Paulsen, S. G., Sickle, J. V., Stoddard, J. L., Hawkins, C. P., & Yuan, L. L. (2008). Striving for consistency in a national assessment: the challenges of applying a reference-condition approach at a continental scale. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 27(4), 860- 877.
  • Hering, D., Moog, O., Sandin, L., & Verdonschot, P. F. (2004). Overview and application of the AQEM assessment system. Hydrobiologia, 516(1), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000025255.70009.a5
  • Hughes, R. M. (1995). Defining acceptable biological status by comparing with reference conditions. In Biological assessment and criteria: Tools for water resource planning and decision making (pp. 31-48). Boca Raton (FL), USA: Lewis
  • Hughes, R. M., Larsen, D. P., & Omernik, J. M. (1986). Regional reference sites: a method for assessing stream potentials. Environmental management, 10(5), 629-635.
  • Junqueira, V. M., & Campos, S. C. M. (1998). Adaptation of the “BMWP” method for water quality evaluation to Rio das Velhas watershed (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 10(2), 125-135.
  • Karr, J. R., Fausch, K. D., Angermeier, P. L., Yant, P. R., & Schlosser, I. J. (1986). Assessing biological integrity in running waters. A method and its rationale. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Special Publication, 5, 1-28.
  • Karr, J. R., Yant, P. R., Fausch, K. D., & Schlosser, I. J. (1987). Spatial and temporal variability of the index of biotic integrity in three midwestern streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 116(1), 1-11.
  • Karr, J. R. (1991). Biological integrity: a long‐ neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecological applications, 1(1), 66-84. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/46860/1941848.pdf?sequence=
  • Karr, J. R., & Chu, E. W. (1999). Restoring life in running waters. Island Press.
  • Karr, J. R., & Dudley, D. R. (1981). Ecological perspective on water quality goals. Environmental Management, 5(1), 55-68.
  • Margalef, R. (1951). Diversidad de especies en les communideades natural. Public Institutte of Biologic, Barcelonia, 9, 5– 27. https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/165981
  • Medeiros, J.P., Chaves, M.L., Silva, G., Azeda, C., Costa, J.L., Marques, J.C., Costa, J.C., & Chainho, P. (2012). Benthic condition in low salinity areas of the Mira estuary (Portugal): lessons learnt from freshwater and marine assessment tools. Ecological Indicators, 19, 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.09.008
  • Miller, D. L., Hughes, R. M., Karr, J. R., Leonard, P. M., Moyle, P. B., Schrader, L. H., Thompson, B.A., Daniels, R.A., Fausch, K., Fitzhugh, G. A., & Gammon, J.R. (1988). Regional applications of an index of biotic integrity for use in water resource management. Fisheries, 13(5), 12-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1988)013%3C0012:RAOAIO%3E2.0.CO;2
  • Munné, A., Ginebreda, A., & Prat, N. (2015). Experiences from surface water quality monitoring: The EU Water Framework Directive implementation in the Catalan River Basin District (Part I). Springer.
  • Mustow, S.E. (2002). Biological monitoring of rivers in Thailand: use and adaptation of the BMWP score. Hydrobiologia, 479(1), 191-229. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021055926316
  • Omernik, J. M. (1987). Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 77(1), 118-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00149.x
  • Omernik, J. M. (1995). Ecoregions: a framework for managing ecosystems. In The George Wright Forum (Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 35-50). George Wright Society.
  • Pardo, I., Gómez-Rodríguez, C., Wasson, J. G., Owen, R., van de Bund, W., Kelly, M., Bennett, C., Birk, S., Buffagni, A., Erba, S., Mengin, N., Murray-Bligh, J., & Ofenböeck, G. (2012). The European reference condition concept: a scientific and technical approach to identify minimallyimpacted river ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment, 420, 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.026
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  • Stoddard, J. L., Larsen, D. P., Hawkins, C. P., Johnson, R. K., & Norris, R. H. (2006). Setting expectations for the ecological condition of streams: the concept of reference condition. Ecological applications, 16(4), 1267-1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051- 0761(2006)016[1267:SEFTEC]2.0.CO;2
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  • Wyżga, B., Oglęcki, P., Hajdukiewicz, H., Zawiejska, J., Radecki-Pawlik, A., Skalski, T., & Mikuś, P. (2013). Interpretation of the invertebrate-based BMWP-PL index in a gravel-bed river: insight from the Polish Carpathians. Hydrobiologia, 712(1), 71-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750- 012-1280-0
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Development of A Multimetric Index Based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates for Rivers (BMIR) in Türkiye

Yıl 2023, , 71 - 104, 24.05.2023
https://doi.org/10.31807/tjwsm.1175743

Öz

Stream types determined according to altitude, slope and alkalinity in six different hydrobiogeographic regions of Türkiye were taken as the basis of the study. In line with the European
Water Framework Directive, a macroinvertebrate-based multimetric method was tested for Turkish rivers as a potential assessment. In this study, benthic macroinvertebrate data (1875 taxa obtained from 1925 stations with reference points) were used to create a multimetric index for all river types in the hydrobiogeographic regions of Türkiye. Nine biological metrics were evaluated and index development criteria were chosen to capture meaningful results at the ecosystem, community, and individual levels. The metric combinations were chosen to show the best distinction between areas with no or only very minor anthropogenic disturbances and stressed areas (with discrimination efficiency values). The multimetric index including three different metrics from three different metric categories distinguishes reference or slightly distorted areas from stressed areas with an efficiency close to 100%. Index values were divided at a five-scale system between one (High) and zero (Bad) for biological evaluation. Further testing and research can be done so that the index will provide a more useful result as a bioassessment tool for decision-makers in hydrobiogeographic regions. Also, the index can provide a basis for methods by which river status is assessed based on stress factors.

Teşekkür

The authors thank their colleagues in the Biological and Hydromorphological Monitoring Department for their efforts and contributions to the data collection processes in this study. In addition, the authors thank the Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Water Management for funding this study.

Kaynakça

  • AQEM. (2002). Manual for the application of the AQEM system. A comprehensive method to assess European streams using benthic macroinvertebrates, developed for the purpose of the Water Framework Directive. Version, 1(02), 2002.
  • Armitage, P. D., Moss, D., Wright, J. F., & Furse, M. T. (1983). The performance of a new biological water quality score system based on macroinvertebrates over a wide range of unpolluted running-water sites. Water research, 17(3), 333-347. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043- 1354(83)90188-4
  • Arslan, N., Salur, A., Kalyoncu, H., Mercan, D., Barişik, B., & Odabaşi, D. A. (2016). The use of BMWP and ASPT indices for evaluation of water quality according to macroinvertebrates in Küçük Menderes River (Turkey). Biologia, 71(1), 49-57. https://doi.org/10.1515/biolog-2016- 0005
  • Barbour, M. T., Gerritsen, J., Griffith, 3., Frydenborg, R., McCarron, E., White, J. S., & Bastian, M. L. (1996). A framework for biological criteria for Florida streams using benthic macroinvertebrates. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 15(2), 185-211. https://doi.org/10.2307/1467948
  • Barbour, M. T. (1999). Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in wadeable streams and rivers: periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water. http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/monitoring/techmon.html
  • Birk, S., Bonne, W., Borja, A., Brucet, S., Courrat, A., Poikane, S., Solimini, A., van de Bund, W., Zampoukas, N., & Hering, D. (2012). Three hundred ways to assess Europe's surface waters: An almost complete overview of biological methods to implement the Water Framework Directive. Ecological Indicators, 18(1), 31-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.10.009
  • Biological Monitoring Working Party. (1978). Final report of the Biological Monitoring Working Party: Assessment and presentation of the biological quality of rivers in Great Britain. Department of the Environmental Water Data Unit, London.
  • Borja, A., Barbone, E., Basset, A., Borgersen, G., Brkljacic, M., Elliott, M., Garmendia, J.M., Marques, J.C., Mazik, K., Muxika, I., Neto, J.M., Norling, K., Rodríguez, J.G., Rosati, I., Rygg, B., Teixeira, H., & Trayanova, A. (2011). Response of single benthic metrics and multi-metric methods to anthropogenic pressure gradients, infive distinct European coastal and transitional ecosystems. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62, 499–513. http:// dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.12.009
  • Buffagni, A., Erba, S., Cazzola, M., & Kemp, J. L. (2004). The AQEM multimetric system for the southern Italian Apennines: assessing the impact of water quality and habitat degradation on pool macroinvertebrates in Mediterranean rivers. Hydrobiologia; Dordrecht, 516(1-3), 313-329. http://doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000025273.15958.6a
  • Butcher, J. T., Stewart, P. M., & Simon, T. P. (2003). A benthic community index for streams in the northern lakes and forests ecoregion. Ecological Indicators, 3(3), 181-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-160X(03)00042-6
  • Chainho, P., Chaves, M. L., Costa, J. L., Costa, M. J., & Dauer, D. M. (2008). Use of multimetric indices to classify estuaries with different hydromorphological characteristics and different levels of human pressure. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 56(6), 1128-1137. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2008.03.018
  • Chaves, M.L., Chainho, P., Costa, J.L., Prat, N., & Costa, M.J. (2005). Regional and local environmental factors structuring undisturbed benthic macroinvertebrate communities in the Mondego River basin, Portugal. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, 163 (4), 497–523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0003-9136/2005/0163-0497
  • Davis, W. S., & Simon, T. P. (Eds.). (1995). Biological assessment and criteria: tools for water resource planning and decision making. CRC Press.
  • Digitizing Project, (2022). The Project on Digitizing Water Resources, Preparation of Monitoring Programs by Performing Typology, Water Body and Risk Assessment. The Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry General Directorate of Water Management, 2017-2021.
  • Directive 2000/60/EC, 2000. European Parliament and the Council (EC) 2000/60/EC of 23 October 2000 on establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Off. J. Eur. Commun. L327, 1–72. http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32000L0060:en:NOT
  • European Union Directive, W. F. (2000). Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy. Official journal of the European communities, 22(12), 2000.
  • Everard, M. (2012). Why does ‘good ecological status’ matter? Water and Environment Journal, 26(2), 165-174. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2011.00273.x
  • Furse, M., Hering, D., Moog, O., Verdonschot, P., Johnson, R. K., Brabec, K., Gritzalis, K., Buffagni, A., Pinto, P., Friberg, N., Murray-Bligh, J., Kokes, J., Alber, R., UsseglioPolatera, P., Haase, P., Sweeting, R., Bis, B., Szoszkiewicz, K., Soszka, H., Springe, G., Sporka, F., & Krno, I. J. (2006). The STAR project: context, objectives and approaches. In M. T. Furse1, D. Hering, K. Brabec, A. Buffagni, L. Sandin & P. F. M. Verdonschot (Eds.), The ecological status of European Rivers: Evaluation and intercalibration of assessment methods (pp. 3-29). Springer, Dordrecht. http://www.jlakes.org/ch/book/978-1-4020-5493-8.pdf
  • Gabriels, W., Lock, K., De Pauw, N., & Goethals, P. L. (2010). Multimetric Macroinvertebrate Index Flanders (MMIF) for biological assessment of rivers and lakes in Flanders (Belgium). Limnologica-Ecology and Management of Inland Waters, 40(3), 199-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.limno.2009.10.001
  • Hawkins, C. P., Olson, J. R., & Hill, R. A. (2010). The reference condition: predicting benchmarks for ecological and water-quality assessments. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 29(1), 312-343. https://doi.org/10.1899/09-092.1
  • Hawkins, C. P., & Norris, R. H. (2000). Performance of different landscape classifications for aquatic bioassessments: introduction to the series. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 19(3), 367-369.
  • Hellawell, J. M. (Ed.). (2012). Biological indicators of freshwater pollution and environmental management. Springer Science & Business Media.
  • Herlihy, A. T., Paulsen, S. G., Sickle, J. V., Stoddard, J. L., Hawkins, C. P., & Yuan, L. L. (2008). Striving for consistency in a national assessment: the challenges of applying a reference-condition approach at a continental scale. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 27(4), 860- 877.
  • Hering, D., Moog, O., Sandin, L., & Verdonschot, P. F. (2004). Overview and application of the AQEM assessment system. Hydrobiologia, 516(1), 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:HYDR.0000025255.70009.a5
  • Hughes, R. M. (1995). Defining acceptable biological status by comparing with reference conditions. In Biological assessment and criteria: Tools for water resource planning and decision making (pp. 31-48). Boca Raton (FL), USA: Lewis
  • Hughes, R. M., Larsen, D. P., & Omernik, J. M. (1986). Regional reference sites: a method for assessing stream potentials. Environmental management, 10(5), 629-635.
  • Junqueira, V. M., & Campos, S. C. M. (1998). Adaptation of the “BMWP” method for water quality evaluation to Rio das Velhas watershed (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Acta Limnologica Brasiliensia, 10(2), 125-135.
  • Karr, J. R., Fausch, K. D., Angermeier, P. L., Yant, P. R., & Schlosser, I. J. (1986). Assessing biological integrity in running waters. A method and its rationale. Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign, Special Publication, 5, 1-28.
  • Karr, J. R., Yant, P. R., Fausch, K. D., & Schlosser, I. J. (1987). Spatial and temporal variability of the index of biotic integrity in three midwestern streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 116(1), 1-11.
  • Karr, J. R. (1991). Biological integrity: a long‐ neglected aspect of water resource management. Ecological applications, 1(1), 66-84. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/bitstream/handle/10919/46860/1941848.pdf?sequence=
  • Karr, J. R., & Chu, E. W. (1999). Restoring life in running waters. Island Press.
  • Karr, J. R., & Dudley, D. R. (1981). Ecological perspective on water quality goals. Environmental Management, 5(1), 55-68.
  • Margalef, R. (1951). Diversidad de especies en les communideades natural. Public Institutte of Biologic, Barcelonia, 9, 5– 27. https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/165981
  • Medeiros, J.P., Chaves, M.L., Silva, G., Azeda, C., Costa, J.L., Marques, J.C., Costa, J.C., & Chainho, P. (2012). Benthic condition in low salinity areas of the Mira estuary (Portugal): lessons learnt from freshwater and marine assessment tools. Ecological Indicators, 19, 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.09.008
  • Miller, D. L., Hughes, R. M., Karr, J. R., Leonard, P. M., Moyle, P. B., Schrader, L. H., Thompson, B.A., Daniels, R.A., Fausch, K., Fitzhugh, G. A., & Gammon, J.R. (1988). Regional applications of an index of biotic integrity for use in water resource management. Fisheries, 13(5), 12-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/1548-8446(1988)013%3C0012:RAOAIO%3E2.0.CO;2
  • Munné, A., Ginebreda, A., & Prat, N. (2015). Experiences from surface water quality monitoring: The EU Water Framework Directive implementation in the Catalan River Basin District (Part I). Springer.
  • Mustow, S.E. (2002). Biological monitoring of rivers in Thailand: use and adaptation of the BMWP score. Hydrobiologia, 479(1), 191-229. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021055926316
  • Omernik, J. M. (1987). Ecoregions of the conterminous United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 77(1), 118-125. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1987.tb00149.x
  • Omernik, J. M. (1995). Ecoregions: a framework for managing ecosystems. In The George Wright Forum (Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 35-50). George Wright Society.
  • Pardo, I., Gómez-Rodríguez, C., Wasson, J. G., Owen, R., van de Bund, W., Kelly, M., Bennett, C., Birk, S., Buffagni, A., Erba, S., Mengin, N., Murray-Bligh, J., & Ofenböeck, G. (2012). The European reference condition concept: a scientific and technical approach to identify minimallyimpacted river ecosystems. Science of the Total Environment, 420, 33-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.01.026
  • Resh, V. H., Norris, R. H., & Barbour, M. T. (1995). Design and implementation of rapid assessment approaches for water resource monitoring using benthic macroinvertebrates. Australian Journal of Ecology, 20(1), 108-121. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9993.1995.tb00525.x
  • Shannon, C.E., & Wiener, W. (1949). The mathematical theory of communication. The University of Illinois Press.
  • Soranno, P. A., Wagner, T., Martin, S. L., McLean, C., Novitski, L. N., Provence, C. D., & Rober, A. R. (2011). Quantifying regional reference conditions for freshwater ecosystem management: A comparison of approaches and future research needs. Lake and Reservoir Management, 27(2), 138-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07438141.2011.573614
  • Stevenson, R. J., & Bahls, L. L. (2002). Rapid bioassessment protocols for use in streams and wadeable rivers: periphyton, benthic macroinvertebrates and fish. Periphyton protocols, 2nd ed. US EPA, Washington, 123.
  • Stoddard, J. L., Larsen, D. P., Hawkins, C. P., Johnson, R. K., & Norris, R. H. (2006). Setting expectations for the ecological condition of streams: the concept of reference condition. Ecological applications, 16(4), 1267-1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051- 0761(2006)016[1267:SEFTEC]2.0.CO;2
  • Wallace, J. B., Grubaugh, J. W., & Whiles, M. R. (1996). Biotic indices and stream ecosystem processes: results from an experimental study. Ecological Applications, 6(1), 140-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2269560
  • Whittier, T. R., Stoddard, J. L., Larsen, D. P., & Herlihy, A. T. (2007). Selecting reference sites for stream biological assessments: Best professional judgment or objective criteria. Journal of the North American Benthological Society, 26(2), 349-360.http://dx.doi.org/10.1899/0887- 3593(2007)26[349:SRSFSB]2.0.CO;2
  • Wyżga, B., Oglęcki, P., Hajdukiewicz, H., Zawiejska, J., Radecki-Pawlik, A., Skalski, T., & Mikuś, P. (2013). Interpretation of the invertebrate-based BMWP-PL index in a gravel-bed river: insight from the Polish Carpathians. Hydrobiologia, 712(1), 71-88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10750- 012-1280-0
  • Yu, L., Vermaat, J. E., de Ruyter, E. D., & de Kruijf, H. A. M. (2004). Modification and application of biomonitoring ISO-BMWP method of macrofauna in river pollution evaluation in China. Zhongshan da xue xue bao. Zi ran ke xue ban= Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni, 43(4), 102-105.
  • Kazancı, N., & Türkmen, G. (2010). Proceeding of Balwois: Assessment of water quality of Kelkit Stream (Türkiye) with application of various macro invertebrate-based metrics. https://www.academia.edu/705867/Assessment_of_water_quality_of_Kelkit_Stream_Turkey _with_application_of_various_macro_invertebrate_based_metrics
  • Zeybek, M. (2017). Macroinvertebrate-based biotic indices for evaluating the water quality of Kargı Stream (Antalya, Türkiye). Turkish Journal of Zoology, 41(3), 476-486. https://aj.tubitak.gov.tr/zoology/issues/zoo-17-41-3/zoo-41-3-11-1602-10.pdf
Toplam 51 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm TÜRKİYE SU BİLİMLERİ VE YÖNETİMİ DERGİSİ
Yazarlar

Serdar Koyuncuoğlu 0000-0001-6275-5247

Sena Çetinkaya 0000-0003-2650-5050

Serhat Fatih Kılınç

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 24 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Mayıs 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023

Kaynak Göster

APA Koyuncuoğlu, S., Çetinkaya, S., & Kılınç, S. F. (2023). Development of A Multimetric Index Based on Benthic Macroinvertebrates for Rivers (BMIR) in Türkiye. Turkish Journal of Water Science and Management, 7(1), 71-104. https://doi.org/10.31807/tjwsm.1175743