Minimizing Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 247 - 270, 12.07.2021

Hakki Gülşen , Pelin Yapıcıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.31807/tjwsm.899525

Öz

In this study, the level of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland were monitored and greenhouse gas emissions were estimated by using a newly developed model. The effects of three different plant species on greenhouse gas emissions were investigated. Cyperus esculentus (Zone I), Typha latifolia (Zone II) and Phragmites australis (Zone III) were selected as the experimental species. Greenhouse gas emissions were sampled twelve times totally by using the closed chamber method between January and December. The highest level of emission was measured for nitrous oxide emission, released from Zone I in August (10,8371 kg CO2e/d). The lowest level of emission was measured for carbon dioxide emission (0,0156 kg CO2e/d) at Zone III in January. The results revealed that Cyperus esculentus has the highest greenhouse gas emission and the highest Global Warming Potential. All greenhouse gas emissions were influenced from different plant species. Phragmites australis could be used for minimizing the level of greenhouse gas emissions as it has the lowest level of greenhouse gas emission and Global Warming Potential. Finally, the possible level of greenhouse gas emission is estimated by using Monte Carlo simulation if the wetland is vegetated with only Phragmites australis. Approximately 33% of greenhouse gas emissions could be reduced if the wetland is vegetated only
with Phragmites australis.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland, greenhouse gas emission, the effects of plants

Kaynakça

• Abalos, D., De Deyn, G. B., Kuyper, T. W., & Van Groenigen, J. W. (2014). Plant species identity surpasses species richness as a key driver of N2O emissions from grassland. Global Change Biology, 20(1), 265-275. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12350
• Aboobakar, A., Cartmell, E., Stephenson, T., Jones, M., Vale, P., & Dotro, G. (2013). Nitrous oxide emissions and dissolved oxygen profiling in a full-scale nitrifying activated sludge treatment plant. Water Research, 47(2), 524-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.004
• APHA (1998) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. American Water Works Association/American Public Works Association/Water Environment Federation, Washington, DC, p. 1469.
• Büyükkamacı, N. & Karaca, G. (2017). Life cycle assessment study on polishing units for use of treated wastewater in agricultural reuse. Water Science and Technology, 76(12), 3205-3212. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.2017.474
• Chang, J., Fan, X., Sun, H., Zhang, C., Song, C., Chang, S. X., et al. (2014). Plant species richness enhances nitrous oxide emissions in microcosms of constructed wetlands. Ecological Engineering, 64, 108-115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.12.046
• Chen, Q. F., Ma, J. J., Liu, J. H., Zhao, C. S., & Liu, W. (2013). Characteristics of greenhouse gas emission in the Yellow River Delta wetland. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 85, 646-651. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2013.04.009
• Chiemchaisri, C., Chiemchaisri, W., Junsod, J., Threedeach, S., & Wicranarachchi, P. N. (2009). Leachate treatment and greenhouse gas emission in subsurface horizontal flow constructed wetland. Bioresource Technology, 100(16), 3808-3814. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2008.12.028
• Gülşen, H. & Yapıcıoğlu, P. (2019). Greenhouse gas emission estimation for a UASB reactor in a dairy wastewater treatment plant. International Journal of Global Warming, 17(4), 373-388. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJGW.2019.099802
• Han, W., Luo, G., Luo, B., Yu, C., Wang, H., Chang, J., & Ge, Y. (2019). Effects of plant diversity on greenhouse gas emissions in microcosms simulating vertical constructed wetlands with high ammonium loading. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 77, 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2018.08.001
• Hernández, M. E., Galindo-Zetina, M., & Carlos, H. H. J. (2018). Greenhouse gas emissions and pollutant removal in treatment wetlands with ornamental plants under subtropical conditions. Ecological Engineering, 114, 88-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.06.001
• IPCC (2006) Chapter 2: mineral industry emissions, in 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, ed. by Eggleston S, Buendia L, Miwa K, Ngara T and Tanabe K. Institute for Global Environmental Strategies, Hayama, Japan, pp. 1–40.
• IPCC (2014) Summary for policymakers and technical summary. Climate change 2014: mitigation of climate change. Working Group III contribution to the fifth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
• Kroese, D. P., Brereton, T., Taimre, T., & Botev, Z. I. (2014). Why the Monte Carlo method is so important today. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics, 6(6), 386-392. https://doi.org/10.1002/wics.1314
• Kyung, D., Kim, M., Chang, J., & Lee, W. (2015). Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from a hybrid wastewater treatment plant. Journal of Cleaner Production, 95, 117-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.02.032
• Liu, D., Ge, Y., Chang, J., Peng, C., Gu, B., Chan, G. Y., & Wu, X. (2009). Constructed wetlands in China: recent developments and future challenges. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 7(5), 261-268. https://doi.org/10.1890/070110
• Mander, Ü., Lõhmus, K., Teiter, S., Mauring, T., Nurk, K., & Augustin, J. (2008). Gaseous fluxes in the nitrogen and carbon budgets of subsurface flow constructed wetlands. Science of the Total Environment, 404(2-3), 343-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.03.014
• Mander, Ü., Dotro, G., Ebie, Y., Towprayoon, S., Chiemchaisri, C., Nogueira, S. F., et al. (2014). Greenhouse gas emission in constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment: a review. Ecological Engineering, 66, 19-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.12.006
• Martinez‐Guerra, E., Jiang, Y., Lee, G., Kokabian, B., Fast, S., Truax, D. D., et al. (2015). Wetlands for wastewater treatment. Water Environment Research, 87(10), 1095-1126. https://doi.org/10.2175/106143015X14338845155426
• Masuda, S., Suzuki, S., Sano, I., Li, Y. Y., & Nishimura, O. (2015). The seasonal variation of emission of greenhouse gases from a full-scale sewage treatment plant. Chemosphere, 140, 167-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.042
• Metcalf & Eddy (2014) Wastewater Engineering: Treatment and Resource Recovery 5th, McGraw-Hill international Editions, New York, USA.
• Parravicini, V., Svardal, K., & Krampe, J. (2016). Greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater treatment plants. Energy Procedia, 97, 246-253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2016.10.067 Rodríguez-Caballero, A., Aymerich, I., Poch, M., & Pijuan, M. (2014). Evaluation of process conditions triggering emissions of green-house gases from a biological wastewater treatment system. Science of the Total Environment, 493, 384-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.015
• Rückauf, U., Augustin, J., Russow, R., & Merbach, W. (2004). Nitrate removal from drained and reflooded fen soils affected by soil N transformation processes and plant uptake. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 36(1), 77-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2003.08.021
• Søvik, A. K., & Kløve, B. (2007). Emission of N2O and CH4 from a constructed wetland in southeastern Norway. Science of the Total Environment, 380(1-3), 28-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2006.10.007
• Teiter, S., & Mander, Ü. (2005). Emission of N2O, N2, CH4, and CO2 from constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and from riparian buffer zones. Ecological Engineering, 25(5), 528-541. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.07.011
• Xu, X., Zou, X., Cao, L., Zhamangulova, N., Zhao, Y., Tang, D., & Liu, D. (2014). Seasonal and spatial dynamics of greenhouse gas emissions under various vegetation covers in a coastal saline wetland in southeast China. Ecological Engineering, 73, 469-477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.07.011
• Vander Zaag, A. C., Gordon, R. J., Burton, D. L., Jamieson, R. C., & Stratton, G. W. (2010). Greenhouse gas emissions from surface flow and subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating dairy wastewater. Journal of Environmental Quality, 39(2), 460-471. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2009.0166
• Zhao, Z., Chang, J., Han, W., Wang, M., Ma, D., Du, Y. et al. (2016). Effects of plant diversity and sand particle size on methane emission and nitrogen removal in microcosms of constructed wetlands. Ecological Engineering, 95, 390-398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2016.06.047
• Zhang, C. B., Sun, H. Y., Ge, Y., Gu, B. J., Wang, H., & Chang, J. (2012). Plant species richness enhanced the methane emission in experimental microcosms. Atmospheric Environment, 62, 180-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.08.034