BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Farheen Malik; Jawad Ahmed; Sundus Nasim; Aiman Ali; Ahmad Rehan Khan

BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Öz

Body dysmorphic disorder is psychiatric morbidity that comes under the spectrum of obsessive-compulsive disorders. Individuals suffering from body dys- morphic disorder are incredibly concerned about their minor or so-called defects to such an extent that their lives may be affected drastically. As a result of continuously thinking about the asserted defect, the individuals end up suffering from major depression, anxiety, and self-harm. Diagnosis of body dysmorphic disorder is based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition criteria. The management of body dysmorphic disorder consists of psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions. Body dysmorphic disorder is a hidden disorder and is often under-reported. It has been linked to muscle dysmorphia, substance abuse, and major depressive disorder. The lack of studies in different countries and populations has made this a topic that requires sub- stantial input from researchers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

1. Sarwer DB, Spitzer JC. Body image dysmorphic disorder in persons who undergo aesthetic medical treatments. Aesthet Surg J 2012;32(8):999-1009.
2. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: 2013.
3. American Psychiatric Association. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. In: Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th ed. Arlington, VA: 2013.
4. Philips KA. Diagnosing BDD. Int OCD Found, 2020. (cited June 12, 2020) Avail- able from: URL: https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/diagnosis/.
5. Enander J, Ivanov VZ, Mataix-Cols D et al. Prevalence and heritability of body dysmorphic symptoms in adolescents and young adults: a population-based na- tionwide twin study. Psychol Med 2018;48(16):2740-7.
6. Taqui AM, Shaikh M, Gowani SA et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: gender differ- ences and prevalence in a Pakistani medical student population. BMC Psychiatry 2008;8(1).
7. Suhail M, Salman S, Salman F. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in medi- cal versus nonmedical students: a questionnaire based pilot study. Journal of Pa- kistan Association of Dermatology 2015;25(3):162-8.
8. Perkins A. Body dysmorphic disorder: the drive for perfection. Nursing 2019;49(3):28–33.

9. Phillips KA. The broken mirror: Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder: Oxford University Press. USA; 2005.
10. Phillips KA, Nierenberg AA, Brendel G et al. Prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in atypical major depression. J Nerv Ment Dis 1996;184(2):125-9.
11. Zimmerman M, Mattia JI. Body dysmorphic disorder in psychiatric outpatients: recognition, prevalence, comorbidity, demographic, and clinical correlates. Com- pr Psychiatry 1998;39(5):265-70.
12. Hong K, Nezgovorova V, Hollander E. New perspectives in the treatment of body dysmorphic disorder. F1000Res 2018;23(7):361.
13. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance. Rockville (MD): Sub- stance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (US); 2016.
14. International OCD Foundation. Assessment tools for BDD. (cited June 12, 2020) Available from: URL: https://bdd.iocdf.org/professionals/assessment-tools-for- bdd/.
15. Thomas F. Cash. Body Image Assessments: BIDQ. (cited June 12, 2020) Available from: URL: http://www.body-images.com/assessments/bidq.html.
16. Phillips KA. Body dysmorphic disorder: Advances in research and clinical prac- tice: Oxford University Press; 2017.
17. Veale D, Gledhill LJ, Christodoulou P et al. Body dysmorphic disorder in differ- ent settings: A systematic review and estimated weighted prevalence. Body Image 2016;18:168-86.
18. Cansever A, Uzun Ö, Dönmez E et al. The prevalence and clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in college students: a study in a Turkish sample. Compr Psy- chiatry 2003;44(1):60-4.
19. Koran LM, Abujaoude E, Large MD et al. The prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in the United States adult population. CNS Spectr 2008;13(4):316-22.
20. Liao Y, Knoesen NP, Deng Y et al. Body dysmorphic disorder, social anxiety and depressive symptoms in Chinese medical students. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epi- demiol 2010;45(10):963-71.
21. Conrado LA, Hounie AG, Diniz JB et al. Body dysmorphic disorder among dermatologic patients: Prevalence and clinical features. J Am Acad Dermatol 2010;63(2):235-43.
22. Barahmand U, Shahbazi Z. Prevalence of and associations between body dys- morphic concerns, obsessive beliefs and social anxiety. Asia Pac Psychiatry 2015;7(1):54-63.
23. Fathololoomi MR, Tabrizi AG, Bafghi AF et al. Body dysmorphic disorder in aes- thetic rhinoplasty candidates. Pak J Med Sci 2013;29(1):197-200.
24. Brohede S, Wingren G, Wijma B et al. Prevalence of body dysmorphic dis- order among Swedish women: a population-based study. Compr Psychiatry 2015;58:108-15.
25. Schneider SC, Turner CM, Mond J et al. Prevalence and correlates of body dys- morphic disorder in a community sample of adolescents. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 2017;51(6):595-603.
26. Ahamed SS, Enani J, Alfaraidi L et al. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder and its association with body features in female medical students. Iran J Psychia- try Behav Sci 2016;10(2).
27. Buhlmann U, Glaesmer H, Mewes R et al. Updates on the prevalence of body dys- morphic disorder: a population-based survey. Psychiatry Res 2010;178(1):171-5.
28. Jangda AA, Uddin MF, Jangda MA et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: a serious concern for our young generation. Asian J Psychiatr 2017;28:3.
29. Phillips KA, Didie ER, Menard W et al. Clinical features of body dysmorphic disorder in adolescents and adults. Psychiatry Res 2006;141(3):305-14.
30. Didie ER, Tortolani C, Walters M et al. Social functioning in body dysmorphic disorder: assessment considerations. Psychiatr Q 2006;77(3):223-9.
31. Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C et al. Psychosocial functioning and quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2005;46(4):254-60.
32. Dingemans AE, van Rood YR, de Groot I et al. Body dysmorphic disorder in patients with an eating disorder: Prevalence and characteristics. Int J Eat Disorder 2012;45(4):562-9.
33. Nieuwoudt JE, Zhou S, Coutts RA et al. Muscle dysmorphia: Current research and potential classification as a disorder. Psychol Sport and Exerc 2012;13(5):569-77.
34. Gilmartin J. Body image concerns amongst massive weight loss patients. J Clin Nurs 2013;22(9-10):1299‐309.
35. Didie ER, Tortolani CC, Pope CG et al. Childhood abuse and neglect in body dysmorphic disorder. Child Abuse Negl 2006;30(10):1105-15.
36. Grant JE, Menard W, Pagano ME et al. Substance use disorders in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66(3):309-16.
37. Weingarden H, Renshaw KD, Wilhelm S et al. Anxiety and shame as risk factors for depression, suicidality, and functional impairment in body dysmorphic dis- order and obsessive compulsive disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 2016;204(11):832-9.
38. Phillips KA, Didie ER, Menard W. Clinical features and correlates of major de- pressive disorder in individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. J Affect Disord 2007;97(1-3):129–35.
39. Fang A, Hofmann SG. Relationship between social anxiety disorder and body dysmorphic disorder. Clin Psychol Rev 2010;30(8):1040-8.
40. Angelakis I, Gooding PA, Panagioti M. Suicidality in body dysmorphic disorder (BDD): A systematic review with meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 2016;49:55-66.
41. Phillips KA, Coles ME, Menard W et al. Suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in body dysmorphic disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2005;66(6):717‐25.
42. Beilharz F, Castle DJ, Phillipou A et al. Visual training program for body dysmor- phic disorder: protocol for a novel intervention pilot and feasibility trial. Pilot Feasibility Stud 2018;4:189.
43. Singh AR, Veale D. Understanding and treating body dysmorphic disorder. Indi- an J Psychiatry 2019;61(7):131‐5.
44. Harrison A, Fernández de la Cruz L, Enander J et al. Cognitive-behavioral thera- py for body dysmorphic disorder: A systematic review and meta-analysis of ran- domized controlled trials. Clin Psychol Rev 2016;48:43‐51.
45. Phillipou A, Rossell SL, Wilding HE et al. Randomised controlled trials of psycho- logical & pharmacological treatments for body dysmorphic disorder: A systemat- ic review. Psychiatry Res 2016;245:179‐85.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Klinik Tıp Bilimleri

Bölüm

Derleme

Yazarlar

Farheen Malik Bu kişi benim
0000-0002-2221-1197
Pakistan

Jawad Ahmed ^* Bu kişi benim
0000-0001-5651-1916
Pakistan

Sundus Nasim Bu kişi benim
0000-0002-5405-2661
Pakistan

Aiman Ali Bu kişi benim
0000-0001-9270-2955
Pakistan

Ahmad Rehan Khan Bu kişi benim
0000-0003-2199-1985
United States

Yayımlanma Tarihi

28 Şubat 2021

Gönderilme Tarihi

17 Kasım 2020

Kabul Tarihi

5 Aralık 2020

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2021 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA95WA73KW

Kaynak Göster

RIS / Bibtex

APA

Malik, F., Ahmed, J., Nasim, S., Ali, A., & Khan, A. R. (2021). BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. Turkish Medical Student Journal, 8(1), 2-7. https://izlik.org/JA95WA73KW

AMA

1.Malik F, Ahmed J, Nasim S, Ali A, Khan AR. BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. TMSJ. 2021;8(1):2-7. https://izlik.org/JA95WA73KW

Chicago

Malik, Farheen, Jawad Ahmed, Sundus Nasim, Aiman Ali, ve Ahmad Rehan Khan. 2021. “BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW”. Turkish Medical Student Journal 8 (1): 2-7. https://izlik.org/JA95WA73KW.

EndNote

Malik F, Ahmed J, Nasim S, Ali A, Khan AR (01 Şubat 2021) BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. Turkish Medical Student Journal 8 1 2–7.

IEEE

[1]F. Malik, J. Ahmed, S. Nasim, A. Ali, ve A. R. Khan, “BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW”, TMSJ, c. 8, sy 1, ss. 2–7, Şub. 2021, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA95WA73KW

ISNAD

Malik, Farheen - Ahmed, Jawad - Nasim, Sundus - Ali, Aiman - Khan, Ahmad Rehan. “BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW”. Turkish Medical Student Journal 8/1 (01 Şubat 2021): 2-7. https://izlik.org/JA95WA73KW.

JAMA

1.Malik F, Ahmed J, Nasim S, Ali A, Khan AR. BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. TMSJ. 2021;8:2–7.

MLA

Malik, Farheen, vd. “BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW”. Turkish Medical Student Journal, c. 8, sy 1, Şubat 2021, ss. 2-7, https://izlik.org/JA95WA73KW.

Vancouver

1.Farheen Malik, Jawad Ahmed, Sundus Nasim, Aiman Ali, Ahmad Rehan Khan. BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW. TMSJ [Internet]. 01 Şubat 2021;8(1):2-7. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA95WA73KW