Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Gendering Migration Across Euro-Mediterranean Borders: Syrian refugee women on the way to the Europe

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 75 - 101, 29.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.351439

Öz

The following
paper explores a “hidden” aspect of the Syrian refugee movement across the Euro-Mediterranean
that still has not grasped the attention of the researchers: the Syrian women
passages across the Central Mediterranean border. Since half a decade, the
Syrian women have been experiencing and coping various challenges across the
land and sea borders on the Euro-Mediterranean route. Founded on gender-based
“practice approach”, the following paper focuses on the ways Syrian women
experience the Euro-Mediterranean border passages and how the regional and
especially EU-led border security industry affect their lives in the Middle
East and Europe. Based on empirical data retrieved through selected interviews,
life-story reports and institutional and practice analyses of the situation of
Syrian women in Lebanon, and Jordan the paper answers the following questions:



-Why and how the
Syrian women leave Lebanon and Jordan? What physical, institutional and
political borders and border performances they encounter during their journey from
North Africa towards the Europe? How the EU border security operations affect
their passages and lives?

Kaynakça

  • “More Than 200 Migrants Feared Drowned in Mediterranean”, BBC News, 23 March 2017.
  • “Yüzlerce Göçmen Taşıyan Gemi Alabora Oldu”, BBC News, 6 Ağustos 2015.
  • Ayoub, Maysa. “Gender, social class and exile: The case of Syrian Women in Cairo”, A Gendered…, p.86-96.
  • Brian, Tara. Frank Laczko, “Introduction: Migrant Deaths around the world in 2015”, Fatal Journeys, Identification and tracing of dead and missing migrants, Vol. 2, IOM, 2016.
  • Dalal, Ayham. “Syrian Refugees in Jordan: Potentials, Challenges and the Right to the City”, International Community and Refugees: Responsibilities, Possibilities and Human Rights Violations, Turkey: Amnesty International, 2016, p.41-47.
  • European Commission, Study on the Gender Dimension of the Trafficking in Human Beings, Publications Office of the European Union, Lüksemburg, 2016, p.4.
  • European Union-Turkey Agreement Between the European Union and the Republic of Turkey on the Readmission of Persons Residing Without Authorisation, Pub.L.No.L134/3, 2014
  • Fargues, Philipe. Sara Bonfanti, When the best option is a leaky boat: why migrants risk their lives crossing the Mediterranean and what Europe is doing about it, Migration Policy Centre, European University Institute, Florence, October 2014.
  • Ferrer-Gallardo, Xavier. Henk van Houtum, The Deadly EU Border Control, 2012
  • Fiddan-Qasmiyeh, Elena. “What 2017 could bring for milllions of displaced Syrians”, PRI, 4 January 2017.
  • Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena. “Palestinian and Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: Sharing Space, Electricity and the Sky”, Refugee History, 22 December 2016, www.refugeehistory.org
  • Freedman, Jane. “Engendering Security at the Borders of Europe: Women Migrants and the Mediterranean ‘Crisis’”. Journal of Refugee Studies. Number 29/4. 1 December 2016.
  • Frontex Annual Risk Analysis, 2014
  • Frontex Annual Risk Analysis, 2016
  • Frontex Annual Risk Analysis, 2015
  • Frontex, Archive of Operations - JO EPN Poseidon Sea (As of 28.12.2015 - Poseidon Rapid Intervention), 8 August 2016.
  • Frontex, Frontex and NATO to Cooperate in the Aegean Sea, 6 Mart 2016, http://fron-tex.europa.eu/news/
  • Frontex, Frontex Launches Joint Operation Triton, 31 October 2014.
  • Gidda, Mirren. “As rotes to Europe close, refugees are starting to consider one of the oldest and deadliest crossings”, Newsweek, 4 December 2016
  • HRW, I have no idea why they sent us back: Jordanian deporttions and expulsions of Syrian refugees, October 2017.
  • Hyndman, J. “Refugee Camps as Conflict Zones: The Politics of Gender”, W.Giles, J. Hydman ed., Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones, BerkeleyUniversity of California Press, 2004, p.193-212.
  • International Federation for Human Rights, Violence against women in Syria: Breaking the Silence, Briefing Paper, Jordan, 2012
  • IOM, Human Traficking through the Central Mediterranean: Data, Stories and Information Collected by the IOM, Italy, October 2017.
  • IOM, Missing Migrants Project, 2016. Kesgin, H. A.Öztürk, “The bitter truth behind Syrian War: Desperate Widows”, Anadolu Agency News, 10 February 2014
  • Kılıç, Ramazan. Özer Özçelik, “Küresel Bir Sorun: Kayıtdısı Ekonomi”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı 16, Aralık 2006, p. 337-358.
  • Last, Tamara, Thomas Spijkerboer, Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean, Working Paper, SSRN, 2014.
  • Newman, David. “Boundaries, Borders and Barriers: Changing Geographic Perspectives on Territorial Lines”, (Ed.) M. Albert at all, Identities, Borders and Orders, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2001
  • Orhan, Oytun. The Situation of Syrian Refugees in the Neighbouring Countries: Fingings, Conclussions and Recommendations, ORSAM Report No: 189, Ankara, April 2014
  • Özgür Baklacıoğlu, Nurcan. Uluslararası Sınırların Gölgesinde Mülteci Kadınlar, İstanbul, Der Yayınları, 2017.
  • Paasi, Anssi. “The Changing Discourses on Political Boundaries: Mapping the Backgrounds, Contexts and Contents”, Henk Van Houtum, Olivier Kramsch, Zierhofer Wolfgang (Ed.), B/Ordering Space, Ashgate, London, 2005, p.17-31
  • Pickering, Sharon. “Deadly Borders: Women and Children Seeking Asylum”, The Conversation, 3 April 2013.
  • Pickering, Sharon. B. Cochrane, “Irregular Border Crossing Deaths and Gender: Where, How, and Why Women Die Crossing Borders”, Theoretical Criminology, No: 17/1, 2013, p.27-48
  • Pickering, Sharon. Rebecca Powell, “Death at the Sea: Migration and the Gendered Dimentions of Border Insecurity”, A Gendered Approach to the Syrian Refugee Crisis, Jane Freedman, Zeynep Kivilcim, Nurcan Özgür Baklacıoğlu eds., London: Routledge, 2017, p. 105-112
  • Pickering, Sharon. Women, Borders, and Violence: Current Issues in Asylum, Forced Migration. Springer. New York. 2011.
  • Ramsay, Kathryn. “The Situation of Refugee Women in Lebanon”, International Community and Refugees: Responsibilities, Opportunities, Human Rights Violations, Amnesty International (ed.),Istanbul, 2016, p.33-41
  • Roth, Kenneth. How the EU can manage the migrant flow, HRW, 8 November 2017
  • Stubbs, Georgina. “Refugee crisis: 600 children have died crossing Mediterranean in 2016”, The Independent, 2 October 2016.
  • The Global Initiative against Transnational Organised Crime, Integrated Responses to Human Smuggling from the Horn of Africa to Europe, May 2017.
  • Tınas, Murat. “Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: Economic, Political, and Sectarian Challenges in the absence of Governmental Strategy”, ORSAM Review of Regional Affairs, No.62, May 2017
  • True, Jacqui. “The Political Economy of Violence Against Woman: A Feminist International Relations Perspective”. Australian Feminist Law Journal. Number 32/1, 2010.
  • UNHCR, Demography of Mediterranean sea arrivals from January 2017, Source: http://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean
  • UNHCR, Refugees/Migrants Emergency Response- Mediterranean, 2016.
  • UNHCR, UNFPA, WRC, Initial Assesment Report: Protection Risks for Women and Girls in the European Refugee and Migrant Crisis- Greece and Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 2016, Available at: www.unhcr.org
  • van Houtum, H., Boedeltje, F. “Europe’s shame: Death at the borders of the EU”, Antipode, No: 41 (2), 2009, p.226-230.
  • Van Houtum, Henk. “The Geopolitics of Borders and Boundaries“, Geopolitics, No/ 4/10, November 2005, p. 672-679.
  • Van Schendel, Willem. Itty Abraham, “Introduction: the Making of Illicitness”, Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders and the Other Side of Globalisation, Willem Van Schendel, Itty Abraham (Ed.), Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, 2005, p.1-40.

Gendering Migration Across Euro-Mediterranean Borders: Syrian refugee women on the way to the Europe

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2, 75 - 101, 29.12.2017
https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.351439

Öz

Araştırma, Suriye mülteci hareketinin Avrupa-Akdeniz hattında yaşanan ve henüz araştırmacılar arasında çalışılmamış bir boyutunu ele almaktadır: Suriyeli kadınların Avrupa-Akdeniz sınır geçişleri esnasında karşı karşıya kaldıkları pratikler ve sorunlar. Savaşın başlamasından bu yana Suriyeli kadınlar Avrupa-Akdeniz hattında kara ve deniz sınırlarında dolaşmakta ve geçiş yapmakta ve çok farklı uygulama ve sorunlarla karşı karşıya kalmakta ve mücadele etmektedir. Toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifiyle uygulamanın analizine odaklanan bir yaklaşımla ele alınan çalışma, Lübnan, Ürdün ve Libya’da AB ülkeleri yönünde göçe yönelen Suriyeli kadınların sınır deneyimlerini araştırmakta ve AB’nin finanse ettiği sınır güvenlik operasyonlarının kadınların yaşamları üzerindeki etkisini saptamaya çalışmaktadır. Suriyeli kadınlarla sınır geçişleri konusunda yapılan seçili mülakatlara, kadınların kendileri tarafından dile getirilen hikâyeler, raporlar ve makalelerden toplanan verilere dayalı çalışma, Lübnan ve Ürdün’de Suriyeli kadınların karşı karşıya kaldıkları sorunları özetledikten sonra şu sorulara cevap aramaktadır: Neden Suriyeli kadınlar Lübnan ve Ürdün’den göç eder? Ne tür ikincil hareketlerde bulunurlar? Avrupa istikametindeki yolculuklarında ne tür fiziksel, kurumsal ve siyasi sınırları aşmak durumunda kalmakta? AB’nin sınır güvenliği operasyonlarıkadınların sınır geçişi öncesi ve sonrası yaşamlarını nasıl etkilemektedir?

Kaynakça

  • “More Than 200 Migrants Feared Drowned in Mediterranean”, BBC News, 23 March 2017.
  • “Yüzlerce Göçmen Taşıyan Gemi Alabora Oldu”, BBC News, 6 Ağustos 2015.
  • Ayoub, Maysa. “Gender, social class and exile: The case of Syrian Women in Cairo”, A Gendered…, p.86-96.
  • Brian, Tara. Frank Laczko, “Introduction: Migrant Deaths around the world in 2015”, Fatal Journeys, Identification and tracing of dead and missing migrants, Vol. 2, IOM, 2016.
  • Dalal, Ayham. “Syrian Refugees in Jordan: Potentials, Challenges and the Right to the City”, International Community and Refugees: Responsibilities, Possibilities and Human Rights Violations, Turkey: Amnesty International, 2016, p.41-47.
  • European Commission, Study on the Gender Dimension of the Trafficking in Human Beings, Publications Office of the European Union, Lüksemburg, 2016, p.4.
  • European Union-Turkey Agreement Between the European Union and the Republic of Turkey on the Readmission of Persons Residing Without Authorisation, Pub.L.No.L134/3, 2014
  • Fargues, Philipe. Sara Bonfanti, When the best option is a leaky boat: why migrants risk their lives crossing the Mediterranean and what Europe is doing about it, Migration Policy Centre, European University Institute, Florence, October 2014.
  • Ferrer-Gallardo, Xavier. Henk van Houtum, The Deadly EU Border Control, 2012
  • Fiddan-Qasmiyeh, Elena. “What 2017 could bring for milllions of displaced Syrians”, PRI, 4 January 2017.
  • Fiddian-Qasmiyeh, Elena. “Palestinian and Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: Sharing Space, Electricity and the Sky”, Refugee History, 22 December 2016, www.refugeehistory.org
  • Freedman, Jane. “Engendering Security at the Borders of Europe: Women Migrants and the Mediterranean ‘Crisis’”. Journal of Refugee Studies. Number 29/4. 1 December 2016.
  • Frontex Annual Risk Analysis, 2014
  • Frontex Annual Risk Analysis, 2016
  • Frontex Annual Risk Analysis, 2015
  • Frontex, Archive of Operations - JO EPN Poseidon Sea (As of 28.12.2015 - Poseidon Rapid Intervention), 8 August 2016.
  • Frontex, Frontex and NATO to Cooperate in the Aegean Sea, 6 Mart 2016, http://fron-tex.europa.eu/news/
  • Frontex, Frontex Launches Joint Operation Triton, 31 October 2014.
  • Gidda, Mirren. “As rotes to Europe close, refugees are starting to consider one of the oldest and deadliest crossings”, Newsweek, 4 December 2016
  • HRW, I have no idea why they sent us back: Jordanian deporttions and expulsions of Syrian refugees, October 2017.
  • Hyndman, J. “Refugee Camps as Conflict Zones: The Politics of Gender”, W.Giles, J. Hydman ed., Sites of Violence: Gender and Conflict Zones, BerkeleyUniversity of California Press, 2004, p.193-212.
  • International Federation for Human Rights, Violence against women in Syria: Breaking the Silence, Briefing Paper, Jordan, 2012
  • IOM, Human Traficking through the Central Mediterranean: Data, Stories and Information Collected by the IOM, Italy, October 2017.
  • IOM, Missing Migrants Project, 2016. Kesgin, H. A.Öztürk, “The bitter truth behind Syrian War: Desperate Widows”, Anadolu Agency News, 10 February 2014
  • Kılıç, Ramazan. Özer Özçelik, “Küresel Bir Sorun: Kayıtdısı Ekonomi”, Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Sayı 16, Aralık 2006, p. 337-358.
  • Last, Tamara, Thomas Spijkerboer, Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean, Working Paper, SSRN, 2014.
  • Newman, David. “Boundaries, Borders and Barriers: Changing Geographic Perspectives on Territorial Lines”, (Ed.) M. Albert at all, Identities, Borders and Orders, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, 2001
  • Orhan, Oytun. The Situation of Syrian Refugees in the Neighbouring Countries: Fingings, Conclussions and Recommendations, ORSAM Report No: 189, Ankara, April 2014
  • Özgür Baklacıoğlu, Nurcan. Uluslararası Sınırların Gölgesinde Mülteci Kadınlar, İstanbul, Der Yayınları, 2017.
  • Paasi, Anssi. “The Changing Discourses on Political Boundaries: Mapping the Backgrounds, Contexts and Contents”, Henk Van Houtum, Olivier Kramsch, Zierhofer Wolfgang (Ed.), B/Ordering Space, Ashgate, London, 2005, p.17-31
  • Pickering, Sharon. “Deadly Borders: Women and Children Seeking Asylum”, The Conversation, 3 April 2013.
  • Pickering, Sharon. B. Cochrane, “Irregular Border Crossing Deaths and Gender: Where, How, and Why Women Die Crossing Borders”, Theoretical Criminology, No: 17/1, 2013, p.27-48
  • Pickering, Sharon. Rebecca Powell, “Death at the Sea: Migration and the Gendered Dimentions of Border Insecurity”, A Gendered Approach to the Syrian Refugee Crisis, Jane Freedman, Zeynep Kivilcim, Nurcan Özgür Baklacıoğlu eds., London: Routledge, 2017, p. 105-112
  • Pickering, Sharon. Women, Borders, and Violence: Current Issues in Asylum, Forced Migration. Springer. New York. 2011.
  • Ramsay, Kathryn. “The Situation of Refugee Women in Lebanon”, International Community and Refugees: Responsibilities, Opportunities, Human Rights Violations, Amnesty International (ed.),Istanbul, 2016, p.33-41
  • Roth, Kenneth. How the EU can manage the migrant flow, HRW, 8 November 2017
  • Stubbs, Georgina. “Refugee crisis: 600 children have died crossing Mediterranean in 2016”, The Independent, 2 October 2016.
  • The Global Initiative against Transnational Organised Crime, Integrated Responses to Human Smuggling from the Horn of Africa to Europe, May 2017.
  • Tınas, Murat. “Syrian Refugees in Lebanon: Economic, Political, and Sectarian Challenges in the absence of Governmental Strategy”, ORSAM Review of Regional Affairs, No.62, May 2017
  • True, Jacqui. “The Political Economy of Violence Against Woman: A Feminist International Relations Perspective”. Australian Feminist Law Journal. Number 32/1, 2010.
  • UNHCR, Demography of Mediterranean sea arrivals from January 2017, Source: http://data2.unhcr.org/en/situations/mediterranean
  • UNHCR, Refugees/Migrants Emergency Response- Mediterranean, 2016.
  • UNHCR, UNFPA, WRC, Initial Assesment Report: Protection Risks for Women and Girls in the European Refugee and Migrant Crisis- Greece and Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, 2016, Available at: www.unhcr.org
  • van Houtum, H., Boedeltje, F. “Europe’s shame: Death at the borders of the EU”, Antipode, No: 41 (2), 2009, p.226-230.
  • Van Houtum, Henk. “The Geopolitics of Borders and Boundaries“, Geopolitics, No/ 4/10, November 2005, p. 672-679.
  • Van Schendel, Willem. Itty Abraham, “Introduction: the Making of Illicitness”, Illicit Flows and Criminal Things: States, Borders and the Other Side of Globalisation, Willem Van Schendel, Itty Abraham (Ed.), Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, 2005, p.1-40.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nurcan O. Baklacıoğlu

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2017
Kabul Tarihi 11 Aralık 2017
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2017 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA O. Baklacıoğlu, N. (2017). Gendering Migration Across Euro-Mediterranean Borders: Syrian refugee women on the way to the Europe. Türkiye Ortadoğu Çalışmaları Dergisi, 4(2), 75-101. https://doi.org/10.26513/tocd.351439

Creative Commons Lisansı

TOÇD'nde yayınlanan makaleler Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.