The purpose of this study is to develop a framework for the accreditation of higher open and distance learning (ODL) programs in Turkey. The study was designed as a sequential monomethod multistrand mixed model including two strands which were both qualitative (QUAL→QUAL). In the first strand, both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through a three-round Delphi study with an expert panel consisting of 28 experts. In the second strand, qualitative data were collected via focus group interview. Based on a comprehensive literature review and the findings from the study, a framework was proposed including an initial accreditation process for new ODL programs and a re-accreditation process for ongoing programs. In addition, 35 criteria for new programs and 42 criteria for ongoing programs were developed to be used in the accreditation process.
Belawati, T. (2010). Quality assurance. In T.Belawati & J.Baggaley (Eds.), Policy and practice in Asian distance education (pp. 49-60). New Delhi: SAGE.
Best Practices For Electronically Offered Degree and Certificate Programs (2001).
Retrieved from http://wcet.wiche.edu/wcet/docs/cigs/studentauthentication/ Accrediting_BestPractice s.pdf Chalmers D., & Johnston, S. (2012). Quality assurance and accreditation in higher education. In I. Jung & C. Latchem (Eds.), Quality assurance and accreditation in distance education and e-learning: models, policies and research (pp. 1-12).
Newyork, NY: Routledge. Clayton, M. J. (1997). Delphi: a technique to harness expert opinion for critical decision-making tasks in education. Educational Psychology, 17(4), 373-386.
Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: planning, conducting and evaluating quantitaive and qualitative research. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
Dalkey, N. C. (2002). Toward a theory of group estimation. In H.A. Linstone & M.
Turoff (Eds.), The Delphi method: techniques and applications (pp. 231-256). Retrieved from http://is.njit.edu/pubs/delphibook Daniel, J. S. (2006). Preface. In B. N. Koul & A. Kanwar (Eds.), Perspectives on distance education: towards a culture of quality (pp. vii-viii). Vancouver:
Commonwealth of Learning. Retrieved from http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/PS-QA_web.pdf DEC Handbook. (2009). Assessment and accreditation of open and distance learning
(ODL) Institutions. India: Distance Education Council and Indira Gandhi National Open University. Retrieved from www.ignou.ac.in/upload/.../Click%20here%20for %20Handbook.doc Delbecq, A. L., Van de Ven, A. H., & Gustafson, D. H. (1975). Group techniques for program planning: a guide to nominal group and Delphi processes. Glenview, IL:
Accrediting Commission. Retrieved from http://www.detc.org/downloads/accredhandbook /2009/1-2009handbook.pdf
EADTU. (2009). Quality assessment for e-learning: a benchmarking approach. Heerlen: EADTU.
Eaton, J. S. (2011). An overview of US accreditation. Washington, D.C.: CHEA. http://www.chea.org/pdf/Overview%20of%20US%20Accreditation%2003 .2011.pdf
Eaton, J. S. (2008). Accreditation and recognition in the United States. Washington,
D.C.: CHEA. Retrieved from http://www.chea.org/pdf/ Accreditation_and_Recognition _PP_ Sept08.pdf Fish, L. S., & Busby, D. M. (2005). The Delphi method. In D.H.Sprenkle & F. P.Piercy
(Eds.), Research methods in family therapy (pp. 238-253). New York: Guilford Press. Franklin, K. K., & Hart, J. K. (2006). Influence of web-based distance education on the academic department chair role. Educational Technology & Society, 9 (1), 213
Frederiks, M. (2010, September). Assessing learning outcomes: the experience of
NVAO. Paper presented at the Quality Assurance and Learning Outcomes Workshop, Vienna, Austria. Garrod, B., & Fyall, A. (2005). Revisiting Delphi: the Delphi technique in tourism research. In B. W. Ritchie, P. Burns & C. Palmer (Eds.), Tourism research methods: integrating theory with practice (pp. 85-98). UK: CABI Publishing.
Gordon, T. J. (1994). The Delphi method. Retrieved from AC/UNU Millennium
Project: Futures Research Methodology website: http://www.gerenciamento.ufba.br/ Downloads/delphi%20(1).pdf Grisham, T. (2008). The Delphi technique: a method for testing complex and multifaceted topics. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 2(1), 130.
Hall, J. W. (2003). Networked learning, convergence and accreditation: is it time for global standards? In S. Panda (Ed.), Planning and management in distance education (pp. 253-261). London: Kogan Page Limited.
Hatcher, T., & Colton, S. (2007). Using the internet to improve HRD research: The case of the web-based Delphi research technique to achieve content validity of an
HRD-oriented measurement. Journal of European Industrial Training, 31(7), 570- Doi: 10.1108/03090590710820060
Higher Education Council [HEC]. (2007). Türkiye’nin yükseköğretim stratejisi.
Higher education strategy of Turkey]. Ankara: Yükseköğretim Kurulu. Retrieved from http://www.yok.gov.tr/content/ view/557/238/lang,tr_TR/ Higher Education Council [HEC]. (2004). Türk yükseköğretiminin bugünkü durumu.
Current situation of Turkish higher education]. Ankara: Yükseköğretim Kurulu. Retrieved from http://www2.yok.gov.tr/component/option,com_docman/ task,cat_view/gid,179/ Itemid,215/lang,tr/ Hsu, C. C., & Sandford, B. A. (2007). Minimizing non-response in the Delphi process: how to respond to non-response. Practical Assessment Research &
Evaluation, 12(17). Retrieved from http://pareonline. net/getvn.asp?v=12&n=17 Hung, H.L., Altschuld, J. W., & Lee, Y.F. (2008). Methodological and conceptual issues confronting a cross-country Delphi study of educational program evaluation.
Evaluation and Program Planning, 31, 191–198. doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan. 02.005
Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches. California: SAGE.
Jung, I., & Latchem, C. (2012). Quality assurance and accreditation in open and distance learning. In I. Jung & C. Latchem (Eds.), Quality assurance and accreditation in distance education and e-learning: models, policies and research
(pp. 13-22). Newyork, NY: Routledge. Jung, I., & Latchem, C. (2007). Assuring quality in Asian open and distance learning. Open Learning, 22(3), 235-250.
Jung, I., Wong, T. M., Li, C., Baigaltugs, S., & Belawati, T. (2011). Quality assurance in Asian distance education: diverse approaches and common culture. International
Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 12(6), 63-83. Keeney, S., Hasson, F., & McKenna, H. (2006). Consulting the oracle: ten lessons from using the Delphi technique in nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, (2), 205–212.
Keeney, S., Hasson, F., & McKenna, H. (2001). A critical review of the Delphi technique as a research methodology for nursing. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 38(2), 195-200.
Kilfoil, W. R. (2007). Acquiring accreditation in distance learning. Commonwealth of
Learning Knowledge Series. Retrieved from http://www.col.org/Publication Documents/pub_KS2007_Acquiring-Accreditation.pdf
Knight, J. (2007). Cross-border higher education: issues and implications for quality assurance and accreditation. In GUNI Series on the Social Commitment of
Universities, Higher education in the world 2007: accreditation for quality assurance: what is at stake? (pp.134-146).New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Latchem, C., Ozkul, A. E., Aydin, C.H., & Mutlu, M. E. (2006). The open education system, Anadolu University, Turkey: e-transformation in a mega-university. Open
Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 21(3), 221-235. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680510600953203
Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (2002). Introduction. In H.A. Linstone & M. Turoff
(Eds.), The Delphi method: techniques and applications (pp.3-12) Retrieved form http://is.njit.edu/pubs/delphibook Loane, S. (2001). Distance education and accreditation. Washington, D.C.: ERIC
Clearinghouse on Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-1/distance.htm
Middlehurst, R. (2003). Quality assurance and accreditation for virtual education: a discussion of models and needs. Retrieved from http://portal.unesco.org/education/ en/ev.php
URL_ID=21927&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE.
Mitchell, V. W. (1991). The Delphi technique: an exposition and application.
Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 3(4), 333–358. Mullen, P. M. (2003). Delphi: myths and reality. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 17(1), 37-52.
Olcott, D. (2003). Accreditation in the digital era: preparing for the new distance education landscape. In S. Panda (Ed.), Planning and management in distance education (pp. 253-261). London, UK: Kogan Page Limited.
Ono, R., & Wedemeyer, D.J. (1994). Assessing the validity of the Delphi technique. Futures, 26 (3), 289-304.
Ozkul, A. E., & Latchem, C. (2011, September). Progress towards assuring quality in
Turkish distance education. Paper presented at the 25th Asian Association of Open Universities (AAOU) Annual Conference, Penang, Malaysia. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE.
Paykoc, F., & Ok, A. (1990). Delfi tekniği ile Türk eğitim sistemindeki bazı problemlerin incelenmesi. [Examining some of the problems in Turkish educational system by Delphi technique]. Eğitim ve Bilim, 75 (14), 14-21.
Powell, C. (2003). The Delphi technique: myths and realities. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(4), 376–382.
QAA (2004). Section 2: collaborative provision and flexible and distributed learning.
Code of practice for the assurance of academic quality and standards in higher education. UK: Quality Assurance Agency. Retrieved from http://www.qaa.ac.uk/ academicinfrastructure/ codeOfPractice/section2/collab2004.pdf
Rowe, G., & Wright, G. (1999). The Delphi technique as a forecasting tool: issues and analysis. International Journal of Forecasting, 15 (4), 353-375.
Sahin, A. E. (2010). Professional status of elementary teaching in Turkey: a Delphi study. Teachers and Teaching, 16 (4), 437-459.
Sahin, A. E. (2001). Eğitim araştırmalarında Delphi tekniği ve kullanımı. [Delphi technique and its uses in educational research]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20, 215-220.
Scheibe, M., Skutsch, M., & Schofer, J. (2002). Experiments in Delphi methodology.
In H. A. Linstone & M. Turoff (Eds.), The Delphi method: techniques and applications (pp. 257-281). Retrieved from http://is.njit.edu/pubs/delphibook/ Skulmoski, G. J., Hartman, F. T., & Krahn, J. (2007). The Delphi method for graduate research. Journal of Information Technology Education, 6, 1–21. Retrieved from http://jite.org/documents/Vol6/ JiteContentsVol6.pdf
Sohm, K. (2004). Austria: accreditation in Austrian fachhochschule sector. In P. Di
Nauta, P.L. Omar, A. Schade & J.P. Scheele (Eds.), Accreditation models in higher education: experiences and perspectives. Helsinki: ENQA. Retrieved from http://www.enqa.eu/files/ENQAmodels.pdf Stella, A. (2007). Accreditation of higher education in the Asia-Pacific region. In
GUNI Series on the Social Commitment of Universities, Higher education in the world 2007: accreditation for quality assurance: what is at stake? (pp. 224-238). 2.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Stella, A., & Granam, A. (2004). Quality assurance in distance education: the challenges to be addressed. Higher Education, 47, 143-160.
Swedish National Agency for Higher Education. (2008). E-Learning quality: aspects and criteria for evaluation of e-learning in higher education (Report 2008:11 R).
Stockholm: Swedish National Agency for Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.eadtu.nl/e-xcellencelabel/files/0811R.pdf
Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of mixed methods research: integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Thorpe, M. (2003). External control and internal quality assurance. In S. Panda
(Ed.), Planning and management in distance education (pp. 219-228). London, UK: Kogan Page Limited. Welch, T., & Glennie, J. (2005). An overview of quality assurance in distance education in South Africa. In T. Welch & Y. Reed (Eds.), Designing and delivering distance education: quality criteria and case studies from South Africa (pp. 5-17).
South Africa: NAEDOSA. Retrieved from http://www.nadeosa.org.za/Resources/ Reports/NADEOSA%20QC%20 Section%201. pdf Welch, T., & Glennie, J. (2005). The NADEOSA quality criteria for distance education in South Africa. In T. Welch & Y. Reed (Eds.), Designing and delivering distance education: quality criteria and case studies from South Africa (pp. 18-56). South
Africa: NAEDOSA. Retrieved from http://www.nadeosa.org.za/Resources/Reports/ NADEOSA%20QC% 20Section%201.pdf Wellman, J. (2000). Point of view: accreditors have to see past Learning outcomes.
The Chronicle of Higher Education, pp. B20. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/weekly/v47 /i04/04b02001.htm - 8k
Westbrook, L. (1997). Information access issues for interdisciplinary scholars: results of a Delphi study on women’s studies research. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 23(3), 211-216.
Wiersma, W., & Jurs, S. G. (2005). Research methods in education: an introduction.
USA: Pearson Education. Williams, P. L., & Webb, C. (1994). The Delphi technique: a methodological discussion. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19 (1), 180–186. APPENDIX A
Year 2012,
Volume: 13 Issue: 3, 97 - 120, 01.09.2012
Belawati, T. (2010). Quality assurance. In T.Belawati & J.Baggaley (Eds.), Policy and practice in Asian distance education (pp. 49-60). New Delhi: SAGE.
Best Practices For Electronically Offered Degree and Certificate Programs (2001).
Retrieved from http://wcet.wiche.edu/wcet/docs/cigs/studentauthentication/ Accrediting_BestPractice s.pdf Chalmers D., & Johnston, S. (2012). Quality assurance and accreditation in higher education. In I. Jung & C. Latchem (Eds.), Quality assurance and accreditation in distance education and e-learning: models, policies and research (pp. 1-12).
Newyork, NY: Routledge. Clayton, M. J. (1997). Delphi: a technique to harness expert opinion for critical decision-making tasks in education. Educational Psychology, 17(4), 373-386.
Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational research: planning, conducting and evaluating quantitaive and qualitative research. New Jersey: Pearson Education, Inc.
Dalkey, N. C. (2002). Toward a theory of group estimation. In H.A. Linstone & M.
Turoff (Eds.), The Delphi method: techniques and applications (pp. 231-256). Retrieved from http://is.njit.edu/pubs/delphibook Daniel, J. S. (2006). Preface. In B. N. Koul & A. Kanwar (Eds.), Perspectives on distance education: towards a culture of quality (pp. vii-viii). Vancouver:
Commonwealth of Learning. Retrieved from http://www.col.org/SiteCollectionDocuments/PS-QA_web.pdf DEC Handbook. (2009). Assessment and accreditation of open and distance learning
(ODL) Institutions. India: Distance Education Council and Indira Gandhi National Open University. Retrieved from www.ignou.ac.in/upload/.../Click%20here%20for %20Handbook.doc Delbecq, A. L., Van de Ven, A. H., & Gustafson, D. H. (1975). Group techniques for program planning: a guide to nominal group and Delphi processes. Glenview, IL:
Accrediting Commission. Retrieved from http://www.detc.org/downloads/accredhandbook /2009/1-2009handbook.pdf
EADTU. (2009). Quality assessment for e-learning: a benchmarking approach. Heerlen: EADTU.
Eaton, J. S. (2011). An overview of US accreditation. Washington, D.C.: CHEA. http://www.chea.org/pdf/Overview%20of%20US%20Accreditation%2003 .2011.pdf
Eaton, J. S. (2008). Accreditation and recognition in the United States. Washington,
D.C.: CHEA. Retrieved from http://www.chea.org/pdf/ Accreditation_and_Recognition _PP_ Sept08.pdf Fish, L. S., & Busby, D. M. (2005). The Delphi method. In D.H.Sprenkle & F. P.Piercy
(Eds.), Research methods in family therapy (pp. 238-253). New York: Guilford Press. Franklin, K. K., & Hart, J. K. (2006). Influence of web-based distance education on the academic department chair role. Educational Technology & Society, 9 (1), 213
Frederiks, M. (2010, September). Assessing learning outcomes: the experience of
NVAO. Paper presented at the Quality Assurance and Learning Outcomes Workshop, Vienna, Austria. Garrod, B., & Fyall, A. (2005). Revisiting Delphi: the Delphi technique in tourism research. In B. W. Ritchie, P. Burns & C. Palmer (Eds.), Tourism research methods: integrating theory with practice (pp. 85-98). UK: CABI Publishing.
Gordon, T. J. (1994). The Delphi method. Retrieved from AC/UNU Millennium
Project: Futures Research Methodology website: http://www.gerenciamento.ufba.br/ Downloads/delphi%20(1).pdf Grisham, T. (2008). The Delphi technique: a method for testing complex and multifaceted topics. International Journal of Managing Projects in Business, 2(1), 130.
Hall, J. W. (2003). Networked learning, convergence and accreditation: is it time for global standards? In S. Panda (Ed.), Planning and management in distance education (pp. 253-261). London: Kogan Page Limited.
Hatcher, T., & Colton, S. (2007). Using the internet to improve HRD research: The case of the web-based Delphi research technique to achieve content validity of an
HRD-oriented measurement. Journal of European Industrial Training, 31(7), 570- Doi: 10.1108/03090590710820060
Higher Education Council [HEC]. (2007). Türkiye’nin yükseköğretim stratejisi.
Higher education strategy of Turkey]. Ankara: Yükseköğretim Kurulu. Retrieved from http://www.yok.gov.tr/content/ view/557/238/lang,tr_TR/ Higher Education Council [HEC]. (2004). Türk yükseköğretiminin bugünkü durumu.
Current situation of Turkish higher education]. Ankara: Yükseköğretim Kurulu. Retrieved from http://www2.yok.gov.tr/component/option,com_docman/ task,cat_view/gid,179/ Itemid,215/lang,tr/ Hsu, C. C., & Sandford, B. A. (2007). Minimizing non-response in the Delphi process: how to respond to non-response. Practical Assessment Research &
Evaluation, 12(17). Retrieved from http://pareonline. net/getvn.asp?v=12&n=17 Hung, H.L., Altschuld, J. W., & Lee, Y.F. (2008). Methodological and conceptual issues confronting a cross-country Delphi study of educational program evaluation.
Evaluation and Program Planning, 31, 191–198. doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan. 02.005
Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: quantitative, qualitative and mixed approaches. California: SAGE.
Jung, I., & Latchem, C. (2012). Quality assurance and accreditation in open and distance learning. In I. Jung & C. Latchem (Eds.), Quality assurance and accreditation in distance education and e-learning: models, policies and research
(pp. 13-22). Newyork, NY: Routledge. Jung, I., & Latchem, C. (2007). Assuring quality in Asian open and distance learning. Open Learning, 22(3), 235-250.
Jung, I., Wong, T. M., Li, C., Baigaltugs, S., & Belawati, T. (2011). Quality assurance in Asian distance education: diverse approaches and common culture. International
Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 12(6), 63-83. Keeney, S., Hasson, F., & McKenna, H. (2006). Consulting the oracle: ten lessons from using the Delphi technique in nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, (2), 205–212.
Keeney, S., Hasson, F., & McKenna, H. (2001). A critical review of the Delphi technique as a research methodology for nursing. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 38(2), 195-200.
Kilfoil, W. R. (2007). Acquiring accreditation in distance learning. Commonwealth of
Learning Knowledge Series. Retrieved from http://www.col.org/Publication Documents/pub_KS2007_Acquiring-Accreditation.pdf
Knight, J. (2007). Cross-border higher education: issues and implications for quality assurance and accreditation. In GUNI Series on the Social Commitment of
Universities, Higher education in the world 2007: accreditation for quality assurance: what is at stake? (pp.134-146).New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Latchem, C., Ozkul, A. E., Aydin, C.H., & Mutlu, M. E. (2006). The open education system, Anadolu University, Turkey: e-transformation in a mega-university. Open
Learning: The Journal of Open, Distance and e-Learning, 21(3), 221-235. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02680510600953203
Linstone, H. A., & Turoff, M. (2002). Introduction. In H.A. Linstone & M. Turoff
(Eds.), The Delphi method: techniques and applications (pp.3-12) Retrieved form http://is.njit.edu/pubs/delphibook Loane, S. (2001). Distance education and accreditation. Washington, D.C.: ERIC
Clearinghouse on Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.ericdigests.org/2003-1/distance.htm
Middlehurst, R. (2003). Quality assurance and accreditation for virtual education: a discussion of models and needs. Retrieved from http://portal.unesco.org/education/ en/ev.php
URL_ID=21927&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative data analysis: an expanded sourcebook. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE.
Mitchell, V. W. (1991). The Delphi technique: an exposition and application.
Technology Analysis & Strategic Management, 3(4), 333–358. Mullen, P. M. (2003). Delphi: myths and reality. Journal of Health Organization and Management, 17(1), 37-52.
Olcott, D. (2003). Accreditation in the digital era: preparing for the new distance education landscape. In S. Panda (Ed.), Planning and management in distance education (pp. 253-261). London, UK: Kogan Page Limited.
Ono, R., & Wedemeyer, D.J. (1994). Assessing the validity of the Delphi technique. Futures, 26 (3), 289-304.
Ozkul, A. E., & Latchem, C. (2011, September). Progress towards assuring quality in
Turkish distance education. Paper presented at the 25th Asian Association of Open Universities (AAOU) Annual Conference, Penang, Malaysia. Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research & evaluation methods. Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE.
Paykoc, F., & Ok, A. (1990). Delfi tekniği ile Türk eğitim sistemindeki bazı problemlerin incelenmesi. [Examining some of the problems in Turkish educational system by Delphi technique]. Eğitim ve Bilim, 75 (14), 14-21.
Powell, C. (2003). The Delphi technique: myths and realities. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 41(4), 376–382.
QAA (2004). Section 2: collaborative provision and flexible and distributed learning.
Code of practice for the assurance of academic quality and standards in higher education. UK: Quality Assurance Agency. Retrieved from http://www.qaa.ac.uk/ academicinfrastructure/ codeOfPractice/section2/collab2004.pdf
Rowe, G., & Wright, G. (1999). The Delphi technique as a forecasting tool: issues and analysis. International Journal of Forecasting, 15 (4), 353-375.
Sahin, A. E. (2010). Professional status of elementary teaching in Turkey: a Delphi study. Teachers and Teaching, 16 (4), 437-459.
Sahin, A. E. (2001). Eğitim araştırmalarında Delphi tekniği ve kullanımı. [Delphi technique and its uses in educational research]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 20, 215-220.
Scheibe, M., Skutsch, M., & Schofer, J. (2002). Experiments in Delphi methodology.
In H. A. Linstone & M. Turoff (Eds.), The Delphi method: techniques and applications (pp. 257-281). Retrieved from http://is.njit.edu/pubs/delphibook/ Skulmoski, G. J., Hartman, F. T., & Krahn, J. (2007). The Delphi method for graduate research. Journal of Information Technology Education, 6, 1–21. Retrieved from http://jite.org/documents/Vol6/ JiteContentsVol6.pdf
Sohm, K. (2004). Austria: accreditation in Austrian fachhochschule sector. In P. Di
Nauta, P.L. Omar, A. Schade & J.P. Scheele (Eds.), Accreditation models in higher education: experiences and perspectives. Helsinki: ENQA. Retrieved from http://www.enqa.eu/files/ENQAmodels.pdf Stella, A. (2007). Accreditation of higher education in the Asia-Pacific region. In
GUNI Series on the Social Commitment of Universities, Higher education in the world 2007: accreditation for quality assurance: what is at stake? (pp. 224-238). 2.
New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Stella, A., & Granam, A. (2004). Quality assurance in distance education: the challenges to be addressed. Higher Education, 47, 143-160.
Swedish National Agency for Higher Education. (2008). E-Learning quality: aspects and criteria for evaluation of e-learning in higher education (Report 2008:11 R).
Stockholm: Swedish National Agency for Higher Education. Retrieved from http://www.eadtu.nl/e-xcellencelabel/files/0811R.pdf
Teddlie, C., & Tashakkori, A. (2009). Foundations of mixed methods research: integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches in the social and behavioral sciences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Thorpe, M. (2003). External control and internal quality assurance. In S. Panda
(Ed.), Planning and management in distance education (pp. 219-228). London, UK: Kogan Page Limited. Welch, T., & Glennie, J. (2005). An overview of quality assurance in distance education in South Africa. In T. Welch & Y. Reed (Eds.), Designing and delivering distance education: quality criteria and case studies from South Africa (pp. 5-17).
South Africa: NAEDOSA. Retrieved from http://www.nadeosa.org.za/Resources/ Reports/NADEOSA%20QC%20 Section%201. pdf Welch, T., & Glennie, J. (2005). The NADEOSA quality criteria for distance education in South Africa. In T. Welch & Y. Reed (Eds.), Designing and delivering distance education: quality criteria and case studies from South Africa (pp. 18-56). South
Africa: NAEDOSA. Retrieved from http://www.nadeosa.org.za/Resources/Reports/ NADEOSA%20QC% 20Section%201.pdf Wellman, J. (2000). Point of view: accreditors have to see past Learning outcomes.
The Chronicle of Higher Education, pp. B20. Retrieved from http://chronicle.com/weekly/v47 /i04/04b02001.htm - 8k
Westbrook, L. (1997). Information access issues for interdisciplinary scholars: results of a Delphi study on women’s studies research. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 23(3), 211-216.
Wiersma, W., & Jurs, S. G. (2005). Research methods in education: an introduction.
USA: Pearson Education. Williams, P. L., & Webb, C. (1994). The Delphi technique: a methodological discussion. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19 (1), 180–186. APPENDIX A
Kocdar, S., & Aydın, C. H. (2012). Accreditation Of Open And Distance Learning: A Framework For Turkey. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 13(3), 97-120.