Perceptions and Opinions of Graduates about the Effects of Open and Distance Learning in Turkey

Year 2020, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 121 - 132, 01.01.2020

Betul Kan Kılınc Berna Yazıcı , Bulent Gunsoy Guler Gunsoy

https://doi.org/10.17718/tojde.690369

Cited By: 5

Abstract

Open and distance learning in higher education provides an opportunity to individuals who cannot attend university full time on campus. Urban area residents especially have an advantage by accessing such higher education. There are almost three million people who receive university education in this way, and almost 1,5 million students in the Open and Distance Learning System at Anadolu University. On campus university graduates can also register for any department as a second university to receive university education in the Open and Distance Learning System. Therefore, the number of students and graduates increase every year. The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of the Open and Distance Learning System at Anadolu University, which has helped Turkish higher education by means of increasing economic and social welfare. To achieve the goal, 9131 graduates were surveyed. The results indicate that the Open and Distance Learning System in question has been effective with regard to their employment status (before and after education), income levels and their social-economic welfare positions.

Keywords

Educational leaders, educational policy, distance education, distance learning, opinions of graduates

References

• Adelman, I., Morris, C.T. (1973). Economic growth and social equity in developing countries. California: Stanford University Press. USA. Aderinoye, R.A., Ojokheta K. (2004). Open-Distance Education as a mechanism for sustainable development: reflections on the Nigerian experience. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning, 5(1). Adewarai, J.A., Adeleke, I.A., Ogundeji, R.K., & Ahani, E.B. (2010). A statistical analysis of the performance distance learning students and the full-time students at the university of Lagos. American Journal of Business Education, 3(9),17-22 Ambe-Uva, T., Adegbola, E. (2009). Open flexible learning as strategy for enhancing human security in Nigeria. International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT), 5(3), 148-156. Ambe–Uva T. (2010). Open and Distance Education: A contribution to poverty alleviation and empowerment of women?Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved from http://oasis.col.org/ bitstream/handle/11599/2151/2010_Ambe-UvaTN_Contribution_to_poverty_alleviation. pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Aukrust, O., Bjerke, J. (1995). Real Capital and Economic Growth in Norway 1900-1956. Review of Income and Wealth, 8(1), 80-118. Bassanini, A., Scarpetta, S. (2001). The driving forces of economic growth: panel data evidence from OECD countries. OECD Economic Studies, 33(II), 9-56. Becker, G.S. (1993). Human Capital: A theoretical and empirical analysis with special reference to education, Third Ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Breton, T.R. (2003). Education, Human Capital, and National Income. EER 2003-115, George Mason University, March 10. Breton, T.R. (2014). Schooling and Economic Growth: What Have We Learned?. Universidad EAFIT, April 7, Columbia. Bourguignon, F., Morrison, C. (1990). Income Distribution, Development and Foreign Trade: A Crosssectional Analysis. European Economic Review, Elsevier, 34(6), 1113-1132. Bourguignon, F. (1995). Equity and economic growth: permanent questions and changing answers. DELTA Working Papers, 96-15. Davies, J. (2003). Empirical Evidence on Human Capital Externalities, RBC Financial Group, EPRI Working Paper Series, 2003-5, August, Canada. Denison, E.F. (1962). The Sources of Economic Growth in the United States and the Alternatives Before Us, New York Committee for Economic Development. Ferdousi, N. (2010). Distance Education for Law Promotes Gender Equity in Bangladesh. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 8(1), 81-86. Ferreira, F.H.G, Litchfield, J.A. (1998). Calm After The Storms: Income Distribution in Chile, 1987-1994. World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper, No: 1960, Washington D.C. Gennaioli, N., La Porta R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2013). Human capital and Regional Development. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 128(1), 105-164. Ghadoliya, M.K. (2012). Empowering Women Through Self-Help Groups: Role Of Distance Education. www.col.org, https://www.col.org/pcf3/Papers/PDFs/Ghadolia_MK.pdf (08.09.2012) Heckman, J., Klenow, P. (1974). Human capital policy. Working Paper, Economics Department, University of Chicago, 1997. Holzweiss, P.C, Joyner, S.A., Fuller, M.B. (2014). Henderson S, Young R. Online graduate students’ perceptions of best learning experiences, Distance Education, 35:3: 311-323, DOI: 10.1080/01587919.2015.955262 Khan, H., Williams, J.B. (2007). Poverty Alleviation through Access to Education: Can E-Learning Deliver?(U21Global Working Paper, No. 002/2006) in “Poverty, Poverty Alleviation, and Social Disadvantage: Analysis, Case Studies and Policies”, Eds. C. A. Tisdell, Serials Publications, New Delhi. 132 Kanwar, A.S., Margaret, T. (2001). Brave New Women of Asia: How Distance Education Changed Their Lives, The Commonwealth of Learning, Vancouver, Canada. Mincer, J. (1974). Schooling, Experience and Earnings, NBER Books National Bureau of Economic Research, Columbia University Press, NY. Mingati, A., Tan, J.P. (1996). The Full Social Returns to Education: Estimates Based on Countries’ Economic Growth Performance. Human Capital Development Working Papers, World Bank Washington D.C. Moore, J.L, Dickson-Deane, C., & Galyen, K. (2011). E-learning, online learning, and distance learning environments: Are they the same? Internet and Higher Education, 14, 129-135. Ofoegbu, I.F. (2009). Female Access To Basic Education: A Case For Open Distance Learning (ODL). Edo Journal of Counselling, 2(1). Olakulein, F.K. (2006). Distance Education as a Women Empowerment Strategy in Africa. Turkish Online Journal of Distance Education, TOJDE, January, 7(1). Orazem, P., Glewwe, P., & Patrinos, H. (2007). The Benefits and Costs of Alternative Strategies to Improve Educational Outcomes. Iowa State University, Department of Economics, Working Paper, No: 7028. November. Patrinos, H.A., Psacharopoulos, G. (2011). Education: Past, Present and Future Global Challenges. World Bank, Policy Research Working Paper 5616, March. Polachek, S.W. (2007). Earnings Over the Lifecycle: The Mincer Earnings Function and Its Applications. Discussion Paper, IZA DP No. 3181, November. Psacharopoulos, G. (1977). Unequal Access to Education and Income Distribution. De Economist, 125(3), 383-92. Psacharopoulos, G., Ng, Y.C. (1992). Earnings and Education in Latin America: Assessing Priorities for Schooling Investment. World Bank Policy Research Papers, WPS No: 1056, December. Remedios, R., Richardson, J.T.E. (2013). Achievement goals and approaches to studying: evidence from adult learners in distance education, Distance Education, 34(3),271-289. DOI: 10.1080/01587919.2013.835776 Sahin, I., Shelly, M. (2008). Considering Students’ Perceptions: The Distance Education Student Satisfaction Model. Educational Technology & Society, 11(3), 216-223. Schultz, T.W. (1961a). Investment in Human Capital. American Economic Review, 51, 1-17. Schultz, T.W. (1961b). Education and economic Growth. Social Forces Influencing American Education içinde N. B. Henry (eds), National Society for the Study of Education, Chicago Shea, O.S., Stone, C., & Delahunty, J. (2015). I feel like I am at university even though I am online. Exploring how students narrate their engagement with higher education institutions in an online learning environment, Distance Education, 36(1),41-58. DOI: 10.1080/01587919.2015.1019970 Sianesi, B., van Reenen, J. (2003) The returns to education : macroeconomics. Journal of Economic Surveys, 17(2), 157-200. Simsek, N. (2005). Perceptions and Opinions of Educational Technologies Related to Educational Technology. Educational Technology & Society, 8 (4), 178-190. Tatar, E., Zengin, Y., & Kağızmanlı, T.B. (2015). What is the Relationship between Technology and Mathematics Teaching Anxiety? Educational Technology & Society, 18 (1), 67-76. Tilak, J.B.G. (1989). Education and Its Relation to Economic Growth, Poverty, and Income Distribution: Past Evidence and Further Analysis., World Bank Discussion Paper, 46. Tsakloglou, P., Cholezas, I. (2005). Education and Inequality in Greece. IZA Discussion Paper, No: 1582, May, Germany. Wolfe, B., Haveman, R. (2001). Accounting for the Social and Non-Market Benefits of Education, OECD/ Human Resources Development, http://www.oecd.org/innovation/research/1825109.pdf (01.05.2017).