Araştırma Makalesi
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Examination of Bowling Athletes' Mental Training Levels as a Prediction of Their Cognitive Flexibility and Psychological Resistance Skills

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 70 - 76, 03.02.2026
https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1772034

Öz

The main objective of the study was to examine bowlers' mental training levels as a predictor of cognitive flexibility and psychological resilience skills. For this purpose, 94 bowlers aged 18 and over who participated in the 2024-2025 Berkay ERDİŞ Individual Bowling Spring Leagues, which are included in the 2024-2025 activity program of the Turkish Bocce, Bowling and Darts Federation, were included in the study. Four separate forms were used to obtain participants' opinions on the relevant area: Personal Information Form, Mental Training in Sports Inventory, Cognitive Flexibility Scale, and Brief Psychological Resilience Scale. In the data analysis process, Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression analysis were used in SPSS (version 26) software. According to the results of the Pearson correlation analysis, positive relationships were found between the sub-dimensions of the Mental Training in Sports Inventory and the total scores of cognitive flexibility and psychological resilience. When the linear regression analysis results were examined, it was determined that bowlers' scores on mental training in sports were predictive of their cognitive flexibility and psychological resilience scores. Consequently, it was found that bowlers' scores on mental training in sports were correlated with cognitive flexibility and psychological resilience, and that the independent variable, mental training in sports, was a predictor of other parameters.

Kaynakça

  • Akın, A., Sahranç, Ü., Turan, M. E., Akın, Ü., Kaya, M., & Ercengiz, M. (2014). Kısa psikolojik dayanıklılık ölçeği Türkçe formu’nun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. III. Sakarya Eğitim Araştırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı (s. 12).
  • Altunkol, F. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilişsel esneklik ve algılanan stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Aydın, G., & Kilci, A. (2024). Sportif başarıda bilişsel esneklik. İçinde Spor bilimleri alanında akademik araştırma ve değerlendirmeler. Özgür Yayınları.
  • Behnke, M., Tomczak, M., Kaczmarek, L. D., Komar, M., & Gracz, J. (2019). The sport mental training questionnaire: Development and validation. Current Psychology, 38(2), 504–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9617-1
  • Claussen, M. C., Burger, J. W., Menon, R., Nishida, M., Koh, E. B. Y., Nahman, C., … Glick, I. D. (2024). The underestimated role of the sports psychiatrist in athletic performance restoration, maintenance, and enhancement in sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 34(8), e14697. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14697
  • Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). Wiley.
  • Dönmez, A., Baykara, C., Toçoğlu, S., Şahin, M. O., & Cana, H. (2025). Hokey hakemlerinin karar verme sürecinde bilişsel esnekliğin rolü. Spor ve Bilim Dergisi, 3(1), 57–68.
  • Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2012). A grounded theory of psychological resilience in Olympic champions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), 669–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.007
  • Galli, N., & Gonzalez, S. P. (2015). Psychological resilience in sport: A review of the literature and implications for research and practice. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(3), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2014.946947
  • Gholami, R., Abdoshahi, M., & Naeemikia, M. (2022). The role of cognitive flexibility, metacognition, positive emotion, and cognitive emotion regulation in psychological burnout in skilled girl athletes. Journal of Exercise and Health Science, 2(2), 75–90.
  • Karasar, N. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (33. baskı). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Kartal, M., & Bardakçı, S. (2018). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı örneklerle güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizleri. Akademisyen Kitabevi.
  • Katmer, A. N., & Asıcı, E. (2025). Üniversite öğrencilerinde bilişsel esneklik ile kariyer sıkıntısı arasındaki ilişkide stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının aracılık rolü. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 12(1), 39–52.
  • Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.
  • Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623–626.
  • Menteş, G., & Saygın, Ö. (2019). Investigation of mental toughness and cognitive flexibility of e-sports and traditional sports. International Journal of Sport, Exercise & Training Sciences, 5(4), 238–250. https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.646912
  • Moen, F., Firing, K., & Wells, A. (2016). The effects of attention training techniques on stress and performance in sports. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 28(2), 213–225.
  • Mostajeran, F., Reisewitz, P., & Steinicke, F. (2022, March). Social facilitation and inhibition in augmented reality: Performing motor and cognitive tasks in the presence of a virtual agent. In Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) (pp. 323–328). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW55335.2022.00069
  • Nakhostin-Khayyat, M., Borjali, M., Zeinali, M., Fardi, D., & Montazeri, A. (2024). The relationship between self-regulation, cognitive flexibility, and resilience among students: A structural equation modeling approach. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 337. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01662-1
  • Reyes-Bossio, M., Corcuera-Bustamante, S., Veliz-Salinas, G., Villas Boas Junior, M., Delgado-Campusano, M., Brocca-Alvarado, P., … Brandão, R. (2022). Effects of psychological interventions on high sports performance: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1068376. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1068376
  • Sabzevari, F., Samadi, H., Ayatizadeh, F., & Machado, S. (2023). Effectiveness of a mindfulness–acceptance–commitment-based approach for rumination, cognitive flexibility, and sports performance of elite beach soccer players: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 19, e174501792303282. https://doi.org/10.2174/174501792319230328
  • Salahshor, H. M. B., & Motevali, S. (2023). The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and mindfulness in patients with type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Education and Cognitive Sciences, 4(1), 1–11.
  • Scharfen, H. E., & Memmert, D. (2019). The relationship between cognitive functions and sport-specific motor skills in elite youth soccer players. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 817. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00817
  • Shao, J., Cui, Z., & Bao, Y. (2025). Adaptive sports programs as catalysts for social inclusion and cognitive flexibility in inclusive physical education: The mediating roles of emotional resilience and empathy. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 15.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.
  • Turan, N., Durgun, H., Kaya, H., Ertaş, G., & Kuvan, D. (2019). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin stres durumları ile bilişsel esneklik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Journal of Academic Research in Nursing, 5(1), 59–66.
  • Vealey, R. S. (2007). Mental skills training in sport. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 287–309). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Venta, A., Bailey, C., Muñoz, C., Godinez, E., Colin, Y., Arreola, A., … Lawlace, S. (2019). Contribution of schools to mental health and resilience in recently immigrated youth. School Psychology, 34(2), 138–149.
  • Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2019). Spor ve egzersiz psikolojisinin temelleri (6. baskı). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Weitzel, E. C., Löbner, M., Glaesmer, H., Hinz, A., Zeynalova, S., Henger, S., … Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2022). The association of resilience with mental health in a large population-based sample (LIFE-Adult-Study). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315944
  • Zhang, M., Wang, X. C., & Shao, B. (2022). Predictors of persistent participation in youth sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 871936.

Bowling Sporcularının Bilişsel Esneklik ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Becerilerinin Yordayıcısı Olarak Zihinsel Antrenman Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 70 - 76, 03.02.2026
https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1772034

Öz

Araştırmanın temel amacı, bowling sporcularının bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik dayanıklılık becerilerinin yordayıcısı olarak zihinsel antrenman düzeylerini incelemektir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda Türkiye Bocce, Bowling ve Dart Federasyonunun 2024-2025 faaliyet programında yer alan 2024-2025 Berkay ERDİŞ Ferdi Bowling Bahar Liglerine katılan 18 yaş ve üzeri 94 bowling sporcusu araştırmaya dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcıların ilgili alanda görüşlerini elde etmek adına 4 ayrı form kullanılmıştır. Bunlar; Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Sporda Zihinsel Antrenman Envanteri, Bilişsel Esneklik Ölçeği ve Kısa Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Ölçeği. Verilerin analiz sürecinde SPSS (26. versiyon) yazılımında; pearson korelasyon analizi ve doğrusal regresyon analizinden yararlanılmıştır. Pearson korelasyon analizi sonuçlarına göre Sporda Zihinsel Antrenman Envanteri alt boyutları ile bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik dayanıklılık toplam puanları arasında pozitif yönlü ilişkilerin olduğu bulunmuştur. Doğrusal regresyon analizi sonuçları incelendiğinde de bowling sporcularının sporda zihinsel antrenman yapma puanlarının bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik dayanıklılık puanlarının yordayıcısı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak bowling sporcularının sporda zihinsel antrenman yapma ile bilişsel esneklik ve psikolojik dayanıklılık puanlarının ilişkili ve olduğu ve bağımsız değişken olan sporda zihinsel antrenman yapma durumunun diğer parametrelerin yordayıcısı olduğu bulunmuştur.

Kaynakça

  • Akın, A., Sahranç, Ü., Turan, M. E., Akın, Ü., Kaya, M., & Ercengiz, M. (2014). Kısa psikolojik dayanıklılık ölçeği Türkçe formu’nun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. III. Sakarya Eğitim Araştırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı (s. 12).
  • Altunkol, F. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bilişsel esneklik ve algılanan stres düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Yüksek lisans tezi). Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
  • Aydın, G., & Kilci, A. (2024). Sportif başarıda bilişsel esneklik. İçinde Spor bilimleri alanında akademik araştırma ve değerlendirmeler. Özgür Yayınları.
  • Behnke, M., Tomczak, M., Kaczmarek, L. D., Komar, M., & Gracz, J. (2019). The sport mental training questionnaire: Development and validation. Current Psychology, 38(2), 504–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9617-1
  • Claussen, M. C., Burger, J. W., Menon, R., Nishida, M., Koh, E. B. Y., Nahman, C., … Glick, I. D. (2024). The underestimated role of the sports psychiatrist in athletic performance restoration, maintenance, and enhancement in sports. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports, 34(8), e14697. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.14697
  • Cochran, W. G. (1977). Sampling techniques (3rd ed.). Wiley.
  • Dönmez, A., Baykara, C., Toçoğlu, S., Şahin, M. O., & Cana, H. (2025). Hokey hakemlerinin karar verme sürecinde bilişsel esnekliğin rolü. Spor ve Bilim Dergisi, 3(1), 57–68.
  • Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2012). A grounded theory of psychological resilience in Olympic champions. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 13(5), 669–678. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2012.04.007
  • Galli, N., & Gonzalez, S. P. (2015). Psychological resilience in sport: A review of the literature and implications for research and practice. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(3), 243–257. https://doi.org/10.1080/1612197X.2014.946947
  • Gholami, R., Abdoshahi, M., & Naeemikia, M. (2022). The role of cognitive flexibility, metacognition, positive emotion, and cognitive emotion regulation in psychological burnout in skilled girl athletes. Journal of Exercise and Health Science, 2(2), 75–90.
  • Karasar, N. (2018). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (33. baskı). Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Kartal, M., & Bardakçı, S. (2018). SPSS ve AMOS uygulamalı örneklerle güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizleri. Akademisyen Kitabevi.
  • Katmer, A. N., & Asıcı, E. (2025). Üniversite öğrencilerinde bilişsel esneklik ile kariyer sıkıntısı arasındaki ilişkide stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının aracılık rolü. İş ve İnsan Dergisi, 12(1), 39–52.
  • Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610.
  • Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995). A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological Reports, 76(2), 623–626.
  • Menteş, G., & Saygın, Ö. (2019). Investigation of mental toughness and cognitive flexibility of e-sports and traditional sports. International Journal of Sport, Exercise & Training Sciences, 5(4), 238–250. https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.646912
  • Moen, F., Firing, K., & Wells, A. (2016). The effects of attention training techniques on stress and performance in sports. International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 28(2), 213–225.
  • Mostajeran, F., Reisewitz, P., & Steinicke, F. (2022, March). Social facilitation and inhibition in augmented reality: Performing motor and cognitive tasks in the presence of a virtual agent. In Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Conference on Virtual Reality and 3D User Interfaces Abstracts and Workshops (VRW) (pp. 323–328). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/VRW55335.2022.00069
  • Nakhostin-Khayyat, M., Borjali, M., Zeinali, M., Fardi, D., & Montazeri, A. (2024). The relationship between self-regulation, cognitive flexibility, and resilience among students: A structural equation modeling approach. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 337. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01662-1
  • Reyes-Bossio, M., Corcuera-Bustamante, S., Veliz-Salinas, G., Villas Boas Junior, M., Delgado-Campusano, M., Brocca-Alvarado, P., … Brandão, R. (2022). Effects of psychological interventions on high sports performance: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1068376. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1068376
  • Sabzevari, F., Samadi, H., Ayatizadeh, F., & Machado, S. (2023). Effectiveness of a mindfulness–acceptance–commitment-based approach for rumination, cognitive flexibility, and sports performance of elite beach soccer players: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Practice & Epidemiology in Mental Health, 19, e174501792303282. https://doi.org/10.2174/174501792319230328
  • Salahshor, H. M. B., & Motevali, S. (2023). The mediating role of cognitive flexibility in the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and mindfulness in patients with type 2 diabetes. International Journal of Education and Cognitive Sciences, 4(1), 1–11.
  • Scharfen, H. E., & Memmert, D. (2019). The relationship between cognitive functions and sport-specific motor skills in elite youth soccer players. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 817. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00817
  • Shao, J., Cui, Z., & Bao, Y. (2025). Adaptive sports programs as catalysts for social inclusion and cognitive flexibility in inclusive physical education: The mediating roles of emotional resilience and empathy. BMC Psychology, 13(1), 15.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2019). Using multivariate statistics (7th ed.). Pearson.
  • Turan, N., Durgun, H., Kaya, H., Ertaş, G., & Kuvan, D. (2019). Hemşirelik öğrencilerinin stres durumları ile bilişsel esneklik düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Journal of Academic Research in Nursing, 5(1), 59–66.
  • Vealey, R. S. (2007). Mental skills training in sport. In G. Tenenbaum & R. C. Eklund (Eds.), Handbook of sport psychology (pp. 287–309). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Venta, A., Bailey, C., Muñoz, C., Godinez, E., Colin, Y., Arreola, A., … Lawlace, S. (2019). Contribution of schools to mental health and resilience in recently immigrated youth. School Psychology, 34(2), 138–149.
  • Weinberg, R. S., & Gould, D. (2019). Spor ve egzersiz psikolojisinin temelleri (6. baskı). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Weitzel, E. C., Löbner, M., Glaesmer, H., Hinz, A., Zeynalova, S., Henger, S., … Riedel-Heller, S. G. (2022). The association of resilience with mental health in a large population-based sample (LIFE-Adult-Study). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 15944. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192315944
  • Zhang, M., Wang, X. C., & Shao, B. (2022). Predictors of persistent participation in youth sport: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 871936.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Egzersiz ve Spor Psikolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Alperen Birsen 0009-0006-5405-2705

Emre Boz 0000-0001-8117-9329

Gönderilme Tarihi 25 Ağustos 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Ocak 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Şubat 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver 1.Birsen A, Boz E. Bowling Sporcularının Bilişsel Esneklik ve Psikolojik Dayanıklılık Becerilerinin Yordayıcısı Olarak Zihinsel Antrenman Düzeylerinin İncelenmesi. TOJRAS [Internet]. 01 Şubat 2026;15(1):70-6. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA63CD57HJ