Matris Cebrine Dayanan Esnek Bir Su Kalitesi Simülatörü

Öz

Su ekosistemlerin sürdürülebilir yönetimi için entegre bir yaklaşım gereklidir. Bu nedenle havza bazlı yönetim, su kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi için giderek daha popüler bir araç haline gelmektedir. Su kalitesi modelleri havza yönetiminin merkezi bir parçasıdır. Su kalitesi tahminleri yapan modeller değerli araçlardır, ancak işletme ve yazılım geliştirme açısından genellikle karmaşık altyapı bileşenleridir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, daha büyük bir hidro-ekolojik modelleme çerçevesinin su kalitesi simülatörünü geliştirmektir. Su kalitesi sorunları çok çeşitli olduğundan, tüm su kalitesi sorunlarına uyacak tek bir su kalitesi kinetiği alt modelinin geliştirilmesi imkansızdır. Bu nedenle; su kalitesi simülatörü yazılım kodlaması, açık kaynak felsefesini takip ederek yüksek seviyede (ancak yüksek performanslı) bir programlama dilinde gerçekleştirilmiş ve kod okunabilirliğini artırmak için kod içi belgelendirmeye önem verilmiştir. HİDROTÜRK modeline alt modül olarak geliştirilen temel su kalitesi simülatör yazılımı, genel bir taşınım alt modeli, üç su kalitesi kinetiği alt modeli ve yardımcı programlardan oluşmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Su kalitesi modelleme
• ötrofikasyon
• açık kaynak kodu
• genel kirleticiler

A Flexible Water Quality Modelling Simulator Based on Matrix Algebra

Öz

For the sustainable management of aquatic ecosystems, an integrated approach is required. This is why watershed-based management is becoming an increasingly popular instrument for the improvement of water quality. Water quality models serve as a central part of the watershed management. Predictive water quality models are valuable tools, but they are usually complex infrastructures in terms of both operation and software development. The aim of this study is to develop the water quality simulator of a larger hydro-ecological modelling framework. Since the water quality problems are diverse, development of one water quality kinetics sub-model that would fit to all water quality problems would be an impossible task. This is the reason why; the water quality simulator software code was developed following the open source philosophy, implemented on a high level (yet high performance) programming language, and documented intensively in-line to enhance the code readability. The water quality simulator software, which is designed as a component of HIDROTURK integrated modelling platform, consists of a general transport sub-model, three water quality kinetics sub-models and utilities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Water Quality Modelling
• Eutrophication
• Generic Pollutants
• open source code

Destekleyen Kurum

Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Water Management

Teşekkür

The authors would like to express their acknowledgements to Professor Ethem Gönenç for his academic leadership and guidance, which made the development of such a water quality modelling software possible. Authors would also thank to Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, General Directorate of Water Management for funding the project “Hydrological, Water Quality and Ecological Modeling Tools for Sustainable Management of Water Resources in Turkey” and to their Modelling Working Group for their valuable contributions during the development of the model.

Kaynakça

1. American Public Health Association (1992). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (18th ed.). American Public Health Association.
2. Artan, R. S. (1983). Akarsu kalite modelleri [Master’s thesis, İstanbul Technical University].
3. Arhonditsis, G. B., & Brett, M. T. (2004). Evaluation of the current state of mechanistic aquatic biogeochemical modelling. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 271, 13-26. http://doi:10.3354/meps271013
4. Aydın, A. F. (1993). Eğirdir Gölü su kalite modellemesi (Publication No. 39448) [Master’s thesis, İstanbul Technical University]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
5. Banks, R. (1975). Some features of wind action on shallow lakes. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 101, 813-827.
6. Banks, R., & Herrera, F. (1977). Effect of wind and rain on surface reaeration. Journal of Environmental. Engineering, 103(3), 489-504.
7. Barbaros, F. (1997). Simulation of water quality along river courses a case study: Gediz River Basin (Publication No. 65449) [Master’s thesis, Dokuz Eylül University]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
8. Baysal, R.T. (2014). Mathematical modeling of the impacts of geothermal fluid discharge on surface water quality (Publication No. 410545) [Master’s thesis, Dokuz Eylül University]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.

9. Broecker, H., Peterman, J., & Siems, W. (1978). The influence of wind on CO2 exchange in a windwave tunnel,. Journal of Marine Research, 36(04-02), 595-610.
10. Brunner, G. (2016). HEC-RAS river analysis system: User’s manual, CPD-68. Hydrologic Engineering Center, Institute for Water Resources, US Army Corps of Engineers. https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/documentation/HECRAS% 205.0%20Users%20Manual.pdf
11. Canale, R. P., Hineman, D. F., & Nachippan, S. (1974). A biological production model for Grand Traverse Bay, Technical Report No. 37. University of Michigan Sea Grant Program. file:///C:/Users/s.ozturk/Downloads/A%20Biological%20Production%20Model%20for%20 Grand%20Traverse%20Bay.pdf
12. Canale, R. P., De Palma, L. M. & Vogel, A. H. (1976). A plankton - based food web model for Lake Michigan. Canale, R. P. (Ed.), In Modeling Biochemical Processes in Aquatic Ecosystems (pp.33). Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, MI.
13. Chapra, S.C., (1997). Surface Water-Quality Modeling, WCB McGraw-Hill.
14. Chapra, S., & Martin, J. (2012). LAKE2K: A modelling framework for simulating lake water quality (Version 1.4): Documentation and user’s manual. Tufts University.
15. Chapra, S., Pelletier, G., & Tao, H. (2012). QUAL2K: A modelling framework for simulating river and stream water quality (Version 2.12): Documentation and user’s manual. Tufts University.
16. Chapra, S. C., & Reckhow, K. H. (1983). Engineering approaches for lake management, Vol. 2: Mechanistic modeling. Butterworth Publishers.
17. Chen, C. W. (1970). Concepts and utilities of ecological models. Journal of Sanitary Engineering Division, 96(SA5), 1085 – 1086.
18. Chen, C. W., & Orlob, G. T. (1975). Ecological simulation for aquatic environments. Patton, B. C. (Ed.). In Systems Analysis and Simulation in Ecology (Vol. III). Academic, New York.
19. Churchill, M. A., Elmore, H. L., & Buckingham, R. A. (1962). Prediction of stream reaeration rates. Journal of Sanitary Engineering Division, 88(4), 3199.
20. Covar, A. P. (1976). Proceedings of U.S. EPA conference on environmental simulation and modeling: Selecting the proper reaeration coefficient for use in water quality models. Cincinnati, Ohio.
21. Davaslıgil, Ö. (1998). Terkos Gölü’nün su kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi için önyaklaşım, (Publication No. 75583) [Master’s thesis, İstanbul Technical University]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
22. Deininger, R. A., (1965). Proceedings of the First Annual Meeting of the American Water Resources Association: Water quality management - The planning of economically optimal control systems, Urbana, IL.
23. Deltares, (2020). D-water quality: User manual. The Netherlands. https://oss.deltares.nl/documents/183920/185723/D-Water_Quality_User_Manual.pdf
24. Di Toro, D. M., O'Connor, D. J., & Thomann, R.V. (1971). A dynamic model of the phytoplankton population in the Sacramento San Joaquin Delta. In Gould, R. F. (Ed.), Advances in Chemistry Series 106: Nonequilibrium Systems in Natural Water Chemistry (pp. 131-180). American Chemical Society, Washington, DC.
25. Eaton, J. W., Bateman, D., Hauberg, S., & Wehbring, R. (2021). GNU Octave version 6.2.0 manual: a high-level interactive language for numerical computations. Free Software Foundation Inc. https://octave.org/octave.pdf
26. Ekdal, A. (2008). Water Quality Modeling of Köyceğiz-Dalyan Lagoon (Publication No. 223398) [Doctoral dissertation, Istanbul Technical University]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
27. Genç, H. (1998). Doğancı Barajı havza yönetiminde, rezervuar matematik modellemesi, (Publication No. 79070) [Master’s thesis, Uludağ University]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
28. Hasanoğlu, E. (2015). Borabey Göleti’nin termal katmanlaşma yapısının ve çözünmüş oksijen profilinin incelenmesi ve CE-QUAL-W2 ile modellenmesi, (Publication No. 379494) [Master’s thesis, Anadolu University]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
29. İnkayalı, N.G. (2001) Aşağı Seyhan Nehri su kalitesi değişiminin QUAL2E modeli ile incelenmesi, (Publication No. 120014) [Çukurova University]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
30. Langbein, W. B., & Drum, W. H. (1967). The aeration capacity of streams, US geological survey circular no: 542. United States Department of the Interior. https://doi.org/10.3133/cir542
31. Karaaslan, Y. (2009). Mogan Gölü kirletici özümleme kapasitesinin model ile değerlendirilmesi. (Publication No.244074) [Doctoral dissertation, Yıldız University] Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
32. Karami, F. (2017). Modeling calcium carbonate precipitation in the Acıgöl Lake using AQUATOX. (Publication No. 450590) [Master’s thesis, Boğaziçi University]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
33. Koçal, M. (2006). Porsuk Barajı’nda su kalitesinin matematik modelle incelenmesi, (Publication No. 182550) [Master’s thesis, Gebze Institute of Technology] Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
34. Kuzyaka, E. (2015). Modeling impacts of eutrophication and climate change in Lake Eymı̇r using pclake model, (Publication No. 416362) [Master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University] Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
35. Küçükballı, A. (2003). Nilüfer Çayı Havzası su kalitesinin belirlenmesi ve bazı parametrelerin QUAL2E modeli ile incelenmesi (Publication No. 139907) [Master’s thesis, Uludağ University]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
36. O’Connor, D. J., & Dobbins, W. E. (1958). Mechanism of reaeration in natural streams. Transactions of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 123, 641-666.
37. O’Connor, D. J. (1960). Oxygen balance of an estuary. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, 86(SA3), 35–55.
38. O’Connor, D. J. (1962). Proceedings of the 2nd Purdue Industrial Waste Conference: The bacterial distribution in a lake in the vicinity of a sewage discharge, West Lafayette, IN.
39. O’Connor, D. J. (1967). The temporal and spatial distribution of dissolved oxygen in streams. Water Resources Research, 3(1), 65–79.
40. O'Connor, D. J. (1983). Wind effects on gas-liquid transfer coefficients. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 109(9), 731-752.
41. O’Connor, D. J. (1988). Models of sorptive toxic substances in freshwater systems I: Basic equations. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 114(3), 533–551.
42. Owens, M., Edwards, R., & Gibbs, J. (1964). Some reaeration studies in streams. International Journal of Air and Water Pollution, 8, 469-486.
43. Öktem, Y.A. (1996). Sapanca Gölü su kalitesi yönetimi için EGÖLEM modeli, (Publication No. 55636) [Master’s thesis, İstanbul Technical University] Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
44. Özbayrak, E. (2003). Samsun Mert Irmağı’na QUAL2E su kalitesi model uygulaması (Publication No. 136001) [Master’s thesis, Ondokuz Mayıs University] Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
45. Park, R. A., & Clough, J. S. (2018). AQUATOX (Release 3.2), Modeling Environmental Fate and Ecological Effects in Aquatic Ecosystems, Volume 2: Technical Documentation., United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development (ORD) Office of Science and Technology. https://www.epa.gov/ceam/aquatox-32-download-page
46. Pelletier, G., & Chapra, S. (2008). QUAL2Kw theory and documentation (Version 5.1), A modelling framework for simulating river and stream water quality, Publication Number 04-03-010, State of Washington, Department of Ecology, Publications Distribution Office https://ecology.wa.gov/Research-Data/Data-resources/Models-spreadsheets/Modeling-theenvironment/ Models-tools-for-TMDLs
47. Ravelle, C., Loucks, D. P., & Lynn, W. R. (1967). A management model for water quality control. Research Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, 39(7), 1164–1183.
48. Streeter, H.W., & Phelps, E. B. (1925). A study of the pollution and natural purification of the Ohio River, III. Factors concerning the phenomena of Oxidation and reaeration, U.S. Public Health Service Bulletin, 146, 1-75.
49. Thomann, R. V. and Sobel, M. J., (1964). Estuarine water quality management and forecasting, Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, 90(SA5), 9-36
50. Thomann, R. V., & Fitzpatrick, J. F. (1982). Calibration and verification of a mathematical model of the eutrophication of the Potomac Estuary; Report by Hydroqual, Inc. DOI: 10.13140/2.1.2533.1526
51. Thomann, R. V., & Di Toro, D. M. (1983). Physicochemical model of toxic substances in the Great Lakes. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 9(4), 474–496.
52. Thomann, R.V., Mueller, J. A. (1987). Principles of surface water quality modeling and control. Harper Collins Publishers Inc.
53. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (1983). UNESCO technical papers in marine science No 44 Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards and SCOR Working Group 51: Algorithms for computation of fundamental properties of seawater. https://darchive.mblwhoilibrary.org/bitstream/handle/1912/2470/059832eb.pdf?isAllowed=y &sequence=1
54. United States Army Corps of Engineers. (1978). WQRRS – Water quality for river and reservoir systems user’s manual. Hydrologic Engineering Center. https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/publications/ComputerProgramDocumentation/WQR RS_UsersManual_%28CPD-8%29.pdf
55. United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2020). Water quality analysis simulation program (WASP). https://www.epa.gov/ceam/water-quality-analysis-simulation-programwasp
56. Üstün, T.T. (1998). Köyceğiz Gölü su kalitesi yönetimi için EGÖLEM modeli (Publication No. 75172), [Master’s thesis, İstanbul Technical University]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
57. Velz, C. J. (1938). Deoxygenation and reoxygenation. Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers, 65(4), 677 – 680.
58. Velz, C.J. (1947). Factors influencing self-purification and their relation in pollution abatement. Sewage Works Journal, 19(4), 629 – 644.
59. Wanninkhof, R., Ledwell, J., & Crusius, J. (1991). Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Gas Transfer a Water Surfaces: Gas transfer velocities on lakes measured with sulfur hexafluoride.
60. Wells, S.A. (2021). CE-QUAL-W2: A two-dimensional, laterally averaged, hydrodynamic and water quality model, Version 4.2. Portland State University. http://www.ce.pdx.edu/w2/
61. Yenilmez, F. (2007). Modeling the water quality in Uluabat Lake (Publication No. 201814) [Master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University] Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.
62. Yüceer, M. (2005). Akarsularda su kalitesinin izlenmesine yönelik yeni bir dinamik benzetim yazılımı, (Publication No. 170264) [Master’s thesis, İnönü University]. Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center.