INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP OF YOGA TRANSFORMATION EFFECT ON LEVELS OF DEPRESSION, ANXIETY, STRESS AND MINDFULNES IN INDIVIDUALS PLAYING YOGA

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 4, 636 - 646, 20.10.2023

Büşra Erul , Ulviye Bilgin , Emre Bağcı

https://doi.org/10.22282/tojras.1324631

Öz

Nowadays, it is seen that individuals often do yoga as a way to improve their physical and psychological health with the pursuit of feeling good. In this study, it was aimed to examine the relationship of yoga transformation effect on depression, anxiety, stress and mindfulnes (Conscious Awareness) in individuals who practice yoga. A total of 236 subjects voluntarily participated in the study, 36 males and 200 females, with an average age (36.25 years), height (166.40 cm) and body weight (60.06 kg), respectively. The Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), the Yoga Self-Efficacy Scale (YSES) with three sub-dimensions (Body, Mind and Breath) and the Depression-Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) were administered to the participants. In addition, with the personal information form, it was questioned how many years yoga was practiced, whether meditation and breathing exercises were done.
SPSS 22.0 package program was used for statistical analysis. In the analysis of the data, t test, ANOVA and Pearson Correlation analysis were used to determine the relationship between the variables. In addition, multiple linear regression analysis was applied to determine the effect of yoga transformation effect on depression, anxiety, stress and mindfulness.

As a result of the analyses, significant differences were found between YSES and its sub-dimensions (p<.01), Depression and MASS (p<.05) according to whether the participants meditate or not. Significant results were obtained in YSES and its sub-dimensions, and in MASS, depending on whether or not they did breathing exercises (P<.01). According to the participants' yoga practice history, there were statistically significant differences in the YSES and its sub-dimensions and MASS as the years of practicing yoga increased. In the correlation results, there was a positive relationship between YSES and its sub-dimensions and MASS, while there was an inverse relationship between DASS-21 and its sub-dimensions both with YSES and its sub-dimensions and with MASS. In the established regression model, it was determined that YSES was significant for MASS and explained 28% as positive predictors. In addition, it was observed that Breath scores were negative predictors of Anxiety (11%), Stress (12%) and Depression (10%) and explained it at low levels.
As a result, it was determined that the yoga transformation effect was associated with both conscious awareness levels and depression, stress and anxiety levels in individuals who practice yoga.

Anahtar Kelimeler

yoga, depression, anxiety, stress, midfullness

Kaynakça

• Arambula, P., Peper, E., Kawakami, M., & Gibney, K. (2001). The physiological correlates of Kundalini yoga meditation: A study of a yoga master. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 26(2), 147–153.
• Birdee, G. S., Sohl, S. J., & Wallston, K. (2015). Development and psychometric properties of the Yoga Self-Efficacy Scale (YSES). BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 16, 1-9.
• Breedvelt, J. J., Amanvermez, Y., Harrer, M., Karyotaki, E., Gilbody, S., Bockting, C. L., ... & Ebert, D. D. (2019). The effects of meditation, yoga, and mindfulness on depression, anxiety, and stress in tertiary education students: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in psychiatry, 10, 193.
• Brisbon, N. M., & Lowery, G. A. (2011). Mindfulness and levels of stress: a comparison of beginner and advanced hatha yoga practitioners. Journal of religion and health, 50, 931-941.
• Brown RP & Gerbarg PL (2009): Yoga Breathing, Meditation, and Longevity, Regeneration, and Optimal Health: Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1172: 54–62 (2009). doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04394.x
• Brown, K. W., & Ryan, R. M. (2004). Perils and promise in defining and measuring mindfulness: Observations from experience. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 242–248. doi.org/10.1093/clipsy.bph078
• Brown, R. P., & Gerbarg, P. L. (2005). Sudarshan Kriya Yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: part II—clinical applications and guidelines. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine, 11(4), 711-717.
• Büssing, A., Michalsen, A., Khalsa, S. B. S., Telles, S., & Sherman, K. J. (2012). Effects of yoga on mental and physical health: a short summary of reviews. Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine. doi:10.1155/2012/165410
• Caldwell, K., Harrison, M., Adams, M., Quin, R. H., & Greeson, J. (2010). Developing mindfulness in college students through movement-based courses: effects on self-regulatory self-efficacy, mood, stress, and sleep quality. Journal of American College Health, 58(5), 433-442.
• Chong, C. S., Tsunaka, M., & Chan, E. P. (2011). Effects of yoga on stress management in healthy adults: a systematic review. Alternative Therapies İn Health And Medicine, 17(1), 32
• Cramer, H., Lauche, R., Langhorst, J., & Dobos, G. (2013). Yoga for depression: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Depression And Anxiety, 30(11), 1068-1083.
• Desai, R., Tailor, A., & Bhatt, T. (2015). Effects of yoga on brain waves and structural activation: A review. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 21(2), 112-118.
• Field, T. (2016). Yoga research review. Complementary therapies in clinical practice, 24, 145-161.
• Gaiswinkler, L., & Unterrainer, H. F. (2016). The relationship between yoga involvement, mindfulness and psychological wellbeing. Complementary Therapies İn Medicine, 26, 123-127.).
• Gard, T., Noggle, J. J., Park, C. L., Vago, D. R., & Wilson, A. (2014). Potential self-regulatory mechanisms of yoga for psychological health. Frontiers in human neuroscience, 770.
• Garfinkel, M., & Schumacher Jr, H. R. (2000). Yoga. Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, 26(1), 125-132.
• Gothe, N. P., Khan, I., Hayes, J., Erlenbach, E., & Damoiseaux, J. S. (2019). Yoga effects on brain health: a systematic review of the current literature. Brain Plasticity, 5(1), 105-122.
• Grabara, M., & Szopa, J. (2015). Effects of hatha yoga exercises on spine flexibility in women over 50 years old. Journal of physical therapy science, 27(2), 361-365.
• Güldere, B. (2020). Investigation of mindfulness, self-understanding, depression, anxiety and stress levels in people who do and do not do yoga. Master Thesis, Near East University, Nicosia.
• Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 78(2), 169.
• Iyengar, B. K. S. (1993). Light on the yoga sutras of Patanjali (p. 384). Aquarian/Thorsons)
• İmiroğlu, A., Demir, R., & Murat, M. (2021). Cognıtıve Flexıbılıty, Mındfulness and Hope as Predıctors of Psychologıcal Well-Beıng. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 20(80), 2037-2057. DOI:10.17755/esosder.859555
• Jerath, R., Crawford, M. W., Barnes, V. A., & Harden, K. (2015). Self-regulation of breathing as a primary treatment for anxiety. Applied psychophysiology and biofeedback, 40(2), 107-115.
• Kabat-Zinn, J. (2015). Mindfulness. Mindfulness, 6(6), 1481-1483.
• Kozak, M., Zorba, E., & Bayrakdar, A. (2021). Mental training skills with mindfulness in athletes. JSAR 3(2), 89-97.
• Kucukelci, D. T. (2018). The Adaptation of Yoga Self-Efficacy Scale into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study. Education And Society In The 21st Century, 7(21), 907-922.
• Li, A. W., & Goldsmith, C. A. W. (2012). The effects of yoga on anxiety and stress. Alternative Medicine Review, 17(1).
• Lin, K. Y., Hu, Y. T., Chang, K. J., Lin, H. F., & Tsauo, J. Y. (2011). Effects of yoga on psychological health, quality of life, and physical health of patients with cancer: a meta-analysis. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine.
• Little, J. W., Miller, C. S., & Rhodus, N. L. (2017). Drug sused in complementary and alternative medicine of potential ımportance in dentistry. Littleand Falace's Dental Management of the Medically Compromised Patient,, 30, 645-653.).
• Morley, S., & Snaith, P. (1995). Principles of Psychological Assesment. In: Freeman, C., Tyrer, P., (Eds.). Research Methods in Psychiatry. A Beginner’s Guide. Wiltshire: Redwood Books. pp.135-152.
• Murata, T., Takahashi, T., Hamada, T., Omori, M., Kosaka, H., Yoshida, H., et al. (2004). Individual trait anxiety levels characterizing the properties of Zen meditation. Neuropsychobiology, 50, 189–194.
• Önen, D., & Karabudak, E. (2021). An Alternative Approach to Obesity Control: Yoga. J Tradit Complem Med. 2021;4(2):256-62. doi: 10.5336/jtracom.2020-76971
• Özyeşil, Z., Arslan, C., Kesici, Ş., & Deniz, M. E. (2011). Adaptation of the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale into Turkish. Education and Science, 36(160).
• Pascoe, M. C., Thompson, D. R., & Ski, C. F. (2017). Yoga, mindfulness-based stress reduction and stress-related physiological measures: A meta-analysis. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 86, 152-168.
• Prathikanti, S., Rivera, R., Cochran, A., Tungol, J. G., Fayazmanesh, N., & Weinmann, E. (2017). Treating major depression with yoga: A prospective, randomized, controlled pilot trial. Plos one, 12(3)
• QuestionPro. (2022). Quantitative Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples. Retrieved from https://www.questionpro.com/blog/quantitative-research/. Accessed March 26, 2023
• Riley, K. E., & Park, C. L. (2015). How does yoga reduce stress? A systematic review of mechanisms of change and guide to future inquiry. Health psychology review, 9(3), 379-396.
• Ross, A., & Thomas, S. (2010). The health benefits of yoga and exercise: a review of comparison studies. The journal of alternative and complementary medicine, 16(1), 3-12.
• Salmon, P., Lush, E., Jablonski, M., ve Sephton, S. E. (2009). Yoga and mindfulness: clinical aspects of an ancient mind/body practice. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 16(1), 59–72.).
• Sarıçam, H. (2018). The psychometric properties of Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) in health control and clinical samples. Journal of Cognitive-Behavioral Psychotherapy and Research, 7(1), 19-30.https://doi.org/10.5455/JCBPR.274847
• Snaith, N., Schultz, T., Proeve, M., & Rasmussen, P. (2018). Mindfulness, self-compassion, anxiety and depression measures in South Australian yoga participants: implications for designing a yoga intervention. Complementary Therapies İn Clinical Practice, 32, 92-99.)
• Stewart DE, Gucciardi E, Grace SL. Depression. BMC Womens Health. 2004; 4(Suppl 1):19. doi:10.1186/1472-6874-4-S1-S19
• Šumec R, Filip P, Sheardová K, Bareš M. (2015). Psychological benefits of nonpharmacological methods aimed for improving balance in parkinson’s disease: a systematic review. Hindawi Publishing Corporation Behavioural Neurology.
• Szabo, A., Nikházy, L., Tihanyi, B., & Boros, S. (2017). An in-situ investigation of the acute effects of Bikram yoga on positive-and negative affect, and state-anxiety in context of perceived stress. Journal of Mental Health, 26(2), 156-160.
• Tabaschnick, B. G. & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th Edit.). Boston: Pearson.
• Tang, Y., Yang, L., Leve, L. D., & Harold, G. T. (2012). Improving executive function and its neurobiological mechanisms through a mindfulness-based intervention: Advances within the field of developmental neuroscience. Child Development Perspectives, 6(4), 361–366. doi:10.1111/j.1750-8606.2012.00250.x
• Telles, S., Reddy, S., & Nagendra, H. (2000). Oxygen consumption and respiration following two yoga relaxation techniques. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 25(4), 221–227.
• Tingaz, E. O. (2020). Examination of mindfulness according to some variables in student-athletes of sports sciences faculty The Journal of Turkish Sport Science, 3(1): 21-28.
• Türkçapar, H. (2004). Diagnostic relationships of anxiety disorder and depression. Ankara Training Hospital Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 15, 12-16.
• Van Puymbroeck, M., Burk, B. N., Shinew, K. J., Kuhlenschmidt, M. C., & Schmid, A. A. (2013). Perceived health benefits from yoga among breast cancer survivors. American Journal of Health Promotion, 27(5), 308-315.
• Verma, A., Shete, S. U., & SinGh thAKU, G. (2014). The effect of yoga practices on cognitive development in rural residential school children in India. Memory, 6(2.80), 6-24.
• Vinoski, E., Webb, J. B., Warren-Findlow, J., Brewer, K. A., & Kiffmeyer, K. A. (2017). Got yoga?: A longitudinal analysis of thematic content and models’ appearance-related attributes in advertisements spanning four decades of Yoga Journal. Body image, 21, 1-5.
• Vural, C., Okan, İ. (2021). Mindfulness in Sports: A Study on Shooting Sports Branches. MJSS, 4(2), 265-273.
• Zelazo, P. D., & Lyons, K. E. (2012). The potential benefits of mindfulness training in early childhood: A developmental social cognitive neuroscience perspective. Child development perspectives, 6(2), 154-160.