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Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Perspektifinden Anlam Arayışının Fenomenolojisi: Kierkegaard'da Özgürlük ve Maneviyat

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 12, 49 - 102, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.56432/tmdrd.1660551

Öz

Bu makalede, manevi danışmanlık ve rehberlik perspektifinden anlam arayışının fenomenolojisi, Kierkegaard’ın özgürlük ve maneviyat anlayışı çerçevesinde ele alınmıştır. Modern bireyin karşı karşıya kaldığı varoluşsal krizlerin ve anlam boşluklarının psiko-spiritüel uyum süreçlerini nasıl etkilediği üzerinde durulmuş ve Kierkegaard’ın felsefi yaklaşımlarının bu sürece sunduğu fenomenolojik katkılar değerlendirilmiştir. Kierkegaard’ın özgürlük anlayışının, bireyin “kendilik bilinci”, “tinsel açlık” ve “varoluşsal kaygı” gibi fenomenolojik deneyimler aracılığıyla kendi özüne yönelmesini sağladığı belirtilmiştir. Bu makalede fenomenolojik yaklaşım, bireylerin manevi yaşantılarını anlamlandırmalarını sağlayan temel bir analiz aracı olarak ele alınmıştır. Bu yaklaşımın, bireyin içsel çatışmalarını aşmasına ve anlam krizlerini çözmesine nasıl katkı sunduğu değerlendirilmiştir. Kierkegaard’ın özgürlük ve iman kavramları, fenomenolojiyle birlikte manevi danışmanlık ve rehberlik bağlamında incelenmiştir. Kierkegaard’ın özgürlük anlayışı, bireyin kendilik bilinci ve varoluşsal kaygı ile ilişkili olarak ele alınmıştır. Özgürlük, bireyin etik ve manevi bir seçim yapmasını zorunlu kılan bir olgu olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bu süreçte iman atılımının, bireyin varoluşsal anlam arayışında temel bir yönlendirici olduğu vurgulanmıştır. Anlam arayışının psikolojik yönü, bireyin ruhsal uyum süreciyle ilişkilendirilmiştir. Ontolojik boyutta ise bireyin varoluşsal gerçekliğiyle yüzleşerek anlam oluşturma süreci ele alınmıştır. Kierkegaard’a göre inanç, kesinlikten ziyade radikal bir varoluşsal sıçramayla şekillenmiştir. Şüphe, inancın karşıtı değil, tamamlayıcısı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Manevi danışmanlık ve rehberlik bağlamında, bireylerin belirsizlikle yüzleşerek anlam krizlerini aşmalarına yardımcı olmak için Kierkegaardcı bir yaklaşım önerilmiştir. Kierkegaard’ın varoluşsal felsefesinin, kimlik inşası, özgürlük sorumluluğu ve hakikat arayışı gibi konularda çağdaş manevi danışmanlık ve rehberlik modelleriyle örtüştüğü ortaya konulmuştur. Özellikle genç yetişkinlerin kimlik krizlerini anlamalarına yardımcı olabilecek Kierkegaardcı danışmanlık yaklaşımlarının potansiyeli incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak makalede, Kierkegaard’ın varoluşsal kriz, özgürlük, iman atılımı ve etik sorumluluk üzerine inşa ettiği felsefi çerçevenin, manevi danışmanlık ve rehberlik modelleriyle önemli ölçüde örtüştüğü sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Manevi danışmanlık ve rehberliğin bireyin ruhsal yenilenme, içsel bütünleşme ve kendilik bilinci süreçlerine derin bir katkı sunduğu tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca, Kierkegaard’ın etik ve dini aşamalar üzerinden bireysel gelişimini ele almasının, manevi danışmanlık ve rehberlik uygulamalarının psikoterapötik boyutlarını zenginleştirdiği ve bireyin varoluşsal sorgulamalarına rehberlik eden yöntemler sunduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Beutel, A. (2003). Luther’s life (K. Gustavs, Trans.). In D. K. McKim (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Martin Luther (pp. 3–19). Cambridge University Press.
  • Beyazgeyik, F., & Çelebi, V. (2024). Søren Kierkegaard ve Friedrich Nietzsche’de özgürlük problemi. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 7(45), 1857–1867.
  • Blackham, H. J. (2005). Altı varoluşçu düşünür (E. Uşşaklı, Trans.). Dost Publishing.
  • Buju, V. (2019). Clinical approach of spiritual illnesses: Eastern Christian spirituality and cognitive behavioral therapy. Pastoral Psychology, 68(4), 361–378.
  • Burke, M. T., Chauvin, J. C., & Miranti, J. G. (2005). Religious and spiritual issues in counseling. Brunner-Routledge.
  • Campbell, M. (2024). Counseling and the resolution of religious and spiritual struggles: A common factors approach. Routledge.
  • Cook, A. (2018). Jung and Kierkegaard: Researching a kindred spirit in the shadows. Routledge.
  • Costello, J. (2011). An existential analysis of anxiety: Frankl, Kierkegaard, Voegelin. International Forum for Logotherapy, 34(2), 65–70.
  • Cottingham, J. (2021). Descartes'ı nasıl okumalıyız? (F. Erkek, Trans.). Runik Publishing.
  • Dreyfus, H. L., & Wrathall, M. A. (Eds.). (2009). A companion to phe-nomenology and existentialism. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Eryücel, S. (2013). Yaşam olayları ve olumlu dini başa çıkma. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 10(23), 251–271.
  • Evans, A., & Kaiser, K. (2022). When faith meets therapy: Find hope and a practical path to emotional, spiritual, and relational healing. Thomas Nelson.
  • Evans, C. S. (1990). Søren Kierkegaard's Christian psychology: Insight for counseling & pastoral care. Ministry Resources Library.
  • Evans, C. S. (1998). Existentialist theology. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy. Routledge.
  • Evans, C. S. (2009). Kierkegaard: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.
  • Farhoush, M., & Najafi, M. (2024). Designing behavioral-emotional-spiritual therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: A qualitative study. Journal of Pizhūhish dar Dīn va Salāmat, 10(1), 21–37.
  • Ferguson, H. (2005). Melancholy and the critique of modernity: Søren Kierkegaard’s religious psychology. Routledge.
  • Ford, K., Van Denend, J., DeViva, J., Cooke, J., & Klee, A. (2024). Acting spiritually: Integrating spiritual care and mental health care within a US Department of Veterans Affairs inpatient psychiatric unit. Journal of Religion and Health, 63(6), 4533–4548.
  • Frankl, V. E. (2007). Duyulmayan anlam çığlığı (S. Budak, Trans.). Öteki Publishing.
  • Frankl, V. E. (2015). İnsanın anlam arayışı (S. Budak, Trans.). Okuyanus Publishing.
  • Gibbons, B. (2001). Spirituality and the occult. Routledge.
  • Gold, J. M. (2009). Counseling and spirituality: Integrating spiritual and clinical orientations. Pearson.
  • Gordon, R. (2000). Dying and creating: A search for meaning. Karnac Books.
  • Hansen, F. T. (2024). Existential health and spiritual recovery: Two possible new and important concepts in the health humanities. Nordic Journal of Arts, Culture and Health, 6(1), 1–12.
  • Haryanto, S., & Muslih, M. (2025). The contribution of transpersonal psychology to the emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being of individuals. Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 8(1).
  • Heelas, P., Martin, D., & Morris, P. (1998). Religion, modernity and postmodernity. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (2011). Tinin görüngübilimi (A. Yardımlı, Trans.). İdea Publishing.
  • Heidegger, M. (2006). Varlık ve zaman (K. H. Ökten, Trans.). Agora Publishing.
  • Heidegger, M. (2020). Hegel'in tinin fenomenolojisi (K. H. Ökten, Trans.). Alfa Yayıncılık.
  • Hillman, J. (1998). Healing fiction: On Freud, Jung, Adler. Spring.
  • Husserl, E. (2003). Fenomenoloji üzerine beş ders (H. Tepe, Trans.). Bilim ve Sanat Publishing.
  • İşbilen, N. (2023). Manevi danışmanlık üzerine fenomenolojik bir analiz: Morristown Tıp Merkezi Healthcare Chaplaincy (ABD) örneği. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Divinity, 64(2), 591–628.
  • James, W. (2017). Dinsel deneyimin çeşitleri: İnsan doğası üstüne bir inceleme (İ. H. Yılmaz, Trans.). Pinhan Publishing.
  • Jung, C. G. (2000). Dying and creating: A search for meaning (R. Gordon, Ed.). Karnac Books.
  • Jung, C. G. (2008). İnsan ruhuna yöneliş (E. Büyükinal, Trans.). Say Publishing.
  • Jung, C. G. (2021). Psikoloji ve felsefe (M. Yalçınkaya, Trans.). Pinhan Publishing.
  • Kain, J. (2005). Hegel and the other: A study of the phenomenology of spirit. State University of New York Press.
  • Kant, I. (2002). Ahlak metafiziğinin temellendirilmesi (İ. Kuçuradi, Trans.). Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Publishing.
  • Kant, I. (2006). Kılgısal usun eleştirisi (A. Yardımlı, Trans.). İdea Publishing.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (2003). Provocations: Spiritual writings of Kierkegaard (C. E. Moore, Ed.). Bruderhof Press.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (2013). Felsefi parçalar (D. Şahiner, Trans.). İş Bankası Kültür Publishing.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (2014). Korku ve titreme (N. Beier, Trans.). Pinhan Publishing.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (2020). Ölüme götüren hastalık (N. Beier, Trans.). Alfa Publishing.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (2020). Ya/ya da (N. Beier, Trans.). Alfa Publishing.
  • Killmer, J. M. (2012). Conducting spiritual dialogues in therapy. In K. Helmeke & C. Ford Sori (Eds.), The therapist’s notebook for integrating spirituality in counseling I (pp. 55–67). Routledge.
  • Kim, T. (2015). God and human freedom: A Kierkegaardian perspective (American University Studies, Series VII: Theology and Religion, Vol. 354). Peter Lang.
  • Kirmmse, B. H. (2008). Affectation, or the invention of the self: A modern disorder. In E. F. Mooney (Ed.), Ethics, love, and faith in Kierkegaard: Philosophical engagements (pp. 24–41). Indiana University Press.
  • Klempe, H. (2014). Kierkegaard and the rise of modern psychology. Routledge.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, Article 278730.
  • Kosch, M. (2006). Freedom and reason in Kant, Schelling, and Kierkegaard. Oxford University Press.
  • Lake, F. (1980). The theology of pastoral counselling. In J. Woodward & S. Pattison (Eds.), Spiritual dimensions of pastoral care: Practical theology in a multidisciplinary context (pp. 127–136). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Lauer, Q. (1958). The triumph of subjectivity: An introduction to transcen-dental phenomenology. Fordham University Press.
  • Lewis, M., & Staehler, T. (2019). Phenomenology: An introduction. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Lippitt, J. (2015). The Routledge guidebook to Kierkegaard’s fear and trembling. Routledge. Lynch, G. (2002). Pastoral care & counselling. Sage Publications.
  • Lyotard, J.-F. (2007). Fenomenoloji (İ. Birkan, Trans.). Dost Publishing.
  • Marino, G. (2008). Despair and depression. In E. F. Mooney (Ed.), Ethics, love, and faith in Kierkegaard: Philosophical engagements (pp. 121–128). Indiana University Press.
  • McGrath, J., & Wierciński, A. (Eds.). (2010). A companion to Heideg-ger’s phenomenology of religious life. Rodopi.
  • Miller, L. (2004). A spiritual formulation of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression in pregnant girls. In P. S. Richards & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Casebook for a spiritual strategy in counseling and psychotherapy (1st ed., pp. 75–86). American Psychological Association.
  • Miller, L. J. (Ed.). (2024). The Oxford handbook of psychology and spirituality. Oxford University Press.
  • Mooney, E. F. (2007). On Søren Kierkegaard: Dialogue, polemics, lost intimacy, and time. Ashgate.
  • Moran, D. (2000). Introduction to phenomenology. Routledge.
  • Nelson, J. M. (2009). Psychology, religion, and spirituality. Springer.
  • Nietzsche, F. (2016). Böyle söyledi Zerdüşt (M. Tüzel, Trans.). İş Ban-kası Kültür Publishing.
  • Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, and practice. Guilford Press.
  • Pargament, K. I. (2007). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. The Guilford Press.
  • Pargament, K. I. (Ed.). (2013). APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Volumes. 1–2). American Psychological Association.
  • Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology, 1(2), 115–144.
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  • Stewart, J. (2015). Søren Kierkegaard: Subjectivity, irony, and the crisis of modernity. Oxford University Press.
  • Swinton, J., & Willows, D. (2009). Spiritual dimensions of pastoral care: Practical theology in a multidisciplinary context. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Tacey, D. (2004). The spirituality revolution: The emergence of contemporary spirituality. Brunner-Routledge.
  • Tacey, D. (2021). Jung’u nasıl okumalıyız? (E. Çıplak, Trans.). Runik Publishing.
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  • Tommasi, R. (2024). Time, eternity, freedom in Kierkegaard, Heidegger, and Ricœur. In Eternity between space and time: From consciousness to the cosmos (pp. 55–68). Springer.
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  • West, W. (2004). Spiritual issues in therapy: Relating experience to practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Westphal, M. (2014). Kierkegaard's concept of faith. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
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The Phenomenology of the Search for Meaning from the Perspective of Spiritual Counseling and Care: Freedom and Spirituality in Kierkegaard

Yıl 2025, Sayı: 12, 49 - 102, 30.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.56432/tmdrd.1660551

Öz

This article examines the phenomenology of the search for meaning from the perspective of spiritual counseling and care, framed within Kierkegaard’s conceptions of freedom and spirituality. It explores how existential crises and meaning voids in modern individuals affect psycho-spiritual adaptation processes and evaluates the phenomenological contributions of Kierkegaard’s philosophical approach to this issue. Kierkegaard’s notion of freedom is highlighted as a transformative process that enables individuals to navigate self-awareness, existential anxiety, and spiritual longing, ultimately facilitating a return to their authentic selves. The study positions phenomenology as a fundamental analytical tool for interpreting individuals' spiritual experiences, emphasizing its role in resolving inner conflicts and existential dilemmas. The interconnection between Kierkegaard’s ideas on freedom, faith, and phenomenology is examined within the framework of spiritual counseling and care. In this context, freedom is conceptualized as an existential condition that necessitates ethical and spiritual decision-making. The leap of faith is presented as a pivotal mechanism guiding individuals in their existential search for meaning. From a psychological perspective, the study associates the search for meaning with spiritual adaptation, while its ontological dimension is examined through the lens of existential confrontation and meaning construction. Kierkegaard asserts that faith is not a product of certainty but is shaped by a radical existential leap. Doubt is not viewed as the antithesis of faith but rather as its integral complement. Accordingly, the study proposes a Kierkegaardian approach to spiritual counseling, emphasizing the importance of guiding individuals through uncertainty to transcend meaning crises. Furthermore, Kierkegaard’s existential philosophy is shown to align with contemporary spiritual counseling and care models, particularly in addressing identity formation, the responsibility of freedom, and the pursuit of truth. The study highlights the potential application of Kierkegaardian counseling approaches in assisting young adults navigating identity crises. Ultimately, the study concludes that Kierkegaard’s philosophical framework, built on existential crisis, freedom, the leap of faith, and ethical responsibility, meaninfully converges with spiritual counseling and care models. It is argued that spiritual counseling plays a crucial role in fostering spiritual renewal, inner integration, and self-awareness. Additionally, Kierkegaard’s engagement with ethical and religious stages of development is shown to enrich the psychotherapeutic dimensions of spiritual counseling and care, offering valuable methodological insights for addressing existential inquiries.

Kaynakça

  • Beutel, A. (2003). Luther’s life (K. Gustavs, Trans.). In D. K. McKim (Ed.), The Cambridge companion to Martin Luther (pp. 3–19). Cambridge University Press.
  • Beyazgeyik, F., & Çelebi, V. (2024). Søren Kierkegaard ve Friedrich Nietzsche’de özgürlük problemi. Journal of Social, Humanities and Administrative Sciences, 7(45), 1857–1867.
  • Blackham, H. J. (2005). Altı varoluşçu düşünür (E. Uşşaklı, Trans.). Dost Publishing.
  • Buju, V. (2019). Clinical approach of spiritual illnesses: Eastern Christian spirituality and cognitive behavioral therapy. Pastoral Psychology, 68(4), 361–378.
  • Burke, M. T., Chauvin, J. C., & Miranti, J. G. (2005). Religious and spiritual issues in counseling. Brunner-Routledge.
  • Campbell, M. (2024). Counseling and the resolution of religious and spiritual struggles: A common factors approach. Routledge.
  • Cook, A. (2018). Jung and Kierkegaard: Researching a kindred spirit in the shadows. Routledge.
  • Costello, J. (2011). An existential analysis of anxiety: Frankl, Kierkegaard, Voegelin. International Forum for Logotherapy, 34(2), 65–70.
  • Cottingham, J. (2021). Descartes'ı nasıl okumalıyız? (F. Erkek, Trans.). Runik Publishing.
  • Dreyfus, H. L., & Wrathall, M. A. (Eds.). (2009). A companion to phe-nomenology and existentialism. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Eryücel, S. (2013). Yaşam olayları ve olumlu dini başa çıkma. Mustafa Kemal University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 10(23), 251–271.
  • Evans, A., & Kaiser, K. (2022). When faith meets therapy: Find hope and a practical path to emotional, spiritual, and relational healing. Thomas Nelson.
  • Evans, C. S. (1990). Søren Kierkegaard's Christian psychology: Insight for counseling & pastoral care. Ministry Resources Library.
  • Evans, C. S. (1998). Existentialist theology. In E. Craig (Ed.), Routledge encyclopedia of philosophy. Routledge.
  • Evans, C. S. (2009). Kierkegaard: An introduction. Cambridge University Press.
  • Farhoush, M., & Najafi, M. (2024). Designing behavioral-emotional-spiritual therapy for obsessive compulsive disorder: A qualitative study. Journal of Pizhūhish dar Dīn va Salāmat, 10(1), 21–37.
  • Ferguson, H. (2005). Melancholy and the critique of modernity: Søren Kierkegaard’s religious psychology. Routledge.
  • Ford, K., Van Denend, J., DeViva, J., Cooke, J., & Klee, A. (2024). Acting spiritually: Integrating spiritual care and mental health care within a US Department of Veterans Affairs inpatient psychiatric unit. Journal of Religion and Health, 63(6), 4533–4548.
  • Frankl, V. E. (2007). Duyulmayan anlam çığlığı (S. Budak, Trans.). Öteki Publishing.
  • Frankl, V. E. (2015). İnsanın anlam arayışı (S. Budak, Trans.). Okuyanus Publishing.
  • Gibbons, B. (2001). Spirituality and the occult. Routledge.
  • Gold, J. M. (2009). Counseling and spirituality: Integrating spiritual and clinical orientations. Pearson.
  • Gordon, R. (2000). Dying and creating: A search for meaning. Karnac Books.
  • Hansen, F. T. (2024). Existential health and spiritual recovery: Two possible new and important concepts in the health humanities. Nordic Journal of Arts, Culture and Health, 6(1), 1–12.
  • Haryanto, S., & Muslih, M. (2025). The contribution of transpersonal psychology to the emotional, mental, and spiritual well-being of individuals. Islamic Guidance and Counseling Journal, 8(1).
  • Heelas, P., Martin, D., & Morris, P. (1998). Religion, modernity and postmodernity. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Hegel, G. W. F. (2011). Tinin görüngübilimi (A. Yardımlı, Trans.). İdea Publishing.
  • Heidegger, M. (2006). Varlık ve zaman (K. H. Ökten, Trans.). Agora Publishing.
  • Heidegger, M. (2020). Hegel'in tinin fenomenolojisi (K. H. Ökten, Trans.). Alfa Yayıncılık.
  • Hillman, J. (1998). Healing fiction: On Freud, Jung, Adler. Spring.
  • Husserl, E. (2003). Fenomenoloji üzerine beş ders (H. Tepe, Trans.). Bilim ve Sanat Publishing.
  • İşbilen, N. (2023). Manevi danışmanlık üzerine fenomenolojik bir analiz: Morristown Tıp Merkezi Healthcare Chaplaincy (ABD) örneği. Ankara University Journal of Faculty of Divinity, 64(2), 591–628.
  • James, W. (2017). Dinsel deneyimin çeşitleri: İnsan doğası üstüne bir inceleme (İ. H. Yılmaz, Trans.). Pinhan Publishing.
  • Jung, C. G. (2000). Dying and creating: A search for meaning (R. Gordon, Ed.). Karnac Books.
  • Jung, C. G. (2008). İnsan ruhuna yöneliş (E. Büyükinal, Trans.). Say Publishing.
  • Jung, C. G. (2021). Psikoloji ve felsefe (M. Yalçınkaya, Trans.). Pinhan Publishing.
  • Kain, J. (2005). Hegel and the other: A study of the phenomenology of spirit. State University of New York Press.
  • Kant, I. (2002). Ahlak metafiziğinin temellendirilmesi (İ. Kuçuradi, Trans.). Türkiye Felsefe Kurumu Publishing.
  • Kant, I. (2006). Kılgısal usun eleştirisi (A. Yardımlı, Trans.). İdea Publishing.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (2003). Provocations: Spiritual writings of Kierkegaard (C. E. Moore, Ed.). Bruderhof Press.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (2013). Felsefi parçalar (D. Şahiner, Trans.). İş Bankası Kültür Publishing.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (2014). Korku ve titreme (N. Beier, Trans.). Pinhan Publishing.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (2020). Ölüme götüren hastalık (N. Beier, Trans.). Alfa Publishing.
  • Kierkegaard, S. (2020). Ya/ya da (N. Beier, Trans.). Alfa Publishing.
  • Killmer, J. M. (2012). Conducting spiritual dialogues in therapy. In K. Helmeke & C. Ford Sori (Eds.), The therapist’s notebook for integrating spirituality in counseling I (pp. 55–67). Routledge.
  • Kim, T. (2015). God and human freedom: A Kierkegaardian perspective (American University Studies, Series VII: Theology and Religion, Vol. 354). Peter Lang.
  • Kirmmse, B. H. (2008). Affectation, or the invention of the self: A modern disorder. In E. F. Mooney (Ed.), Ethics, love, and faith in Kierkegaard: Philosophical engagements (pp. 24–41). Indiana University Press.
  • Klempe, H. (2014). Kierkegaard and the rise of modern psychology. Routledge.
  • Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry, 2012, Article 278730.
  • Kosch, M. (2006). Freedom and reason in Kant, Schelling, and Kierkegaard. Oxford University Press.
  • Lake, F. (1980). The theology of pastoral counselling. In J. Woodward & S. Pattison (Eds.), Spiritual dimensions of pastoral care: Practical theology in a multidisciplinary context (pp. 127–136). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Lauer, Q. (1958). The triumph of subjectivity: An introduction to transcen-dental phenomenology. Fordham University Press.
  • Lewis, M., & Staehler, T. (2019). Phenomenology: An introduction. Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Lippitt, J. (2015). The Routledge guidebook to Kierkegaard’s fear and trembling. Routledge. Lynch, G. (2002). Pastoral care & counselling. Sage Publications.
  • Lyotard, J.-F. (2007). Fenomenoloji (İ. Birkan, Trans.). Dost Publishing.
  • Marino, G. (2008). Despair and depression. In E. F. Mooney (Ed.), Ethics, love, and faith in Kierkegaard: Philosophical engagements (pp. 121–128). Indiana University Press.
  • McGrath, J., & Wierciński, A. (Eds.). (2010). A companion to Heideg-ger’s phenomenology of religious life. Rodopi.
  • Miller, L. (2004). A spiritual formulation of interpersonal psychotherapy for depression in pregnant girls. In P. S. Richards & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Casebook for a spiritual strategy in counseling and psychotherapy (1st ed., pp. 75–86). American Psychological Association.
  • Miller, L. J. (Ed.). (2024). The Oxford handbook of psychology and spirituality. Oxford University Press.
  • Mooney, E. F. (2007). On Søren Kierkegaard: Dialogue, polemics, lost intimacy, and time. Ashgate.
  • Moran, D. (2000). Introduction to phenomenology. Routledge.
  • Nelson, J. M. (2009). Psychology, religion, and spirituality. Springer.
  • Nietzsche, F. (2016). Böyle söyledi Zerdüşt (M. Tüzel, Trans.). İş Ban-kası Kültür Publishing.
  • Pargament, K. I. (1997). The psychology of religion and coping: Theory, research, and practice. Guilford Press.
  • Pargament, K. I. (2007). Spiritually integrated psychotherapy: Understanding and addressing the sacred. The Guilford Press.
  • Pargament, K. I. (Ed.). (2013). APA handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality (Volumes. 1–2). American Psychological Association.
  • Park, C. L., & Folkman, S. (1997). Meaning in the context of stress and coping. Review of General Psychology, 1(2), 115–144.
  • Pattison, S. (1994). A vision of pastoral theology: In search of words that resurrect the dead. In J. Woodward & S. Pattison (Eds.), Spiritual dimensions of pastoral care: Practical theology in a multidisciplinary context (pp. 36–53). Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Pytell, T. (2015). Viktor Frankl’s search for meaning: An emblematic 20th-century life. Berghahn Books.
  • Sartre, J. P. (1985). Varoluşçuluk (A. Bezirci, Trans.). Say Publishing.
  • Sartre, J. P. (2011). Varlık ve hiçlik (T. Ilgaz & G. Ç. Eksen, Trans.). İthaki Publishing.
  • Shapiro, J. L. (2016). Pragmatic existential counseling and psychotherapy: Intimacy, intuition, and the search for meaning. Sage Publications.
  • Sheldrake, P. (2007). A brief history of spirituality. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Solomon, R. C. (2020). Akılcılıktan varoluşçuluğa: Varoluşçular ve 19. yüzyıldaki kökleri (R. Kuldaşlı, Trans.). İş Bankası Kültür Publishing.
  • Stewart, J. (2015). Søren Kierkegaard: Subjectivity, irony, and the crisis of modernity. Oxford University Press.
  • Swinton, J., & Willows, D. (2009). Spiritual dimensions of pastoral care: Practical theology in a multidisciplinary context. Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
  • Tacey, D. (2004). The spirituality revolution: The emergence of contemporary spirituality. Brunner-Routledge.
  • Tacey, D. (2021). Jung’u nasıl okumalıyız? (E. Çıplak, Trans.). Runik Publishing.
  • Tan, D. H. C. (2013). Writing as spiritual practice and therapy. Diana HC Tan.
  • Tommasi, R. (2024). Time, eternity, freedom in Kierkegaard, Heidegger, and Ricœur. In Eternity between space and time: From consciousness to the cosmos (pp. 55–68). Springer.
  • Vandivier, A. M. (2020). The growth of spiritual awareness through AA participation: A phenomenological study. Alcoholism Treatment Quarterly, 38(1), 32–49.
  • Vasconcelos, A. F. (2022). Exploring the meaning of work through a transcendental frame. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 30(6), 1419–1440.
  • West, W. (2004). Spiritual issues in therapy: Relating experience to practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Westphal, M. (2014). Kierkegaard's concept of faith. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
  • Žižek, S. (2015). Hiçten az (E. Ünal, Trans.). Encore Publishing.
Toplam 85 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din Psikolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Emrullah Zorlu 0000-0002-2246-4717

Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Mart 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

APA Zorlu, E. (2025). The Phenomenology of the Search for Meaning from the Perspective of Spiritual Counseling and Care: Freedom and Spirituality in Kierkegaard. Türk Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Dergisi(12), 49-102. https://doi.org/10.56432/tmdrd.1660551

Türk Manevi Danışmanlık ve Rehberlik Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı (CC BY NC) ile lisanslanmıştır.