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Microbiota and Diabetes: Recent Findings and Mechanistic Approaches

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 115 - 123, 29.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.70852/tmj.1741901

Öz

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases such as diabetes. This review examines the relationship between microbiota composition and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) based on current literature. The effects of microbial dysbiosis on insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, and inflammatory pathways are highlighted. Additionally, the potential of microbiota modulators (e.g., diet and probiotics) in diabetes management is discussed. Evidence suggests that microbiota-targeted therapies hold promise for diabetes prevention and treatment.

Kaynakça

  • Allin, K. H., Tremaroli, V., Caesar, R., Jensen, B. A. H., Damgaard, M. T. F., Bahl, M. I., … Nielsen, T. (2018). Aberrant intestinal microbiota in individuals with prediabetes. Diabetologia, 61(4), 810–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4550-1
  • Altuntaş, Y. (2017). Bağırsak mikroplarının beslenme ile ilişkisi ve güncel hastalıklar. Halk Sağlığı, Güz SD, 74–77. Berçem, B. K. (2024). Damar sertliğine karşı yeni yaklaşımlar. Orient Yayınları.
  • Chen, Y. J., Chen, P. C., Kuo, W. T., Tseng, C. H., Hung, M. J., & Lu, C. L. (2019). Gut microbiota in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case-control study in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 104(11), 5437–5446.
  • Çağlar, A., Tomar, O., & Ekiz, T. (2017). Bütirik asit: Yapısı, özellikleri ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 10(3), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.5578/kvj.59688
  • de Cossío, L. F., Masi, M., Carcillo, A., Montanari, A., & Calzolari, L. (2017). Impact of prebiotics on metabolic and behavioral alterations in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 64, 33–49.
  • Du, J., Zhang, F., Liu, R., Fu, J., Zhang, N., & Zhang, H. (2021). The gut microbiota profile of diabetic nephropathy patients in different stages of chronic kidney disease. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, Article 660527.
  • Duvallet, C., Gibbons, S. M., Gurry, T., Kaiser, A. M., Werner, J. J., Lu, L. J., & Garrett, W. S. (2017). Meta-analysis of gut microbiome studies identifies disease-specific and shared responses. Nature Communications, 8(1), 1–10.
  • Gevers, D., Knight, R., Petrosino, J. F., Huang, K., McGuire, A. L., Birren, B. W., … Human Microbiome Project Consortium. (2012). The Human Microbiome Project: A community resource for the healthy human microbiome. PLoS Biology, 10(8), e1001377.
  • Gregor, M. F., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2011). Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Annual Review of Immunology, 29, 415–445.
  • Gurung, M., Li, Z., You, H., Rodrigues, R., Jump, D. B., Morgun, A., & Shulzhenko, N. (2020). Role of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. EBioMedicine, 51, Article 102590.
  • Huang, Y., Wang, Z., Ma, H., Ji, S., Chen, Z., Cui, Z., … Fan, X. (2021). Dysbiosis and implication of the gut microbiota in diabetic retinopathy. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, 646348. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.646348
  • Human Microbiome Project Consortium. (2012a). A framework for human microbiome research. Nature, 486(7402), 215–221.
  • Human Microbiome Project Consortium. (2012b). Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature, 486(7402), 207–214. International Diabetes Federation. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas (9th ed.). https://idf.org/e-library/epidemiology-research/diabetes-atlas/159-idfdiabetes-atlas-ninth-edition-2019.html
  • Karakan, T. (2023). Mikrobiyota ve insan sağlığı. In TÜBA-Mikrobiyota ve İnsan Sağlığı Sempozyumu Raporu. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA).
  • Karlsson, F. H., Tremaroli, V., Nookaew, I., Bergström, G., Behre, C. J., Fagerberg, B., et al. (2013). Gut Metagenome in European Women With Normal, Impaired and Diabetic Glucose Control. Nature 498 (7452), 99–103. doi: 10.1038/nature12198
  • Lander, E. S., Linton, L. M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Zody, M. C., Baldwin, J., Devon, K., Dewar, K., Doyle, M., FitzHugh, W., Funke, R., Gage, D., Harris, K., Heaford, A., Howland, J., Kann, L., Lehoczky, J., LeVine, R., McEwan, P., McKernan, K., … International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 409(6822), 860–921. https://doi.org/10.1038/35057062
  • Li, W. Z., Stirling, K., Yang, J. J., & Zhang, L. (2020). Gut microbiota and diabetes: From correlation to causality and mechanism. World Journal of Diabetes, 11(7), 293–308.
  • Liu, J., Li, Z., Zhang, J., & Zhang, L. (2017). Inside out: HIV, the gut microbiome, and the mucosal immune system. Journal of Immunology, 198(2), 605–614.
  • Lynch, S. V., & Pedersen, O. (2016). The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375(24), 2369–2379.
  • Martin, F.-P. J., Montoliu, I., & Kussmann, M. (2017). Metabonomics of ageing – Towards understanding metabolism of a long and healthy life. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 165, 171–179.
  • Ochoa-Repáraz, J., & Kasper, L. H. (2016). The second brain: Is the gut microbiota a link between obesity and central nervous system disorders? Current Obesity Reports, 5(1), 51–64.
  • Özdemir, A., & Büyüktuncer Demirel, Z. (2017). Beslenme ve mikrobiyota ilişkisi. Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research, 1(Special issue), 25–33.
  • Pelzer, E., Gomez-Arango, L. F., Barrett, H. L., & Callaway, L. K. (2017). Maternal health and the placental microbiome. Placenta, 54, 30–37.
  • Qin, J., Li, Y., Cai, Z., Li, S., Zhu, J., Zhang, F., … Wang, J. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature, 490(7418), 55–60.
  • Sanna, S., van Zuydam, N. R., Mahajan, A., Kurilshikov, A., Vila, A. V., Võsa, U., … McCarthy, M. I. (2019). Causal relationships between the gut microbiome, short-chain fatty acids and metabolic diseases. Nature Genetics, 51(4), 600–605.
  • Satman, I., Omer, B., Tutuncu, Y., Kalaca, S., Gedik, S., Dinccag, N., … Tufan, A. E. (2013). Twelve-year trends in the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and prediabetes in Turkish adults. European Journal of Epidemiology, 28(2), 169–180.
  • Schloissnig, S., Arumugam, M., Sunagawa, S., Mitreva, M., Tap, J., Zhu, A., … Bork, P. (2013). Genomic variation landscape of the human gut microbiome. Nature, 493(7430), 45–50.
  • Shih, C. T., Yeh, Y. T., Lin, C. C., & Yang, L. Y. (2020). Akkermansia muciniphila is negatively correlated with hemoglobin A1c in refractory diabetes. Microorganisms, 8(9), 1360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ microorganisms8091360
  • Shreiner, A. B., Kao, J. Y., & Young, V. B. (2015). The gut microbiome in health and in disease. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 31(1), 69–75.
  • Sommer, F., & Bäckhed, F. (2016). Know your neighbor: Microbiota and host epithelial cells interact locally to control intestinal function and physiology. BioEssays, 38(5), 455–464.
  • Tao, Y., Ni, J., Sun, X., Zhu, H., Cui, S., & Li, R. (2019). The gut microbiota and its role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2019, Article 5918712.
  • Tilg, H., & Moschen, A. R. (2015). Food, immunity, and the microbiome. Gastroenterology, 148(6), 1107–1119.
  • Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği (TEMD). (2020). Diabetes Mellitus ve Komplikasyonlarının Tanı, Tedavi ve İzlem Kılavuzu-2020.
  • Unno, T., Choi, J.-H., Hur, H.-G., Sadowsky, M. J., Ahn, Y.-T., Huh, C.-S., & Kim, C. W. (2015). Changes in human gut microbiota influenced by probiotic fermented milk ingestion. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(6), 3568–3576.
  • Veiga, P., Pons, N., Agrawal, A., Oozeer, R., Guyonnet, D., Brazeilles, R., & Furet, J. P. (2014). Changes of the human gut microbiome induced by a fermented milk product. Scientific Reports, 4, Article 6330.
  • Wang, T. Y., Zhang, X. Q., Chen, A. L., Zhang, J., Lv, B. H., Ma, M. H., … Liu, C. (2020). A comparative study of microbial community and functions of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with obesity and healthy people. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104(16), 7143–7153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10689-7
  • Wasielewski, H., Alcock, J., & Aktipis, A. (2016). Resource conflict and cooperation between human host and gut microbiota: Implications for nutrition and health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1372(1), 20–28.
  • Wu, H., Tremaroli, V., Schmidt, C., Lundqvist, A., Olsson, L. M., Krämer, M., … Bäckhed, F. (2020). Gut microbiota in prediabetes and diabetes: A population-based cross-sectional study. Cell Metabolism, 32(3), 379–390.e3.
  • Yao, J., & Rock, C. O. (2015). How bacterial pathogens eat host lipids: Implications for the development of fatty acid synthesis therapeutics. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 290(10), 5940–5946.
  • Zhang, L., Chu, J., Hao, W., Zhang, J., Li, H., Yang, C., … Wang, H. (2021). Gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Association, mechanism, and translational applications. Mediators of Inflammation, 2021, Article 5110276.
  • Zhang, Y., Lu, S., Yang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, B., Zhang, B., … Zhao, X. (2021). The diversity of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes with or without cognitive impairment. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(3), 589–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01553-
  • Zhong, H., Ren, H., Lu, Y., Fang, C., Hou, G., Yang, Z., … Xu, J. (2019). Distinct gut metagenomics and metaproteomics signatures in prediabetics and treatment-naïve type 2 diabetics. EBioMedicine, 47, 373– 383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.048
  • Zhou, Z., Sun, B., Yu, D., & Zhu, C. (2022). Gut microbiota: An important player in type 2 diabetesmellitus. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12, Article 834485. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.834485

Mikrobiyota ve Diyabet : Güncel Bulgular ve Mekanistik Yaklaşımlar

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3, 115 - 123, 29.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.70852/tmj.1741901

Öz

Bağırsak mikrobiyotası, diyabet gibi metabolik hastalıkların patogenezinde kritik bir rol oynamaktadır. Bu derlemede, mikrobiyota kompozisyonundaki değişimlerin tip 2 diyabet (T2DM) ile olan ilişkisi güncel literatür eşliğinde incelenmiştir. Mikrobiyal disbiyozun insülin direnci, glikoz metabolizması ve inflamatuvar süreçler üzerindeki etkileri vurgulanmıştır. Ayrıca, diyet ve probiyotikler gibi mikrobiyota modülatörlerinin diyabet yönetimindeki potansiyeli tartışılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, mikrobiyota temelli tedavi stratejilerinin diyabetin önlenmesi ve tedavisinde umut vaat ettiği görülmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Allin, K. H., Tremaroli, V., Caesar, R., Jensen, B. A. H., Damgaard, M. T. F., Bahl, M. I., … Nielsen, T. (2018). Aberrant intestinal microbiota in individuals with prediabetes. Diabetologia, 61(4), 810–820. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-018-4550-1
  • Altuntaş, Y. (2017). Bağırsak mikroplarının beslenme ile ilişkisi ve güncel hastalıklar. Halk Sağlığı, Güz SD, 74–77. Berçem, B. K. (2024). Damar sertliğine karşı yeni yaklaşımlar. Orient Yayınları.
  • Chen, Y. J., Chen, P. C., Kuo, W. T., Tseng, C. H., Hung, M. J., & Lu, C. L. (2019). Gut microbiota in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case-control study in Taiwan. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 104(11), 5437–5446.
  • Çağlar, A., Tomar, O., & Ekiz, T. (2017). Bütirik asit: Yapısı, özellikleri ve sağlık üzerine etkileri. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 10(3), 213–225. https://doi.org/10.5578/kvj.59688
  • de Cossío, L. F., Masi, M., Carcillo, A., Montanari, A., & Calzolari, L. (2017). Impact of prebiotics on metabolic and behavioral alterations in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome. Brain, Behavior, and Immunity, 64, 33–49.
  • Du, J., Zhang, F., Liu, R., Fu, J., Zhang, N., & Zhang, H. (2021). The gut microbiota profile of diabetic nephropathy patients in different stages of chronic kidney disease. Frontiers in Physiology, 12, Article 660527.
  • Duvallet, C., Gibbons, S. M., Gurry, T., Kaiser, A. M., Werner, J. J., Lu, L. J., & Garrett, W. S. (2017). Meta-analysis of gut microbiome studies identifies disease-specific and shared responses. Nature Communications, 8(1), 1–10.
  • Gevers, D., Knight, R., Petrosino, J. F., Huang, K., McGuire, A. L., Birren, B. W., … Human Microbiome Project Consortium. (2012). The Human Microbiome Project: A community resource for the healthy human microbiome. PLoS Biology, 10(8), e1001377.
  • Gregor, M. F., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (2011). Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Annual Review of Immunology, 29, 415–445.
  • Gurung, M., Li, Z., You, H., Rodrigues, R., Jump, D. B., Morgun, A., & Shulzhenko, N. (2020). Role of gut microbiota in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes. EBioMedicine, 51, Article 102590.
  • Huang, Y., Wang, Z., Ma, H., Ji, S., Chen, Z., Cui, Z., … Fan, X. (2021). Dysbiosis and implication of the gut microbiota in diabetic retinopathy. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11, 646348. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.646348
  • Human Microbiome Project Consortium. (2012a). A framework for human microbiome research. Nature, 486(7402), 215–221.
  • Human Microbiome Project Consortium. (2012b). Structure, function and diversity of the healthy human microbiome. Nature, 486(7402), 207–214. International Diabetes Federation. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas (9th ed.). https://idf.org/e-library/epidemiology-research/diabetes-atlas/159-idfdiabetes-atlas-ninth-edition-2019.html
  • Karakan, T. (2023). Mikrobiyota ve insan sağlığı. In TÜBA-Mikrobiyota ve İnsan Sağlığı Sempozyumu Raporu. Türkiye Bilimler Akademisi (TÜBA).
  • Karlsson, F. H., Tremaroli, V., Nookaew, I., Bergström, G., Behre, C. J., Fagerberg, B., et al. (2013). Gut Metagenome in European Women With Normal, Impaired and Diabetic Glucose Control. Nature 498 (7452), 99–103. doi: 10.1038/nature12198
  • Lander, E. S., Linton, L. M., Birren, B., Nusbaum, C., Zody, M. C., Baldwin, J., Devon, K., Dewar, K., Doyle, M., FitzHugh, W., Funke, R., Gage, D., Harris, K., Heaford, A., Howland, J., Kann, L., Lehoczky, J., LeVine, R., McEwan, P., McKernan, K., … International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium (2001). Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature, 409(6822), 860–921. https://doi.org/10.1038/35057062
  • Li, W. Z., Stirling, K., Yang, J. J., & Zhang, L. (2020). Gut microbiota and diabetes: From correlation to causality and mechanism. World Journal of Diabetes, 11(7), 293–308.
  • Liu, J., Li, Z., Zhang, J., & Zhang, L. (2017). Inside out: HIV, the gut microbiome, and the mucosal immune system. Journal of Immunology, 198(2), 605–614.
  • Lynch, S. V., & Pedersen, O. (2016). The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375(24), 2369–2379.
  • Martin, F.-P. J., Montoliu, I., & Kussmann, M. (2017). Metabonomics of ageing – Towards understanding metabolism of a long and healthy life. Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 165, 171–179.
  • Ochoa-Repáraz, J., & Kasper, L. H. (2016). The second brain: Is the gut microbiota a link between obesity and central nervous system disorders? Current Obesity Reports, 5(1), 51–64.
  • Özdemir, A., & Büyüktuncer Demirel, Z. (2017). Beslenme ve mikrobiyota ilişkisi. Journal of Biotechnology and Strategic Health Research, 1(Special issue), 25–33.
  • Pelzer, E., Gomez-Arango, L. F., Barrett, H. L., & Callaway, L. K. (2017). Maternal health and the placental microbiome. Placenta, 54, 30–37.
  • Qin, J., Li, Y., Cai, Z., Li, S., Zhu, J., Zhang, F., … Wang, J. (2012). A metagenome-wide association study of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes. Nature, 490(7418), 55–60.
  • Sanna, S., van Zuydam, N. R., Mahajan, A., Kurilshikov, A., Vila, A. V., Võsa, U., … McCarthy, M. I. (2019). Causal relationships between the gut microbiome, short-chain fatty acids and metabolic diseases. Nature Genetics, 51(4), 600–605.
  • Satman, I., Omer, B., Tutuncu, Y., Kalaca, S., Gedik, S., Dinccag, N., … Tufan, A. E. (2013). Twelve-year trends in the prevalence and risk factors of diabetes and prediabetes in Turkish adults. European Journal of Epidemiology, 28(2), 169–180.
  • Schloissnig, S., Arumugam, M., Sunagawa, S., Mitreva, M., Tap, J., Zhu, A., … Bork, P. (2013). Genomic variation landscape of the human gut microbiome. Nature, 493(7430), 45–50.
  • Shih, C. T., Yeh, Y. T., Lin, C. C., & Yang, L. Y. (2020). Akkermansia muciniphila is negatively correlated with hemoglobin A1c in refractory diabetes. Microorganisms, 8(9), 1360. https://doi.org/10.3390/ microorganisms8091360
  • Shreiner, A. B., Kao, J. Y., & Young, V. B. (2015). The gut microbiome in health and in disease. Current Opinion in Gastroenterology, 31(1), 69–75.
  • Sommer, F., & Bäckhed, F. (2016). Know your neighbor: Microbiota and host epithelial cells interact locally to control intestinal function and physiology. BioEssays, 38(5), 455–464.
  • Tao, Y., Ni, J., Sun, X., Zhu, H., Cui, S., & Li, R. (2019). The gut microbiota and its role in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. Journal of Diabetes Research, 2019, Article 5918712.
  • Tilg, H., & Moschen, A. R. (2015). Food, immunity, and the microbiome. Gastroenterology, 148(6), 1107–1119.
  • Türkiye Endokrinoloji ve Metabolizma Derneği (TEMD). (2020). Diabetes Mellitus ve Komplikasyonlarının Tanı, Tedavi ve İzlem Kılavuzu-2020.
  • Unno, T., Choi, J.-H., Hur, H.-G., Sadowsky, M. J., Ahn, Y.-T., Huh, C.-S., & Kim, C. W. (2015). Changes in human gut microbiota influenced by probiotic fermented milk ingestion. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(6), 3568–3576.
  • Veiga, P., Pons, N., Agrawal, A., Oozeer, R., Guyonnet, D., Brazeilles, R., & Furet, J. P. (2014). Changes of the human gut microbiome induced by a fermented milk product. Scientific Reports, 4, Article 6330.
  • Wang, T. Y., Zhang, X. Q., Chen, A. L., Zhang, J., Lv, B. H., Ma, M. H., … Liu, C. (2020). A comparative study of microbial community and functions of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with obesity and healthy people. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 104(16), 7143–7153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10689-7
  • Wasielewski, H., Alcock, J., & Aktipis, A. (2016). Resource conflict and cooperation between human host and gut microbiota: Implications for nutrition and health. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1372(1), 20–28.
  • Wu, H., Tremaroli, V., Schmidt, C., Lundqvist, A., Olsson, L. M., Krämer, M., … Bäckhed, F. (2020). Gut microbiota in prediabetes and diabetes: A population-based cross-sectional study. Cell Metabolism, 32(3), 379–390.e3.
  • Yao, J., & Rock, C. O. (2015). How bacterial pathogens eat host lipids: Implications for the development of fatty acid synthesis therapeutics. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 290(10), 5940–5946.
  • Zhang, L., Chu, J., Hao, W., Zhang, J., Li, H., Yang, C., … Wang, H. (2021). Gut microbiota and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Association, mechanism, and translational applications. Mediators of Inflammation, 2021, Article 5110276.
  • Zhang, Y., Lu, S., Yang, Y., Wang, Z., Wang, B., Zhang, B., … Zhao, X. (2021). The diversity of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes with or without cognitive impairment. Aging Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(3), 589–601. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-020-01553-
  • Zhong, H., Ren, H., Lu, Y., Fang, C., Hou, G., Yang, Z., … Xu, J. (2019). Distinct gut metagenomics and metaproteomics signatures in prediabetics and treatment-naïve type 2 diabetics. EBioMedicine, 47, 373– 383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.08.048
  • Zhou, Z., Sun, B., Yu, D., & Zhu, C. (2022). Gut microbiota: An important player in type 2 diabetesmellitus. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 12, Article 834485. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2022.834485
Toplam 43 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beslenme Epidemiyolojisi
Bölüm Derlemeler
Yazarlar

Kübra Öğüt 0009-0006-1005-4071

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 6 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Öğüt, K. (2025). Mikrobiyota ve Diyabet : Güncel Bulgular ve Mekanistik Yaklaşımlar. Turkish Medical Journal, 10(3), 115-123. https://doi.org/10.70852/tmj.1741901

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