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Cultural Variations In Learning And Learning Styles

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 269 - 286, 01.12.2012

Öz

The need for cross-cultural understanding of the relationship between culture and learning style is becoming increasingly important because of the changing cultural mix of classrooms and society at large. The research done regarding the two variables is mostly quantitative. This review summarizes results of the existing research on cultural variations in learning styles. Limitations of the existing studies are discussed and some suggestion for future research is proposed.

Kaynakça

  • Abrams, D., Ando, K., & Hinkle, S. (1998). Psychological attachment to the group: cross cultural differences in organizational identification and subjective norms as predictors of workers’ turnover intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 24(10), 1027
  • Alden, L., Hoyer, D., & Lee, C. (1993). Identifying global and culture-specific dimensions of humor in Advertising. A Multinational Analysis. Journal of Marketing, 57, 64-75.
  • Auyeung, P., & Sands, J. (1996). A cross-cultural study of the learning style of accounting students. Accounting and Finance. 36(2), 261–274.
  • Ball, A., & Farr, M. (2003). Language varieties, culture and teaching the English language arts. In J.M. Jensen (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching the English language arts
  • (2nd ed., pp. 435-445). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Barmeyer, C. I. (2004). Learning styles and their impact on cross-cultural training: An international comparison in France, Germany and Quebec. International Journal of
  • Intercultural Relations , 577–594. Beattie, J. (1996). Other cultures: aims, methods and achievements in social anthropology (2nd ed.). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Bedell, D., & Oxford, R. (1996). Cross cultural comparisons of language learning strategies in the people’s Republic of China and other countries. In Rebecca L. Oxford
  • (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the w orld: cross cultural perspectives. (pp.47-60). Honolulu: university of Hawai, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum center. Benedict, R. (1946). The chrysanthemum and the sw ord: Patterns of Japanese culture. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Bennett, C. (1986). Comprehensive Multicultural Education, Theory and Practice. Boston; Allyn and Bacon.
  • Bennett, M. (1996). Beyond tolerance: Intercultural communication in a multicultural society. TESOL Matters. 6(2), 1-15, & 6(3), 6.
  • Blodgett, G., Rose, M., Bakir, A. & Horton, M. (2008). A test of the validity of Hofstede’s cultural framework. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 25(6), 339 – 349.
  • Boyatzis, R. E., & Kolb, D. A. (1995). From learning styles to learning skills: The executive skills profile. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 10(5), 3–17.
  • Boyatzis, R. E., & Mainemelis, C. (2000). An empirical study of pluralism of learning and adaptive styles in an MBA program. Working Paper 00-1. Department of Organizational
  • Behavior, Weatherhead of School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Clark, T. (2003). Review of the book Culture’s consequence: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations, 2nd. Journal of Marketing. (2), 151–153.
  • Claxton, C. S., & Murrell, P.H. (1987). Learning styles: Implications for Improving
  • Educational Practice. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 4, Washington, DC: George Washington University. Curry, L. (2000). Review of learning style, studying approach, and instructional preference research in medical education. In R. J. Riding, & S. G. Rayner (Eds.),
  • International perspectives on individual differences: Vol. 4. Cognitive styles. Stamford, CT: Ablex Publishing. Davies, S. M., Rutledge, C.M., & Davies, T.C. (1997). The Impact of Student Learning
  • Styles on Interviewing Skills and Academic Performance. Teaching and Learning in Medicine. 9(2), 131–135. DeCoster, J. (2004). Meta-analysis Notes. Retrieved from the web October, 18, 2011. http://www.stat-help.com/notes.html
  • De Vita, G. (2001). Learning styles, culture and inclusive instruction in the multicultural classroom: A business and management perspective. Innovations in Education and Teaching International (2), 165–174.
  • Doi, T. (1979). Amae no Kozo. Tokyo, Japan: Kobundo.
  • Dunn, R. (1990). Rita Dunn answers question on learning styles. Educational Leadership. (15), 15-19.
  • Felder, R. M., & Silverman, L.K. (1988). Learning and Teaching Styles in Engineering
  • Education. Engineering Education. 78, 674-681. Felder, R. M., & Soloman, B. A. (1991). Index of learning styles. Retrieved on February23, , from http://www.ncsu.edu/felder-public/ILSpage.html
  • Fridland, G. H. (2002). Adult learning styles and cultural background: A comparison of the learning style preferences of American teachers of English as a second language and Chinese teachers of English as a foreign language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
  • University of Memphis, TN. Glass, G. V. (1976). Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher. 5, 3-8.
  • Griggs, S. A., & Dunn, R., (1989). The learning style of multicultural groups and counseling implications. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development. 17, 146
  • Guild, P. (1994). The culture/leaning style connection. Educational Leadership. 51(8), 21.
  • Guild, P. B., & Garger, S. (1985). Marching to Different Drummers. Alexandria, VA:
  • Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Gunduz, N., & Ozcan, D. (2010). Learning styles of students from different cultures and studying in Near East University. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. 9, 5-10.
  • Hale-Benson, J. E. (1986). Black Children: Their Roots, Culture, and Learning Styles.
  • Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond Culture. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday.
  • Hall, E., & Hall, M. (1990). Understanding cultural differences. Yarmouth: International Press.
  • Hayashi, K. (1999). Ibunka intafeisu keiei (3rd ed). Tokyo, Japan: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha.
  • Hofstede, G. H. (1997). Culture and organization: Softw are of mind. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in w ork related values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Hoppe, M. H. (1990). A comparative study of country elites: International differences in w ork-related values and learning and their implications for management training and development.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill, NC.
  • House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 Societies. Sage Publications Inc.
  • Jensen, G.H. (1987). Learning Styles in Applications of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in Higher Education, J.A. Provost and S. Anchors, Eds. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 181-206.
  • Katz, N. (1988). Individual learning style: Israeli norms and cross-cultural equivalence of
  • Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 19(3), 361–379. Kayes, D. C. (2002). Experiential learning and its critics: Preserving the role of experience in management learning and education. Academy of Management Learning and Education. 1(2), 113-149.
  • Kluckhohn. C. (1962). Culture and Behaviour. The Free Press, New York.
  • Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Kolb, D. (1985). Learning Style Inventory. Boston, MA: McBer and Company.
  • Kolb, D. A. (1999). Learning Style Inventory, Version 3. Boston, MA: Hay Group, Hay
  • Resources Direct. 116 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02116, haytrg@haygroup.com.
  • Kolb, D. A., Boyatzis, R. E., & Mainemelis, C. (2001). Experiential learning theory:
  • Previous research and new directions. In R. J. Sternberg, & L. Zhang (Eds.). Perspectives on cognitive, Learning, and thinking styles (pp. 228–247). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Kolb, D. A., & Fry, R. (1975). Toward an applied theory of experiential learning. In C.
  • Cooper (Ed.). Theories of group processes (pp. 33–57). New York, NY: Wiley. Lawrance, G. (1993). People Types and Tiger Stripes: A Practical Guide to Learning
  • Styles, 3rd edition. Gainesville, FL: Center for Applications of Psychological Type. Lesard-Clouston, M. (1997). Towards an Understanding of Culture in L2/FL Education.
  • The Internet TESL Journal. III (5), 131-150. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review. 98, 224-253.
  • McMurray, D. (1998). Learning styles and organizational behavior in Japanese EFL classrooms. Journal of Fukui Prefecture University. 13, 29-43.
  • Murphy, R. H. (1993). Relationship of field dependence/independence with learning styles and locus of control among registered nurses. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 76, 986.
  • Oxford, R., Ehrman, M., & Lavine. R (1991). Style Wars: Teacher-Student Style Conflicts in the Language Classroom in S. Magnan, ed., Challenges in the 1990’s for College
  • Foreign Language Programs. Boston: Heinle and Heinle. Pratt, D. D. (1991). Conceptions of self within China and the United States. International
  • Journal of Intercultural Relations.15, 285–310. Ramirez, M., (1989). Pluralistic education: a Bicognitive-Multicultural Model.
  • Clearinghouse Bulletin.3, 4-5. Schmeck, R. R., (1998). Learning Strategies and Learning Styles. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Shade, B. J., (1989). The influence of perceptual development on cognitive style: cross ethnic comparisons. Early Child Development and Care. 51, 137-155.
  • Soutar, G., Grainger, R., & Hedges, P. (1999). Australian and Japanese value stereotypes:
  • A two country study. Journal of International Business Studies.30 (1), 203-217. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and Collectivism. San Francisco, CA: Westview Press.
  • West, R. F. (1982). A construct validity of Kolb’s learning style types in medical education. Journal of M edical Education. 57, 794–6.
  • Witkin, H. A. (1976). Cognitive style in academic performance and in teacher-student relations. In S. Messick & Associates (Eds.). The Individuality in Learning (pp. 38–72).
  • San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass. Witkin, H. A. (1977). Educational implications of cognitive styles. Review of Educational Research. 47, 1-64.
  • Witkin, H. A. (1979). Socialization, culture and ecology in the development of group and sex difference in cognitive style. Human Development. 22, 358–372.
  • Yamazaki, Y. (2005). Learning styles and typologies of cultural differences: A theoretical and empirical comparison. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 29, 521–548.
  • Yamazaki, Y., & Attrapreyangkul, T. (2011). Learning style differences between Japan and Thailand: A case of Japanese multinationals. Economics & Management Series. 18.
  • Yamazaki , Y., & Kayes, D. C. (2007). Expatriate learning: Exploring how Japanese managers adapt in the United States. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 18(8), 1373 - 1395.
  • Appendix: Summary of Reviewed Studies Hoppe’s (1990) Adults from countries: the US, Turkey, and European countries Nurses (N=199)
  • Survey Reflective observation is more linked with strong uncertainty avoidance, whereas the abstract experience is more related to weak uncertainty avoidance. Murphy (1993)
  • Survey Field-dependence is related to the concrete experience abilities, while field-independence is connected with the abstract conceptualization abilities. Yamazaki and Attrapreyangkul (2011) employees
  • Survey Among four learning modes in the process of learning: CE, AC, RO and AE, Japanese preferred to use more the CE and less the AC than Thai, while both Japanese and Thai preferred to employ the RO and the AE at the similar level

Pegah OMIDVAR

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4, 269 - 286, 01.12.2012

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Abrams, D., Ando, K., & Hinkle, S. (1998). Psychological attachment to the group: cross cultural differences in organizational identification and subjective norms as predictors of workers’ turnover intentions. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 24(10), 1027
  • Alden, L., Hoyer, D., & Lee, C. (1993). Identifying global and culture-specific dimensions of humor in Advertising. A Multinational Analysis. Journal of Marketing, 57, 64-75.
  • Auyeung, P., & Sands, J. (1996). A cross-cultural study of the learning style of accounting students. Accounting and Finance. 36(2), 261–274.
  • Ball, A., & Farr, M. (2003). Language varieties, culture and teaching the English language arts. In J.M. Jensen (Ed.), Handbook of research on teaching the English language arts
  • (2nd ed., pp. 435-445). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Barmeyer, C. I. (2004). Learning styles and their impact on cross-cultural training: An international comparison in France, Germany and Quebec. International Journal of
  • Intercultural Relations , 577–594. Beattie, J. (1996). Other cultures: aims, methods and achievements in social anthropology (2nd ed.). London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
  • Bedell, D., & Oxford, R. (1996). Cross cultural comparisons of language learning strategies in the people’s Republic of China and other countries. In Rebecca L. Oxford
  • (Ed.), Language learning strategies around the w orld: cross cultural perspectives. (pp.47-60). Honolulu: university of Hawai, Second Language Teaching & Curriculum center. Benedict, R. (1946). The chrysanthemum and the sw ord: Patterns of Japanese culture. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin.
  • Bennett, C. (1986). Comprehensive Multicultural Education, Theory and Practice. Boston; Allyn and Bacon.
  • Bennett, M. (1996). Beyond tolerance: Intercultural communication in a multicultural society. TESOL Matters. 6(2), 1-15, & 6(3), 6.
  • Blodgett, G., Rose, M., Bakir, A. & Horton, M. (2008). A test of the validity of Hofstede’s cultural framework. Journal of Consumer Marketing. 25(6), 339 – 349.
  • Boyatzis, R. E., & Kolb, D. A. (1995). From learning styles to learning skills: The executive skills profile. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 10(5), 3–17.
  • Boyatzis, R. E., & Mainemelis, C. (2000). An empirical study of pluralism of learning and adaptive styles in an MBA program. Working Paper 00-1. Department of Organizational
  • Behavior, Weatherhead of School of Management, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH. Clark, T. (2003). Review of the book Culture’s consequence: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations, 2nd. Journal of Marketing. (2), 151–153.
  • Claxton, C. S., & Murrell, P.H. (1987). Learning styles: Implications for Improving
  • Educational Practice. ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report No. 4, Washington, DC: George Washington University. Curry, L. (2000). Review of learning style, studying approach, and instructional preference research in medical education. In R. J. Riding, & S. G. Rayner (Eds.),
  • International perspectives on individual differences: Vol. 4. Cognitive styles. Stamford, CT: Ablex Publishing. Davies, S. M., Rutledge, C.M., & Davies, T.C. (1997). The Impact of Student Learning
  • Styles on Interviewing Skills and Academic Performance. Teaching and Learning in Medicine. 9(2), 131–135. DeCoster, J. (2004). Meta-analysis Notes. Retrieved from the web October, 18, 2011. http://www.stat-help.com/notes.html
  • De Vita, G. (2001). Learning styles, culture and inclusive instruction in the multicultural classroom: A business and management perspective. Innovations in Education and Teaching International (2), 165–174.
  • Doi, T. (1979). Amae no Kozo. Tokyo, Japan: Kobundo.
  • Dunn, R. (1990). Rita Dunn answers question on learning styles. Educational Leadership. (15), 15-19.
  • Felder, R. M., & Silverman, L.K. (1988). Learning and Teaching Styles in Engineering
  • Education. Engineering Education. 78, 674-681. Felder, R. M., & Soloman, B. A. (1991). Index of learning styles. Retrieved on February23, , from http://www.ncsu.edu/felder-public/ILSpage.html
  • Fridland, G. H. (2002). Adult learning styles and cultural background: A comparison of the learning style preferences of American teachers of English as a second language and Chinese teachers of English as a foreign language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation,
  • University of Memphis, TN. Glass, G. V. (1976). Primary, secondary, and meta-analysis of research. Educational Researcher. 5, 3-8.
  • Griggs, S. A., & Dunn, R., (1989). The learning style of multicultural groups and counseling implications. Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development. 17, 146
  • Guild, P. (1994). The culture/leaning style connection. Educational Leadership. 51(8), 21.
  • Guild, P. B., & Garger, S. (1985). Marching to Different Drummers. Alexandria, VA:
  • Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development. Gunduz, N., & Ozcan, D. (2010). Learning styles of students from different cultures and studying in Near East University. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences. 9, 5-10.
  • Hale-Benson, J. E. (1986). Black Children: Their Roots, Culture, and Learning Styles.
  • Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Hall, E. T. (1976). Beyond Culture. Garden City, NY: Anchor Press/Doubleday.
  • Hall, E., & Hall, M. (1990). Understanding cultural differences. Yarmouth: International Press.
  • Hayashi, K. (1999). Ibunka intafeisu keiei (3rd ed). Tokyo, Japan: Nihon Keizai Shinbunsha.
  • Hofstede, G. H. (1997). Culture and organization: Softw are of mind. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
  • Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: International differences in w ork related values. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Hoppe, M. H. (1990). A comparative study of country elites: International differences in w ork-related values and learning and their implications for management training and development.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of North Caroline at Chapel Hill, NC.
  • House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (2004). Culture, leadership and organizations: The GLOBE study of 62 Societies. Sage Publications Inc.
  • Jensen, G.H. (1987). Learning Styles in Applications of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator in Higher Education, J.A. Provost and S. Anchors, Eds. Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press, 181-206.
  • Katz, N. (1988). Individual learning style: Israeli norms and cross-cultural equivalence of
  • Kolb’s Learning Style Inventory. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 19(3), 361–379. Kayes, D. C. (2002). Experiential learning and its critics: Preserving the role of experience in management learning and education. Academy of Management Learning and Education. 1(2), 113-149.
  • Kluckhohn. C. (1962). Culture and Behaviour. The Free Press, New York.
  • Kolb, D. A. (1984). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
  • Kolb, D. (1985). Learning Style Inventory. Boston, MA: McBer and Company.
  • Kolb, D. A. (1999). Learning Style Inventory, Version 3. Boston, MA: Hay Group, Hay
  • Resources Direct. 116 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02116, haytrg@haygroup.com.
  • Kolb, D. A., Boyatzis, R. E., & Mainemelis, C. (2001). Experiential learning theory:
  • Previous research and new directions. In R. J. Sternberg, & L. Zhang (Eds.). Perspectives on cognitive, Learning, and thinking styles (pp. 228–247). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Kolb, D. A., & Fry, R. (1975). Toward an applied theory of experiential learning. In C.
  • Cooper (Ed.). Theories of group processes (pp. 33–57). New York, NY: Wiley. Lawrance, G. (1993). People Types and Tiger Stripes: A Practical Guide to Learning
  • Styles, 3rd edition. Gainesville, FL: Center for Applications of Psychological Type. Lesard-Clouston, M. (1997). Towards an Understanding of Culture in L2/FL Education.
  • The Internet TESL Journal. III (5), 131-150. Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review. 98, 224-253.
  • McMurray, D. (1998). Learning styles and organizational behavior in Japanese EFL classrooms. Journal of Fukui Prefecture University. 13, 29-43.
  • Murphy, R. H. (1993). Relationship of field dependence/independence with learning styles and locus of control among registered nurses. Perceptual and Motor Skills. 76, 986.
  • Oxford, R., Ehrman, M., & Lavine. R (1991). Style Wars: Teacher-Student Style Conflicts in the Language Classroom in S. Magnan, ed., Challenges in the 1990’s for College
  • Foreign Language Programs. Boston: Heinle and Heinle. Pratt, D. D. (1991). Conceptions of self within China and the United States. International
  • Journal of Intercultural Relations.15, 285–310. Ramirez, M., (1989). Pluralistic education: a Bicognitive-Multicultural Model.
  • Clearinghouse Bulletin.3, 4-5. Schmeck, R. R., (1998). Learning Strategies and Learning Styles. New York: Plenum Press.
  • Shade, B. J., (1989). The influence of perceptual development on cognitive style: cross ethnic comparisons. Early Child Development and Care. 51, 137-155.
  • Soutar, G., Grainger, R., & Hedges, P. (1999). Australian and Japanese value stereotypes:
  • A two country study. Journal of International Business Studies.30 (1), 203-217. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and Collectivism. San Francisco, CA: Westview Press.
  • West, R. F. (1982). A construct validity of Kolb’s learning style types in medical education. Journal of M edical Education. 57, 794–6.
  • Witkin, H. A. (1976). Cognitive style in academic performance and in teacher-student relations. In S. Messick & Associates (Eds.). The Individuality in Learning (pp. 38–72).
  • San Francisco, CA: Jossey- Bass. Witkin, H. A. (1977). Educational implications of cognitive styles. Review of Educational Research. 47, 1-64.
  • Witkin, H. A. (1979). Socialization, culture and ecology in the development of group and sex difference in cognitive style. Human Development. 22, 358–372.
  • Yamazaki, Y. (2005). Learning styles and typologies of cultural differences: A theoretical and empirical comparison. International Journal of Intercultural Relations. 29, 521–548.
  • Yamazaki, Y., & Attrapreyangkul, T. (2011). Learning style differences between Japan and Thailand: A case of Japanese multinationals. Economics & Management Series. 18.
  • Yamazaki , Y., & Kayes, D. C. (2007). Expatriate learning: Exploring how Japanese managers adapt in the United States. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 18(8), 1373 - 1395.
  • Appendix: Summary of Reviewed Studies Hoppe’s (1990) Adults from countries: the US, Turkey, and European countries Nurses (N=199)
  • Survey Reflective observation is more linked with strong uncertainty avoidance, whereas the abstract experience is more related to weak uncertainty avoidance. Murphy (1993)
  • Survey Field-dependence is related to the concrete experience abilities, while field-independence is connected with the abstract conceptualization abilities. Yamazaki and Attrapreyangkul (2011) employees
  • Survey Among four learning modes in the process of learning: CE, AC, RO and AE, Japanese preferred to use more the CE and less the AC than Thai, while both Japanese and Thai preferred to employ the RO and the AE at the similar level
Toplam 70 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Articles
Yazarlar

Pegah Omıdvar Bu kişi benim

Bee Hoon Tan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2012
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Şubat 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2012 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 4

Kaynak Göster

APA Omıdvar, P., & Tan, B. H. (2012). Cultural Variations In Learning And Learning Styles. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, 13(4), 269-286.