PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AND ITS EFFECT ON PERCEIVED STRESS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS DURING THE CORONAVIRUS PROCESS

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 4, 10 - 21, 16.10.2022

Aydan Ermiş , Egemen Ermiş , Osman İmamoğlu

https://doi.org/10.22282/ojrs.2022.105

Cited By: 3

Öz

The aim of this study is to find out psychological well-being and perceived stress states of university students during the coronavirus process and to research the effects of psychological well-being on perceived stress. “Psychological well-being” and “perceived stress” scales filled in by 659 university students were evaluated. Independent t test, one way ANOVA and LSD tests were used in statistical analysis. Psychological well-being states of the participants were found to be statistically different in terms of gender (p<0,05). Female students were found to have lower well-being scores. Conversely, no significant difference was found in perceived stress scores in terms of gender (p>0,05). Statistically significant difference was found between well-being scores in terms of perceived immunity (p<0,001). Psychological well-being scores were found to increase as the state of believing in the strength of immunity increased. The lowest well-being scores were found in the participants who perceived their immunity weak. Perceived stress scores were also found to differ significantly in terms of perceived immunity (p<0,05). Perceived stress scores of the participants who perceived their immunity strong were found to be significantly lower than those of the participants who perceived their immunity weak. In addition, well-being and perceived stress scores of students were found to differ significantly in terms of sleep pattern during the pandemic (p<0,001). The students who stated that there were no changes in sleep pattern were found to have the highest psychological well-being scores. Psychological well-being scores of students who slept between 7 and 9 hours were found to be significantly higher and their perceived stress scores were found to be significantly lower than the students who slept 6 hours or less and those who slept 10 hours or more (p<0,001). It can be said that good sleep patterns and sleeping between 7 and 9 hours increased students’ psychological well-being and decreased their perceived stress.
Conclusion: It was found that while psychological well-being of university students differed in terms of gender, perceived immunity and sleep pattern, their perceived stress did not differ in terms of gender. It was found that students’ perceived stress differed in terms of perceived immunity and sleep duration of students. It was found that psychological well-being explained 0.9% (R2= 0,009) of the variation on perceived stress. It is recommended to reduce the perceived stress of university students by increasing their psychological well-being. It is also recommended to increase students’ level of believing in their immunity and to ensure that they sleep regularly and sufficiently.

Anahtar Kelimeler

University student, Psychological well-being, Perceived stress, Immunity, Sleep

Kaynakça

• Akdağ, F.G. ve Çankaya, Z.C. (2015). Evli Bireylerde Psikolojik İyi Oluşun Yordanması, Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 11(3), 646-662.
• Alabucak, E. (2019). Beliren Yetişkinlerin Psikolojik İyi Oluşlarını Açıklamada Yalnızlık, Sosyal Destek, Kardeş İlişkileri ve Bazı Demografik Değişkenlerin Rolü, İstanbul Üniversitesi-Cerrahpaşa Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü Eğitim Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Asmundson, G. J. G., & Taylor, S. (2020). How health anxiety influences responses to viral outbreaks like COVID-19: What all decision-makers, health authorities, and health care professionals need to know. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 71 (January), 102211.
• Ataman, T. E. ve Dağ, İ. (2014). Stres veren yaşam olayları, bilişsel duygu düzenleme stratejileri, depresif belirtiler ve kaygı düzeyi arasındaki ilişkiler. Klinik Psikiyatri, 17, 7-17.
• Ayhan, H. (2019). Dini Tutumun Adalet Duyarlılık, Ahlaki Yüreklilik ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Üzerine Etkisi. Kastamonu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Felsefe ve Din Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Ayyash-Abdo, H., & Alamuddin, R. (2007). Predictors of subjective well-being among college youth in Lebanon. The Journal of Social Psychology, 147(3), 265-284.
• Bekiroğlu, B., Tatar, O. (2019). Genç Yetişkinlerde Kişisel İyi Oluşun Duygu Odaklı Yapılarla İncelenmesi. Social Sciences Research Journal, 8 (3), 204-218.
• Bilgel, N., Kabataş, B., Atalar, G., ve Gündüz, Y. (2007). Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Duygu Durum Araştırması. 8. Türkiye Ekonometri ve İstatistik Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri. İnönü Üniversitesi, Malatya.
• Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J. & Zheng, J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on College Students in China. Psychiatry Research 287(112934), 1-5.
• Cohen S, Kamarck T, Mermelstein S .(1983). A global measure of perceived stress. J Health Soc Behav, 24:385–96.
• Cohen S, Williamson G. (1988). Perceived stress in a probability sample of the United States.In: The Social Psychology of Health. Editors. Spacapan S, Oskamp S, Newbury, CA: Sage. p. 31–67.
• Çakır İ. (2006). Polislerin iş stresi ve bazı değişkenlere göre stresle başa çıkma tarzlarının karşılaştırılması. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Ens. Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı, Adana, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 71-75.
• Çankı B., Yener S. (2017). İş’te Pozitif Davranış, Çizgi Kitabevi Yayınları: 809, ISBN: 978-605-196-097-5
• Çevik A, Şentürk V (2008) Tarihsel süreçte psikosomatik tıp ve psikosomatik bozukluklara genel bir bakış. Türkiye Klinikleri Psikiyatri Dergisi; 1: 1-11 Çiçek, B. & Almalı, V. (2020). The Relationship between Anxiety Self-efficacy and Psychological Well-Being during COVID-19 Pandemic Process: Comparison of Private and Public Sector Employees, Turkish Studies, 15(4), 241-260. https://dx.doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.43492
• Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Hedonia, eudaimonia, and well-being: an introduction. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 1-11.
• Demir M. (2019). Lise Öğrencilerinin Problem Çözme Becerileri, Algılanan Stres ve Yaşam Doyumu Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi, İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eğitim Bilimleri Anabilim Dalı Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans tezi, İstanbul.
• Diener, E., Scollon, C. N., & Lucas, R. E. (2009). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. Social Indicators Research, 39.
• Diener, E. (1984). Subjective well-being. Psychological Bulletin, 95(3), 542-575.
• Eraslan, M. (2016). Yaş ve cinsiyet değişkenlerine göre kick boks sporcularının algılanan stres düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(3), 5069-5077. doi:10.14687/jhs.v13i3.4113
• Ergül-Topçu, A., Yasak Y., Kalafat T., ve Altınoğlu-Dikmeer İ. (2021). The Relationship between Psychological Well-being of University Students and Demographic, Social, Academic and Disease Related Factors During COVID-19 Pandemic, Journal of Theory and Practice in Education, 17(1), 67-83. doi: 10.17244/eku.926595
• Erkoç B, Lotfi S, Zafer Danış M. (2021). A study to determine the relationship between family fit, cherophobia and psychological well-being. Arch Health Sci Res. 8(3):175-181.
• Eskin, M., Harlak, H., Demirkıran, F., & Dereboy, Ç. (2013). Algılanan stres ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi, In New/Yeni Symposium Journal, 51(3), 132-140.
• Güney G, Uzun M, İmamoğlu O. (2021a). Investigation of The Well-Being of Young People During The Coronavirus Epidemic Process Al Farabi 10th International Conference on Social Sciences Proceeding Book (Editor: Haluk Cömertoğlu) Malatya, Turkey,40-46
• Güney G, Uzun M, İmamoğlu O.(2021b). Investigation of Perceived Stress Situations In University Students During The Corona Virus Outbreak Process, VI. International European Conference On Social Sciences Proceedings Book, (Editor: Elena Panchenko), - Kyiv, UKRAINE , 476-483 Güvenç A. (2021). Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Öğretmenlerinin Psikolojik İyi Oluş Düzeyleri İle Olumlu Düşünme Beceri Düzeyleri Arasındaki İlişki, Karamanoğlu Mehmet Bey Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Ana Bilim Dalı Beden Eğitimi Ve Spor Bilim Dalı Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Karaman.
• Hamouche S. (2020). COVID-19 and employees’ mental health: stressors, moderators and agenda for organizational actions [version 1; peer review: awaiting peer review] Emerald Open Research, 2:15 (https://doi.org/10.35241/emeraldopenres.13550.1)
• Hevedanlı, Ö. ve Çakmak, A. (2014). Eğitim ve Fen-Edebiyat Fakülteleri Biyoloji Bölümü Öğrencilerinin Kaygı Düzeylerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 4(14): 115-127.
• Inglehart, R. (2002). Gender, aging, and subjective well-being. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 43(3-5), 391-408
• Keleş, İ.; Durar, E.; Durmuş, M. (2022). Koronavirüs (Covid-19) Salgın Sürecinde Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Algılanan Stres Düzeylerini Etkileyen Faktörler, Iğdır Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (29): s. 36-48.
• Kermen, U. Tosun İlçin, N. ve Doğan, U. (2016).Yaşam Doyumu ve Psikolojik İyi Oluşun Yordayıcısı Olarak Sosyal Kaygı. Eğitim Kuram ve Uygulama Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 20-29. Keyes, C.L.M. Shmotkin, D. and Ryff, C.D. (2002). Optimizing Well-Being: The Empirical encounter of Two Traditions. Journal Of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(6), 1007-1022.
• Kocaman, E.N. (2019). Bir Grup Yetişkinde Umut ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişkinin Farklı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. İstanbul: Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Eğitim Bilimleri Ana Bilim Dalı Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Kjell, O. N., Nima, A. A., Sikström, S., Archer, T., & Garcia, D. (2013). Iranian and Swedish adolescents: differences in personality traits and well-being. PeerJ, 1, e197.
• Klaperski, S., von Dawans B, Heinrichs M. and Fuchs, R. (2014). Effects of a 12-week endurance training program on the physiological response to psychosocial stress in men: a randomized controlled trial, Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 37(6), pp: 1118-33. Kokko, K., Tolvanen, A., & Pulkkinen, L. (2013). Associations between personality traits and psychological well-being across time in middle adulthood. Journal of Research in Personality, 47(6), 748-756. Lee, A.L., Ogle, W.O. and Sapolsky, R.M. (2002). Stress and depression: possible links to neuron death in the hippocampus, Bipolar Disorders, 4(2), pp:117–28.
• Lei, L., Huang, X., Zhang, S., Yang, J., Yang, L., & Xu, M. (2020). Comparison of Prevalence and Associated Factors of Anxiety and Depression among People Affected by versus People Unaffected by Quarantine during the COVID-19 Epidemic in Southwestern China. Medical Science Monitor, 26, 1–12.
• Lemay, V., Hoolahan, J., Buchanan, A. (2019). Impact of a yoga and meditation ıntervention on students' stress and anxiety levels. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83 (5), 7001.
• Lin, D. T., Liebert, C. A., Tran, J., Lau, J. N., & Salles, A. (2016). Emotional intelligence as a predictor of resident well-being. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 223(2), 352-358. Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, et al. (2020). Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID- 19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res, 287:112921.
• Macintyrea CR. (2020). On a knife’s edge of a COVID-19 pandemic: is containment still possible? Public Health Res Pract. 30.
• Maner, F. ve Aydın, A. (2007). Bulimiya nervozada psikososyokültürel etmenler. Düşünen Adam, 20(1), 25-37.
• Meral, B. F. (2014). Kişisel İyi Oluş İndeksi-Yetişkin Türkçe formunun psikometrik özellikleri. The Journal of Happiness and Well-Being, 2(2), 119-131.
• Mieda M, Sakurai T. (2013). Orexin (hypocretin) receptor agonists and antagonists for treatment of sleep disorders. Rationale for development and current status. CNS Drugs,27:83–90. Othman, N., Ahmad, F., El Morr, C., Ritvo, P. (2019). Perceived impact of contextual determinants on depression, anxiety and stress: a survey with university students. Int J Ment Health Syst, 5(1),13-17.
• Örsal Ö., Kök Eren H., Duru P. (2019). Psikiyatri hastalarının uyku kalitesini etkileyen faktörlerin yapısal eşitlik modeli ile incelenmesi, J Psychiatric Nurs, 10(1):55-64
• Özgan, H., Balkar, B., ve Eskil, M. (2008). Eğitim Fakültesi Öğrencileri Tarafından Sınıfta Algılanan Stres Nedenleri ve Kişisel Değişkenlerin Strese Olan Etkisi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(24): 337-350.
• Paez, D., Seguel, A. M., & Martinez-Sanchez, F. (2013). Incremental validity of alexithymia,emotional coping and humor style on happiness and psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 14(5), 1621-1637.
• Pilowsky DJ, Keyes KM, Hasin DS .(2008). Adverse childhood events and lifetime alcohol dependence. American Journal of Public Health; 99: 258-263
• Rosado IV, Russo GH, Maia EM.( 2015). Generating health elicits illness? The contradictions of work performed in emergency care units of public hospitals. Cien Saude Colet, 20: 3021–32.
• Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: a review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
• Ryff, C. D. (1995). Psychological well-being in adult life. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4, 99- 104
• Salehinejad, M. A., Majidinezhad, M., E.Ghanavati, Kouestanian, S., Vicario, C. M., Nitsche, M. A., & Nejati, V. (2020).Negative impact of COVID-19 pandemic on sleep quantitative parameters, quality, and circadian alignment: Implications for health and psychological well-being. EXCLI Journal, 19, 1297-1308.
• Sanderson, W. C., Arunagiri, V., Funk, A. P., Ginsburg, K. L., Krychiw, J. K., Limowski, A. R., Stout, Z. (2020). The nature and treatment of pandemic-related psychological distress. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 50, 251-263.
• Sarı T., Çakır G. (2016). Mutluluk Korkusu İle Öznel Ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi, Journal of Research in Education and Teaching, Cilt:5 Özel Sayı Makale No: 25: 222-229
• Savcı, M. ve Aysan, F. (2014). Üniversite Öğrencilerinde Algılanan Stres Düzeyi İle Stresle Başa Çıkma Stratejileri Arasındaki İlişki. Uluslararası Türk Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 2014(3), 44-56.
• Schneiderman N, Ironson G, Siegel SD. (2005).Stress and health: psychological, behavioral, and biological determinants. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology; 1:607-628.
• Sekban G.,İmamoğlu O. (2021). Life Satisfaction and Psychological Well-Being of University Educated Students During the Covid-19 Pandemic, Apuntes Universitarios, 11(4),384-398, https://doi.org/10.17162/au.v11i4.819
• Shaheen, S., & Shaheen, H. (2016). Emotional intelligence in relation to psychological wellbeing among students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 3(4), 206-213.
• Simmons LA, Havens JR, Whiting JB, Holz JL, Bada H.(2009). Illicit drug use among women with children in the United States: 2002-2003. Annals of Epidemiology; 19: 187-193.
• Siqueira L, Diab M, Bodian C, Rolnitzky L .(2000). Adolescents becoming smokers: The roles of stress and coping methods. Journal of Adolescent Health; 27: 399-408
• Shigemura J, Ursano RJ, Morganstein JC, et al.(2020). Public responses to the novel 2019 coronavirus (2019- nCoV) in Japan: mental health consequences and target populations. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 74(4): 281–282. Shors TJ.(2006). Stressful experience and learning across the lifespan. Annual Review of Psychology; 57: 55-85.
• Şanlı, Ö. (2017). Öğretmenlerin Algılanan Stres Düzeylerinin Çeşitli Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 16(61): 385-396.
• Tekin E.,Çilesiz Z.Y., Gede S. (2019). Research on the Ways of Coping With Stress and Perceived Stress Levels of Employees in Different, Ordu University Journal of Social Science Research, 9(1), 79-89
• Telef, B. B. (2013). Psikolojik iyi oluş ölçeği (PİOO): Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(3), 374-384. Tutkun E., İmamoğlu O. (2017). Üniversiteli Sporcu Öğrenciler ve Antrenörlerde Stres Düzeyi Ve Benlik Tasarımı İlişkisi, Uluslararası Balkan Spor Bilimleri Kongresi, The International Balkan Conference in sport Sciences (IBCSS2017), Uludağ Üniversitesi Mete Cengiz Kültür Merkezi, 21-23 Mayıs BURSA, uludagbalkansporbilimleri.org/tr/, s.456
• Uzun M., Güney G., İmamoğlu O. (2021). Investigation of Perceived Stress Levels in Individual and Team Athletes during the Corona Virus Epidemic Process, Karabagh International Congress of Modern Studies in Social and Human Sciences Full Text Book-I, (Editor: Ramazan Gafarlı), Karabagh, Azerbaijan, 302-309
• Weiss, A., Bates, T. C., & Luciano, M. (2008). Happiness is a personal(ity) thing: the genetics of personality and well-being in a representative sample. Psychological Science, 19(3),205-210.