Effect of Combination of 8-Week Anaerobic Power Training and Ischemic Preconditioning on Anaerobic Power Output

Öz

This research was carried out to examine the effect of 8-week anaerobic strength training and ischemic preconditioning on anaerobic power outputs. Thirty men voluntarily participated in the study, who were studying at the faculty of sports sciences, engaged in sports for recreational purposes, did not train regularly in 3 years and were not involved in a specific exercise program. The mean age of the participants was 19.57±1.56, the mean height was 175.77±6.12, and the mean body mass was 67.41±8.45. Participants were randomly divided into groups of 10. 1st Group (n=10): WAnT+IPC, 2nd Group (n=10): WAnT, 3rd Group (n=10): Control. IPC: With the help of a pneumatic cuff (Flowtron dvt pneumatic compression system), 220mmHg pressure was applied through the bilateral artery (from the part close to the leg-hip joint), 5 min ischemia, 5 min reperfusion, 3 repetitions. WAnT: It was applied in a bicycle ergometer (Monark 894E), 5 minutes warm-up, 3x30s maximum cycling, 4 minutes rest between repetitions. As a result, it was determined that wingate anaerobic strength training combined with ischemic preconditioning was not more effective than anaerobic strength training applied alone (according to the results of the post-test self-comparison). However, considering the time effect, it was observed that there was an improvement over time from the initial situation. Since both mathematical and statistical differences were observed in all three groups, it can be said that it is not possible to talk about a clear effect for both anaerobic strength training and anaerobic strength training combined with ischemic preconditioning.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ischemic preconditioning
• blood flow restriction
• wingate anaerobic power.

8 Haftalık Anaerobik Güç Antrenmanı ve İskemik Ön Koşullandırma Kombinasyonunun Anaerobik Güç Çıktıları Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Bu araştırma, 8 haftalık süreyle yapılan anaerobik güç antrenmanı ve iskemik ön koşullandırma uygulamasının anaerobik güç çıktıları üzerine etkisini incelemek amacıyla yapıldı. Araştırmaya, spor bilimleri fakültesinde öğrenim gören, rekreasyonel amaçlı spor yapan, 3 yıl içinde düzenli antrenman yapmamış ve belirgin bir egzersiz programına dahil olmamış 30 erkek gönüllü olarak katıldı. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 19.57±1.56, boy ortalaması 175.77±6.12, vücut kütle ortalaması 67.41±8.45 olarak belirlendi. Katılımcılar randomize 10’ar kişilik gruplara ayrıldı. 1. Grup (n=10): WAnT+IPC, 2. Grup (n=10): WAnT, 3. Grup (n=10): Kontrol olarak belirlendi. IPC: Pnömatik manşon (Flowtron dvt pnömatik kompresyon sistemi) yardımıyla, 220mmHg basınç ile bilateral arterden (bacak-kalça eklemine yakın olan kısımdan), 5dk iskemi, 5dk reperfüzyon, 3 tekrarlı olarak yapıldı. WAnT: Bisiklet ergometresinde (Monark 894E), 5dk ısınma, 3x30s maksimum bisiklet çevirme, tekrarlar arası 4dk dinlenme şeklinde uygulandı. Sonuç olarak, iskemik ön koşullandırma ile birlikte yapılan wingate anaerobik güç antrenmanının, tek başına uygulanan anaerobik güç antrenmanından daha etkili olmadığı belirlenmiştir (son testin kendi içinde karşılaştırma sonuçlarına göre). Fakat zaman etkisi dikkate alındığında, başlangıçtaki mevcut durumdan zaman içinde gelişim olduğu görülmüştür. Hem matematiksel hem de istatistiksel olarak görülen farklar her üç grupta da yaşandığı için hem anaerobik güç antrenmanı için hem de iskemik ön koşullandırma ile birlikte yapılan anaerobik güç antrenmanı için net bir etkiden bahsetmenin mümkün olmadığı söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İskemik ön koşullandırma
• kan akışı kısıtlama
• wingate anaerobik güç.

Kaynakça

1. Akgül, M. Ş., Gürses, V. V., Karabıyık, H., Koz, M. (2016). İki haftalık yüksek şiddetli interval antrenmanın kadınların aerobik göstergeleri üzerine etkisi. International Journal of Science Culture and Sport, 4(1), 298-5
2. Akgül, Ş.A., Koz, M., Gürses, V.V., Kürkçü, R. (2017). Yüksek Şiddetli İnterval Antrenman. Spormetre, 15(2), 39-6
3. Amani-Shalamzari, S., Sarikhani, A., Paton, C., Rajabi, H., Bayati, M., Nikolaidis, P. T., & Knechtle, B. (2020). Occlusion training during specific futsal training improves aspects of physiological and physical performance. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 19(2), 374. PMID: 32390731; PMCID: PMC7196744.
4. Bagheri, R., Rashidlamir, A., & Attarzadeh Hosseini, S. R. (2018). Effect of resistance training with blood flow restriction on follistatin to myostatin ratio, body composition and anaerobic power of trained-volleyball players. Medical Laboratory Journal, 12(6), 28-33
5. Bailey, T. G., Jones, H., Gregson, W., Atkinson, G., Cable, N. T., & Thijssen, D. H. (2012). Effect of ischemic preconditioning on lactate accumulation and running performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 44(11), 2084-2089. Doı: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318262cb17
6. Barbosa, T. C., Machado, A. C., Braz, I. D., Fernandes, I. A., Vianna, L. C., Nobrega, A. C. L., & Silva, B. M. (2015). Remote ischemic preconditioning delays fatigue development during handgrip exercise. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 25(3), 356-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12229
7. Beaven, C. M., Cook, C. J., Kilduff, L., Drawer, S., & Gill, N. (2012). Intermittent lower-limb occlusion enhances recovery after strenuous exercise. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 37(6), 1132-1139. https://doi.org/10.1139/h2012-101
8. Billaut, F., Bourgeois, H., & Paradis‐Deschênes, P. (2022). High‐intensity ınterval training combined with blood‐flow restriction predominantly alters anaerobic capacity in endurance‐trained athletes. The FASEB Journal, 36(S1). https://doi.org/10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.S1.R2732

9. Caru, M., Levesque, A., Lalonde, F., & Curnier, D. (2019). An overview of ischemic preconditioning in exercise performance: A systematic review. Journal of sport and health science, 8(4), 355-369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2019.01.008
10. Centner, C., Wiegel, P., Gollhofer, A., & König, D. (2019). Effects of blood flow restriction training on muscular strength and hypertrophy in older individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 49, 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-018-0994-1
11. Clevidence, M. W., Mowery, R. E., & Kushnick, M. R. (2012). The effects of ischemic preconditioning on aerobic and anaerobic variables associated with submaximal cycling performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112, 3649-3654. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-012-2345-5
12. De Groot, P. C., Thijssen, D. H., Sanchez, M., Ellenkamp, R., & Hopman, M. T. (2010). Ischemic preconditioning improves maximal performance in humans. European journal of applied physiology, 108, 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-009-1195-2
13. Doma, K., Leicht, A. S., Boullosa, D., & Woods, C. T. (2020). Lunge exercises with blood-flow restriction induces post-activation potentiation and improves vertical jump performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 120, 687-695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04308-6
14. Elgammal, M., Hassan, I., Eltanahi, N., & Ibrahim, H. (2020). The effects of repeated sprint training with blood flow restriction on strength, anaerobic and aerobic performance in basketball. Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 8(6), 462-468. DOI: 10.13189/saj.2020.080619
15. Gibson, N., Mahony, B., Tracey, C., Fawkner, S., & Murray, A. (2015). Effect of ischemic preconditioning on repeated sprint ability in team sport athletes. Journal of sports sciences, 33(11), 1182-1188. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2014.988741
16. Keskin, K., & Pancar, S. (2023). İskelet kası hipertorfisinde ileri seviye natrenman teknikleri. (Ed:Pancar., Z.) Spor ve egzersiz metabolizmasına güncel bakış içinde. 93-108. Efe Akademi Yayınları. İstanbul.
17. Ilbeigi, S., Yousefi, M., & Ghasemi, F. (2021). Effect of one session of high ıntensity ınterval exercise with and without blood flow‎ restriction on electrical selected muscles activity of brachial in active female. Journal of Paramedical Sciences & Rehabilitation, 9(4), 7-15. Doi: 10.22038/JPSR.2021.41578.1985
18. Kraus, A., Pasha, E., Machin, D. R., Alkatan, M., Kloner, R. A., & Tanaka, H. (2015). Bilateral Upper Limb Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Peak Anaerobic Power. The Open Sports Medicine Journal, 9, 1-6. doi: 10.2174/1874387001509010001
19. Kreagar Razeke, M., Iri, A.R., & Amani, A.R. (2020). Effect of five weeks of plyometric training in lower limb with and without blood flow restriction on anaerobic power, muscle strength, agility, speed, limb circumference, body composition in young male volleyball players. International Conference of Sports Science- AESA, (3), 20. https://doi.org/10.30472/AESA-CONF.VI3 Retrieved from https://journal.aesasport.com/index.php/AESA-Conf/article/view/158
20. Lindsay, A., Petersen, C., Blackwell, G., Ferguson, H., Parker, G., Steyn, N., & Gieseg, S. P. (2017). The effect of 1 week of repeated ischaemic leg preconditioning on simulated Keirin cycling performance: a randomised trial. BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine, 3(1), e000229. doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000229
21. Murry, C. E., Jennings, R. B., & Reimer, K. A. (1986). Preconditioning with ischemia: a delay of lethal cell injury in ischemic myocardium. Circulation, 74(5), 1124-1136. https://doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.74.5.1124
22. Özkan, A., Köklü, Y., & Ersöz, G. (2010). Wingate anaerobik güç testi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 7(1), 207–224.
23. Paixao, R. C., da Mota, G. R., & Marocolo, M. (2014). Acute effect of ischemic preconditioning is detrimental to anaerobic performance in cyclists. International journal of sports medicine, 35(11), 912-915. Doı:10.1055/s-0034-1372628
24. Park, S., Kim, J. K., Choi, H. M., Kim, H. G., Beekley, M. D., & Nho, H. (2010). Increase in maximal oxygen uptake following 2-week walk training with blood flow occlusion in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol., 109(4): 591–600. pmid:20544348
25. Patterson, S. D., Bezodis, N. E., Glaister, M., & Pattison, J. R. (2015). The effect of ischemic preconditioning on repeated sprint cycling performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 47(8), 1652-1658. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000576
26. Rajabi, H., Motamedi, P., & Zabihi, D. (2020). The effect of twelve session of high intensity cycle training with blood flow restriction on aerobic and anaerobic performance of active men. Research in Sport Medicine and Technology, 18(19), 11-21. Doi 10.29252/jsmt.18.19.11
27. Rider, B. C., Ditzenberger, G. L., Cox, B. A., & Montoye, A. H. (2022). The use of limb blood flow occlusion for rehabilitation and performance. ACSM's Health & Fitness Journal, 26(4), 28-32.
28. Scott, B. R., Loenneke, J. P., Slattery, K. M., & Dascombe, B. J. (2016). Blood flow restricted exercise for athletes: A review of available evidence. Journal of Science And Medicine in Sport, 19(5), 360-367.
29. Sun D, Yang T. (2023). Semi-squat exercises with varying levels of arterial occlusion pressure during blood flow restriction training ınduce a post-activation performance enhancement and ımprove vertical height jump in female football players. J Sports Sci Med. 22(2), 212-225. doi: 10.52082/jssm.2023.212. PMID: 37293415; PMCID: PMC10244989.
30. Tetik Dündar, S., Akcan, İ. O, & Ağgön, E. (2023). Investigation of some physicalparameters and aerobic–anaerobicpower outcomes in mountain skiers.Research in Sport Education and Sciences, 25(1), 1-6.
31. Thompson, K. M., Whinton, A. K., Ferth, S., Spriet, L. L., & Burr, J. F. (2018). Ischemic Pre-Conditioning Does Not Influence Maximal Sprint Acceleration. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance.13(8), 986-990. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2017-0540
32. Törpel, A., Brennicke, M., Kuck, M., Behrendt, T., & Schega, L. (2018). Effect of blood flow restriction training in combination with a high-intensity interval training on physical performance. Int J Sport Exerc Med, 10, 2469-5718. doi: 10.23937/2469-5718/1510111
33. Vopat, B. G., Vopat, L. M., Bechtold, M. M., & Hodge, K. A. (2020). Blood flow restriction therapy: where we are and where we are going. JAAOS-Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons, 28(12), 493-500. Doı:10.5435/JAAOS-D-19-00347
34. Wortman, R. J., Brown, S. M., Savage-Elliott, I., Finley, Z. J., & Mulcahey, M. K. (2021). Blood flow restriction training for athletes: A systematic review. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 49(7), 1938-1944. https://doi.org/10.1177/0363546520964454