Digital “Tsunami” in Higher Education:
Democratisation Movement Towards Open And Free Education
Yıl 2013,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 198 - 224, 01.09.2013
Jean D. Comeau
Tung Lai Cheng
Öz
The result of the digital “Tsunami” changes in education in the 21st has been huge. Recall that in the year 2000 there was no such thing as internet broadband, Facebook or iTunes which is now a daily commodity. No doubt changes in technology will continue to accelerate. Education is about learning. Learning happens everywhere and technology creates a platform of almost limitless opportunities for better learning. With the recent digital development of Open Education Resources (OER) and Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs), these emergence towards free and open resources and courses has a tremendous potential to democratise education. There is no denying that it’s one of the biggest discussions being had in education and around the world. Will the digital ‘tsunami’ phenomenon revolutionise the landscape of education? Some believe that this new medium will revolutionise both online and conventional education. This paper attempts to explore the hype issues that surround the notion of democratisation movement that gears towards open and free education. This paper looks into the impact and the types of evidence that are being generated across initiatives, organisations and individuals in order to make a summative analysis and recommendations. Finally, this paper hopes to provide some insight into the dynamics of the evolution of digital ‘tsunami’ in present higher education.
Kaynakça
- Accreditation.org. (2013). Seoul Accord 2008. Retrieved from http://www.accreditation.org/accords.php?page=SeoulAccord
- Adams, J., & DeFleur, M. (2005). The acceptability of a doctoral degree earned online as a credential for obtaining a faculty employment. The American Journal of Distance Education, 19(2), 71- 85.
- Adams, J., & DeFleur, M. (2006). The acceptability of a doctoral degree earned online as a credential for obtaining employment. Communication Education, 55 (1), 32- 45.
- Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalisation of higher education:
- Motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11, 290-305. Retrieved from http://ceps.pef.uni-lj.si/dejavnosti/sp/2011-06-02/Internac.%20HE%20
- %20motivations%20and%20realities%20Altback,%20Knight%2007.pdf
- Altbach, P. (2002). Knowledge and education as international commodities.
- International Higher Education, 28, 2-5. Anderson, T. (2012). New pedagogies and new technologies: threat or opportunity for distance educators. The 26th Annual Conference of Asian Association of Open
- Universities, (AAOU 2012) Plenary Address, Program Book, 45 - 52.
- Anderson, N. (2013). Higher education leaders move to ease online rules. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/higher-education-leaders-move-to- ease-online-rules/2013/04/11/8f7d5362-a2a7-11e2-9c03-6952ff305f35_story.html
- Atkins, D.E., Brown, J.S., & Hammond, A.l. (2007). A review of the Open Educational
- Resources (OER) movement: achievements, challenges and new opportunities, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.hewlett.org/uploads/files/ReviewoftheOERMovement.pdf Balch, T. (2013). MOOC Student Demographics. The Augmented Trader. Retrieved from http://augmentedtrader.wordpress.com/2013/01/27/mooc-student-demographics
- Boxall, M. (2012). MOOCs: a massive opportunity for higher education, or digital hype?
- The Guardian, Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/higher-education- network/blog/2012/aug/08/mooccoursera-higher-education-investment
- Bradshaw, J. (2012). Universities that educate the world, for free. The Blobe and Mail.
- Retrieved from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/time-to- lead/universities-that-educate-the-world-for-free/article4595536
- Bruff, D. (2013). Online Learning Ecosystems: What to Make of MOOC Dropout Rates?
- Agile Learning . Retrieved from http://derekbruff.org/?p=2533
- Bruff, D. (2013). Where Credit Is Due: Whose MOOC Is It? Agile Learning . Retrieved from http://derekbruff.org/?p=2509
- Bund R. (2013). MOOCs globally transforming higher education. Retrieve from http://www.bridgingnations.org/blog/2013/04/moocs-globally-transforming-higher- education
- Carlozo, L. (2012). Why college students stop short of a degree. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/27/us-attn-andrea-education-dropouts- idUSBRE82Q0Y120120327
- Caudill, J. (2012). Open, closed or something else?: The shift of open educational resources o credential learning. DE Quarterly, 12, 8 -11. Retrieved from http:// www.dehub.edu.au/wp.../DEQuarterly-Spring-2012-Edition-No-121.pdf
- Christeen, M. C., Horn, M. B., Caldera, L., Soares, L., (2011). Disrupting College, How
- Disruptive Innovation Can Deliver Quality and Affordability to Postsecondary Education, CA, Innosight Institute CISCO. (2010). Moving From Education Systems to Learning Societies. Retrieved from http://www.cisco.com/web/about/citizenship/socio- economic/docs/LearningSociety_ExecSum.pdf
- Columbaro, L. N. & Monaghan, C. (2009). Employer perceptions of online degrees: a literature review. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 12 (1). Retrieved from http://www.westga.edu/Bdistance/ojdla/spring121/columbaro121.html
- Coursera. (2012). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coursera&oldid=526731436
- Coursera.org (2012). Coursera hits 1 million students across 196 countries. Retrieved from Coursera.org: http://blog.coursera.org/post/29062736760/coursera-hits-1- million-students-across-196-countries
- Craig, D. P. (2012). Death of the Degree? Not so fast. Inside Higher ED. Retrieved from http://www.insidehighered.com/views/2012/11/16/disruption-will-make-degrees- more-valuable-not-less-essay
- Daniel, J. (2012). Making sense of MOOCs: Musings in a Maze of Myth, Paradox and Possibility. Journal of Interactive Media in Education. 1-20. Retrieved on 2012-18
- From http://jime.open.ac.uk Davenport, T. H. (2007). Democratizing Knowledgeat NASA and Elsewhere. Academy
- Sharing Knowledge from http://askmagazine.nasa.gov/issues/27/27i_democratizing.html Duru-Bellat, M. (2005). Democratisation of Education and reduction in inequalities of opportunities : an obvious link? European Conference on Educational Reserch. Dublin.
- EDUCASE (2012). Why campus leaders need to know about MOOCs. Retrieved from http:// net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/PUB4005.pdf
- EHEA. (2013). Quality Assurance in Qualifications Frameworks. Retrieved from http://www.ehea.info/news-details.aspx?ArticleId=301
- English First. (2012). EF English Proficiency Index. Retrieved from http://www.ef.com/epi
- Hill, P. (2013). Insight on MOOC student types from ELI Focus Session. e-Literate .
- Retrieved from http://mfeldstein.com/insight-on-mooc-student-types-from-eli-focus-session Hill, P. (2013). The Most Thorough Summary (to date) of MOOC Completion Rates. e
- Literate. Retrieved from http://mfeldstein.com/the-most-thorough-summary-to-date- of-mooc-completion-rates Infographic (2013). History of distance education. Strighterline. Retrieved from http://www.straighterline.com/online-education-resources/online-education- tools/infographic-history-of-distance-education
- Ji, S., Wang, W. & Yates, N. (2013). Online learning trend to enliven Chinese education.
- Xinhua Insight. Retrieved from http://www.obeekaybee.com/buzz/uncategorized/will-moocs-revolutionize- education-in-china-some-believe-that-this-new-medium-will-revolutionize-both- online-and-offline-education Jenkins, R. (2012). Online classes and college completion. The Chronicle of Higher
- Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/article-content/131133
- Jordan, K. (2013). Synthesising MOOC completion rates. Retrieved from http://moocmoocher.wordpress.com/2013/02/13/synthesising-mooc-completion- rates
- Kanwar, A. (2012). The dynamics of changing societies and the dynamic role of ODL in creating the Future. The 26th Annual Conference of Asian Association of Open
- Universities, (AAOU 2012) Keynote Address, Program Book, 30 - 36.
- KhanAcademy. (2013). Badges, Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/badges
- Kizilcec, F. R., Piech, C., & Schneider, E. (2013). Deconstructing disengagement: analyzing learner subpopulations in massive open online courses. LAK '13 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (pp. 170- 179). New York: ACM.
- Knight, D. J. (2002). Trade in Higher Education Services: The Implications of GATS.
- London: The Observatory of Borderless HIgher Education. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/education/studyingabroad/highlights/global_forum/gats_he /jk_trade_he_gats_implications.pdf Korn, M. (2013). Big MOOC Coursera Moves Closer to Academic Acceptance. The Wall
- Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324906004578288341039095024.htm
- Korn, M. (2013). Online-Education Provider Coursera Signs 29 More Schools. The Wall
- Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323864304578316530544924000.h tml?KEYWORDS=mooc
- Mangan, K. (2012). MOOC Mania It' raising big questions about the future of higher education. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/Massive-Excitement-About/134678
- Park, C. L., Boman, J., Care, W., Edwards, M., and Perry, B. (2009). Persistence and attrition: What is being measured? Journal of College Student Retention: Research,
- Theory and Practice, 10 (2), 223 – 233. DOI: 10.2190/CS.10.2.g
- Paton, G. (2012). University drop-out rate soars by 13 percent. The Telegraph.
- Rossi, R. & Mustaro, P.N. (2012). Perspectives of Quality and Accreditation of MOOC. http://www.aace.org/conf/site/submission//uploads/SITE2013/paper_3053_38201.rtf
- Sethy, S. S. (2008). Distance education in the age of globalization: An overwhelming desire towards blended learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 9 (3), 29-44.
- Siemens, G. (2012). MOOCs are really a platform. eLearnspace. Retrieved from http://www.elearnspace.org/blog/2012/07/25/moocs-are-really-a-platform
- Markoff, J. (2011). Virtual and Artificial, but 58,000 Want Course. New York Times.
- Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/science/16stanford.html?_r=3
- Masterman, L. & Wild, J. (2011). OER Impact Study: Research Report, from http:// www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/programmes/elearning/oer/JISCOERImpactStudyResearchR eportv1-0.pdf
- Matkin, G. W. (2013). Open Educational Resources in the Post MOOC Era. eLearn, (4)1,
- Retrieved from http://elearnmag.acm.org/archive.cfm?aid=2460460
- McAndrew, P. (2012). Learning the lesson of openness. Journal of Interactive Media in Education. 10, pg 1- 13.
- MITx. (2012). MITx: MIT’s new online learning initiative. From http://mitx.mit.edu
- Peters, O. (2010). Distance Education in Transition, 5th edition. Oldenburg: BIS-Verlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universität.
- Regalado, A. (2012). The most important education technology in 200 years. MIT
- Technology Review. Retrieved from http://www.technologyreview.com/news/506351/the-most-important-education- technology-in-200-years
- Robertson, S. L. (2006). Globalisation, GATS and Trading in Education Services’,.
- Bristol, UK: Centre for Globalisation, Education and Societies. Retrieved from http://www.bris.ac.uk/education/people/academicStaff/edslr/publications/04slr Seaman, E. A. (2011). Going the Distance Online Education in the United States, 2011.
- Wellesley, MA: Babson Survery Group and Quahong Research Group. Sean, G., & Garrett, G. (2012). From University Export to Mutinational Universities.
- Sydney Busines School. United States Studies Centre. Shepherd, J. (2013). Undergraduate drop-out rate falls to 7.4%. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2013/mar/22/undergraduate-dropout-rate-falls
- Thadani, T. (2013). Many MOOC professors do not support offering credit, yet see value in courses. Retrieved from http://dailyfreepress.com/2013/03/21/many-mooc- professors-do-not-support-offering-credit
- The Open University. (2012). The OU student profile. UK: The Open University.
- Retrieved from http://www.open.ac.uk Tilak, J. B. (2009). Higher education: a public good or a commodity for trade? Paris:
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. Retrieved from http://www.kritischestudenten.nl/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/higher- education-a-public-good-or-a-commodity1.pdf
- Trocki, D. F. (20-21 September, 2010). Council on Competitiveness. Retrieved from http://www.compete.org/us-brazil/en
- Udacity.com (2013). Online Masters degree in Computer Science. Retrieved from https://www.udacity.com/georgiatech?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email &utm_campaign=may
- Webley, K (2012). MOOC brigade: will massive, open online courses revolutionise higher education? Retrieved from http://nation.time.com/2012/09/04/mooc-brigade- will-massive-open-online-courses-revolutionize-higher-education
- Weredacdemic (2012). Found in translation: MOOC player Coursera partners with
- Amara for Wiki-Translations. Retrieved from http://www.wiredacademic.com/2012/09/found-in-translation-mooc-player- coursera-partners-with-amara-for-wiki-translations
- Wikipedia (2013). List of universities in the United Kingdom by size of student population. Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_size_o f_student_population
- Wilson, D. & Allen, D. (2011). Success rates of online versus traditional college students. Research in Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/11761.pdf
Yıl 2013,
Cilt: 14 Sayı: 3, 198 - 224, 01.09.2013
Jean D. Comeau
Tung Lai Cheng
Kaynakça
- Accreditation.org. (2013). Seoul Accord 2008. Retrieved from http://www.accreditation.org/accords.php?page=SeoulAccord
- Adams, J., & DeFleur, M. (2005). The acceptability of a doctoral degree earned online as a credential for obtaining a faculty employment. The American Journal of Distance Education, 19(2), 71- 85.
- Adams, J., & DeFleur, M. (2006). The acceptability of a doctoral degree earned online as a credential for obtaining employment. Communication Education, 55 (1), 32- 45.
- Altbach, P. G., & Knight, J. (2007). The internationalisation of higher education:
- Motivations and realities. Journal of Studies in International Education, 11, 290-305. Retrieved from http://ceps.pef.uni-lj.si/dejavnosti/sp/2011-06-02/Internac.%20HE%20
- %20motivations%20and%20realities%20Altback,%20Knight%2007.pdf
- Altbach, P. (2002). Knowledge and education as international commodities.
- International Higher Education, 28, 2-5. Anderson, T. (2012). New pedagogies and new technologies: threat or opportunity for distance educators. The 26th Annual Conference of Asian Association of Open
- Universities, (AAOU 2012) Plenary Address, Program Book, 45 - 52.
- Anderson, N. (2013). Higher education leaders move to ease online rules. The Washington Post. Retrieved from http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/higher-education-leaders-move-to- ease-online-rules/2013/04/11/8f7d5362-a2a7-11e2-9c03-6952ff305f35_story.html
- Atkins, D.E., Brown, J.S., & Hammond, A.l. (2007). A review of the Open Educational
- Resources (OER) movement: achievements, challenges and new opportunities, The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation. Retrieved from http://www.hewlett.org/uploads/files/ReviewoftheOERMovement.pdf Balch, T. (2013). MOOC Student Demographics. The Augmented Trader. Retrieved from http://augmentedtrader.wordpress.com/2013/01/27/mooc-student-demographics
- Boxall, M. (2012). MOOCs: a massive opportunity for higher education, or digital hype?
- The Guardian, Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/higher-education- network/blog/2012/aug/08/mooccoursera-higher-education-investment
- Bradshaw, J. (2012). Universities that educate the world, for free. The Blobe and Mail.
- Retrieved from http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/time-to- lead/universities-that-educate-the-world-for-free/article4595536
- Bruff, D. (2013). Online Learning Ecosystems: What to Make of MOOC Dropout Rates?
- Agile Learning . Retrieved from http://derekbruff.org/?p=2533
- Bruff, D. (2013). Where Credit Is Due: Whose MOOC Is It? Agile Learning . Retrieved from http://derekbruff.org/?p=2509
- Bund R. (2013). MOOCs globally transforming higher education. Retrieve from http://www.bridgingnations.org/blog/2013/04/moocs-globally-transforming-higher- education
- Carlozo, L. (2012). Why college students stop short of a degree. Retrieved from http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/03/27/us-attn-andrea-education-dropouts- idUSBRE82Q0Y120120327
- Caudill, J. (2012). Open, closed or something else?: The shift of open educational resources o credential learning. DE Quarterly, 12, 8 -11. Retrieved from http:// www.dehub.edu.au/wp.../DEQuarterly-Spring-2012-Edition-No-121.pdf
- Christeen, M. C., Horn, M. B., Caldera, L., Soares, L., (2011). Disrupting College, How
- Disruptive Innovation Can Deliver Quality and Affordability to Postsecondary Education, CA, Innosight Institute CISCO. (2010). Moving From Education Systems to Learning Societies. Retrieved from http://www.cisco.com/web/about/citizenship/socio- economic/docs/LearningSociety_ExecSum.pdf
- Columbaro, L. N. & Monaghan, C. (2009). Employer perceptions of online degrees: a literature review. Online Journal of Distance Learning Administration, 12 (1). Retrieved from http://www.westga.edu/Bdistance/ojdla/spring121/columbaro121.html
- Coursera. (2012). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coursera&oldid=526731436
- Coursera.org (2012). Coursera hits 1 million students across 196 countries. Retrieved from Coursera.org: http://blog.coursera.org/post/29062736760/coursera-hits-1- million-students-across-196-countries
- Craig, D. P. (2012). Death of the Degree? Not so fast. Inside Higher ED. Retrieved from http://www.insidehighered.com/views/2012/11/16/disruption-will-make-degrees- more-valuable-not-less-essay
- Daniel, J. (2012). Making sense of MOOCs: Musings in a Maze of Myth, Paradox and Possibility. Journal of Interactive Media in Education. 1-20. Retrieved on 2012-18
- From http://jime.open.ac.uk Davenport, T. H. (2007). Democratizing Knowledgeat NASA and Elsewhere. Academy
- Sharing Knowledge from http://askmagazine.nasa.gov/issues/27/27i_democratizing.html Duru-Bellat, M. (2005). Democratisation of Education and reduction in inequalities of opportunities : an obvious link? European Conference on Educational Reserch. Dublin.
- EDUCASE (2012). Why campus leaders need to know about MOOCs. Retrieved from http:// net.educause.edu/ir/library/pdf/PUB4005.pdf
- EHEA. (2013). Quality Assurance in Qualifications Frameworks. Retrieved from http://www.ehea.info/news-details.aspx?ArticleId=301
- English First. (2012). EF English Proficiency Index. Retrieved from http://www.ef.com/epi
- Hill, P. (2013). Insight on MOOC student types from ELI Focus Session. e-Literate .
- Retrieved from http://mfeldstein.com/insight-on-mooc-student-types-from-eli-focus-session Hill, P. (2013). The Most Thorough Summary (to date) of MOOC Completion Rates. e
- Literate. Retrieved from http://mfeldstein.com/the-most-thorough-summary-to-date- of-mooc-completion-rates Infographic (2013). History of distance education. Strighterline. Retrieved from http://www.straighterline.com/online-education-resources/online-education- tools/infographic-history-of-distance-education
- Ji, S., Wang, W. & Yates, N. (2013). Online learning trend to enliven Chinese education.
- Xinhua Insight. Retrieved from http://www.obeekaybee.com/buzz/uncategorized/will-moocs-revolutionize- education-in-china-some-believe-that-this-new-medium-will-revolutionize-both- online-and-offline-education Jenkins, R. (2012). Online classes and college completion. The Chronicle of Higher
- Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/article-content/131133
- Jordan, K. (2013). Synthesising MOOC completion rates. Retrieved from http://moocmoocher.wordpress.com/2013/02/13/synthesising-mooc-completion- rates
- Kanwar, A. (2012). The dynamics of changing societies and the dynamic role of ODL in creating the Future. The 26th Annual Conference of Asian Association of Open
- Universities, (AAOU 2012) Keynote Address, Program Book, 30 - 36.
- KhanAcademy. (2013). Badges, Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/badges
- Kizilcec, F. R., Piech, C., & Schneider, E. (2013). Deconstructing disengagement: analyzing learner subpopulations in massive open online courses. LAK '13 Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (pp. 170- 179). New York: ACM.
- Knight, D. J. (2002). Trade in Higher Education Services: The Implications of GATS.
- London: The Observatory of Borderless HIgher Education. Retrieved from http://www.unesco.org/education/studyingabroad/highlights/global_forum/gats_he /jk_trade_he_gats_implications.pdf Korn, M. (2013). Big MOOC Coursera Moves Closer to Academic Acceptance. The Wall
- Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887324906004578288341039095024.htm
- Korn, M. (2013). Online-Education Provider Coursera Signs 29 More Schools. The Wall
- Street Journal. Retrieved from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424127887323864304578316530544924000.h tml?KEYWORDS=mooc
- Mangan, K. (2012). MOOC Mania It' raising big questions about the future of higher education. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/article/Massive-Excitement-About/134678
- Park, C. L., Boman, J., Care, W., Edwards, M., and Perry, B. (2009). Persistence and attrition: What is being measured? Journal of College Student Retention: Research,
- Theory and Practice, 10 (2), 223 – 233. DOI: 10.2190/CS.10.2.g
- Paton, G. (2012). University drop-out rate soars by 13 percent. The Telegraph.
- Rossi, R. & Mustaro, P.N. (2012). Perspectives of Quality and Accreditation of MOOC. http://www.aace.org/conf/site/submission//uploads/SITE2013/paper_3053_38201.rtf
- Sethy, S. S. (2008). Distance education in the age of globalization: An overwhelming desire towards blended learning. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 9 (3), 29-44.
- Siemens, G. (2012). MOOCs are really a platform. eLearnspace. Retrieved from http://www.elearnspace.org/blog/2012/07/25/moocs-are-really-a-platform
- Markoff, J. (2011). Virtual and Artificial, but 58,000 Want Course. New York Times.
- Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/16/science/16stanford.html?_r=3
- Masterman, L. & Wild, J. (2011). OER Impact Study: Research Report, from http:// www.jisc.ac.uk/media/documents/programmes/elearning/oer/JISCOERImpactStudyResearchR eportv1-0.pdf
- Matkin, G. W. (2013). Open Educational Resources in the Post MOOC Era. eLearn, (4)1,
- Retrieved from http://elearnmag.acm.org/archive.cfm?aid=2460460
- McAndrew, P. (2012). Learning the lesson of openness. Journal of Interactive Media in Education. 10, pg 1- 13.
- MITx. (2012). MITx: MIT’s new online learning initiative. From http://mitx.mit.edu
- Peters, O. (2010). Distance Education in Transition, 5th edition. Oldenburg: BIS-Verlag der Carl von Ossietzky Universität.
- Regalado, A. (2012). The most important education technology in 200 years. MIT
- Technology Review. Retrieved from http://www.technologyreview.com/news/506351/the-most-important-education- technology-in-200-years
- Robertson, S. L. (2006). Globalisation, GATS and Trading in Education Services’,.
- Bristol, UK: Centre for Globalisation, Education and Societies. Retrieved from http://www.bris.ac.uk/education/people/academicStaff/edslr/publications/04slr Seaman, E. A. (2011). Going the Distance Online Education in the United States, 2011.
- Wellesley, MA: Babson Survery Group and Quahong Research Group. Sean, G., & Garrett, G. (2012). From University Export to Mutinational Universities.
- Sydney Busines School. United States Studies Centre. Shepherd, J. (2013). Undergraduate drop-out rate falls to 7.4%. Retrieved from http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2013/mar/22/undergraduate-dropout-rate-falls
- Thadani, T. (2013). Many MOOC professors do not support offering credit, yet see value in courses. Retrieved from http://dailyfreepress.com/2013/03/21/many-mooc- professors-do-not-support-offering-credit
- The Open University. (2012). The OU student profile. UK: The Open University.
- Retrieved from http://www.open.ac.uk Tilak, J. B. (2009). Higher education: a public good or a commodity for trade? Paris:
- United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation. Retrieved from http://www.kritischestudenten.nl/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/higher- education-a-public-good-or-a-commodity1.pdf
- Trocki, D. F. (20-21 September, 2010). Council on Competitiveness. Retrieved from http://www.compete.org/us-brazil/en
- Udacity.com (2013). Online Masters degree in Computer Science. Retrieved from https://www.udacity.com/georgiatech?utm_source=newsletter&utm_medium=email &utm_campaign=may
- Webley, K (2012). MOOC brigade: will massive, open online courses revolutionise higher education? Retrieved from http://nation.time.com/2012/09/04/mooc-brigade- will-massive-open-online-courses-revolutionize-higher-education
- Weredacdemic (2012). Found in translation: MOOC player Coursera partners with
- Amara for Wiki-Translations. Retrieved from http://www.wiredacademic.com/2012/09/found-in-translation-mooc-player- coursera-partners-with-amara-for-wiki-translations
- Wikipedia (2013). List of universities in the United Kingdom by size of student population. Wikipedia. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_size_o f_student_population
- Wilson, D. & Allen, D. (2011). Success rates of online versus traditional college students. Research in Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.aabri.com/manuscripts/11761.pdf