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MARGARET ATWOOD’UN SPEKÜLATİF FEMİNİST EKO-DİSTOPYASI DAMIZLIK KIZIN ÖYKÜSÜ ROMANINDA ZORUNLU ÜREME

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 23 - 34, 21.10.2023

Öz

Bilimkurgunun uzun süredir devam eden beyaz, erkek egemen alanına müdahale eden feminist yazarlar, 1960’ların ikinci dalga feminist uyanışından ve bilincinden ilham alarak, bilimkurgu türünü ekolojik felaket senaryoları ile kadın düşmanı senaryolar arasındaki radikal dolaşıklılığı, cinsiyetçi ideolojiler ve dayatmaları keşfetmek için “verimli bir alan” olarak kullanmaya başlamışlardır. Bu etkili ve üretken feminist bilimkurgu yazarlarından biri olan, daha ziyade spekülatif kurgu yazarı olarak anılan Margaret Atwood, 1985 tarihli Damızlık Kızın Öyküsü romanında çok uzak olmayan spekülatif distopik bir dünyada kadınlar ile çevre arasındaki karşılıklı ilişkisine, bunların ikili boyunduruğuna, istismarına ve yıkımına odaklanmaktadır. Atwood, çevresel felaketler ve/veya ekolojik istikrarsızlık durumunda en dezavantajlı grup haline gelen kadınların uysallığa, sömürüye ve çeşitli korkunç uygulamalara maruz kaldıklarını, dolayısıyla ekolojik krizlerin ağır acılarını çektiklerini ve sonuçlarına da onların katlandıklarını anlatmaktadır. Başkan, parlamento üyeleri ve senatonun öldürüldüğü ve ABD yargı sisteminin askıya alındığı çöküş sonrası ABD’yi anlatan hikâye, bir grup totaliter ve despotik komutan tarafından yönetilen, Gilead Cumhuriyeti olarak adlandırılan yerde geçmektedir. Bu kasvetli dünya düzeninde, çevresel bozulma ve ekolojik krizler sonucu oluşan kısırlık büyük bir sorun haline gelir ve bu baskıcı hükümeti şiddetli eylemler uygulamaya sevk eder. İstilacı ve seçici yöntemlerle doğurgan kadınlar “sürü” olarak toplanır; önce evcilleştirilir, ardından da zorla üremeye indirgenip üreme makinesi olarak kullanılmak ve sömürülmek üzere zengin, elit ve yüksek rütbeli erkek komutanlara teslim edilir. Makale, artan eko-felaket sorunların ve felaketlerin kadın bedeninin nasıl tuhaf bir şekilde “biyolojik bir kab”a (Roos, 2008, p. 45). dönüşmesine neden olduğu araştırılmasını içermektedir. Bu makalede, kadın bedenine uygulanan korkunç bilimsel müdahale ve burada toplumu çevresel çöküşten kurtarma arayışı, Michel Foucault’nun biyopolitikası ve biyo-iktidar kavramı üzerinden incelenmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Agir, B. (2022). Biopolitics of Body in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World. International Journal of Filologia (IJOF), 8, 152–161. https://doi.org/10.51540/ijof.1208501
  • Atwood, M. (1985). The Handmaid’s Tale. McClelland & Stewart.
  • Bloom, H. (2004). Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale. Chelsea House Publ.
  • Chaput, C. (2009). Regimes of truth, disciplined bodies, secured populations: An overview of Michel Foucault. Science Fiction Film and Television 2 (1), 91-104.
  • Deveaux, M. (1994). Feminism and Empowerment: A Critical Reading of Foucault. Feminist Studies, 20(2), 223. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178151
  • Diprose, R. (2009). Towards an Ethico-Politics of the Posthuman: Foucault and Merleau-Ponty. Parrhesia, 8, 7–19.
  • Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage Books.
  • Gaard, G (ed). (1993) Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Gerodetti, N., & Mottier, V. (2009). Feminism(s) and the politics of reproduction. Feminist Theory, 10 (2), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700109104921
  • Gillette, S., & Hubbard, K. (2017, May 5). Margaret Atwood on why The Handmaid’s Tale Resonates in the Trump Era. People mag. https://people.com/books/margaret-atwood-talks-handmaids-tale-trump-era/
  • Houser, H. (2014). Ecosickness in contemporary U.S. fiction: Environment and affect. Columbia University Press.
  • Kuźnicki, S. (2017). Margaret Atwood’s dystopian fiction: Fire is being eaten. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Kümbet, P. (2022). Environmental Sterilization through Reproductive Sterilization in Sarah Hall’s The Carhullan Army. In S. Vint & S. Buran (Eds.), Technologies of feminist Speculative fiction: Gender, Artificial life, and the Politics of Reproduction. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Rabinow, P., & Rose, N. (2006). Biopower today. BioSocieties, 1(2), 195–217. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1745855206040014
  • Roos, H. (2008). “Not properly human”: Literary and cinematic narratives about human harvesting. Journal of Literary Studies, 24(3), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/02564710802024800
  • Seager, J. (2003). Rachel Carson died of breast cancer: The coming of age of feminist environmentalism. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28(3), 945–972. https://doi.org/10.1086/345456
  • Shiva, V., &Mies, M. (2014). Ecofeminism. Bloomsbury Academic.

COERCED REPRODUCTIVITY IN MARGARET ATWOOD’S SPECULATIVE, FEMINIST ECO-DYSTOPIA, THE HANDMAID’S TALE

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3, 23 - 34, 21.10.2023

Öz

Entering into the long-held white, male-dominated domain of science-fiction, feminist writers, inspired by the 1960s second-wave feminist awakening and consciousness, have started to use science-fiction genre as a “fruitful venue” for exploration of the radical entanglement between eco-catastrophic scenarios and misogynistic, sexist ideologies, and impositions. Being one of these influential and prolific feminist science-fiction, rather as a speculative fiction writer, Margaret Atwood, in her 1985 novel The Handmaid’s Tale, focuses on the interrelatedness of women and environment, and their dual subjugation, abuse, and destruction in the not-too-distant speculative world. She depicts that in the case of environmental disasters or ecological instability, women becoming the most disadvantaged group, suffer and pay the consequences gravely, and be subjected to docility, exploitation, and various horrendous practices. Portraying post-collapse USA, where the president, members of the parliament, and senate are killed and the US judicial system is suspended, the story takes place in what is now called the Gilead Republic, run by a group of totalitarian and despotic commanders. In this grim world order, infertility as a result of environmental and ecological crises, becomes a huge problem, leading this oppressive government to take action. Through invasive and selective methods, fertile women are collected as “herds” and first “tamed,” then reduced to forced breeding and handed over to rich, elite and high-ranking male commanders to be used as breeding machines. The paper entails an exploration of how because of the escalating eco-catastrophic problems the female body is grotesquely transformed into a “biological vessel” (Roos 45). In this paper, thus the horrific scientific intervention applied to the female body and the quest to save the society from environmental collapse here is examined by Michél Foucault’s biopolitics and the concept of bio-power.

Kaynakça

  • Agir, B. (2022). Biopolitics of Body in Aldous Huxley’s Brave New World. International Journal of Filologia (IJOF), 8, 152–161. https://doi.org/10.51540/ijof.1208501
  • Atwood, M. (1985). The Handmaid’s Tale. McClelland & Stewart.
  • Bloom, H. (2004). Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale. Chelsea House Publ.
  • Chaput, C. (2009). Regimes of truth, disciplined bodies, secured populations: An overview of Michel Foucault. Science Fiction Film and Television 2 (1), 91-104.
  • Deveaux, M. (1994). Feminism and Empowerment: A Critical Reading of Foucault. Feminist Studies, 20(2), 223. https://doi.org/10.2307/3178151
  • Diprose, R. (2009). Towards an Ethico-Politics of the Posthuman: Foucault and Merleau-Ponty. Parrhesia, 8, 7–19.
  • Foucault, M. (1975). Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Vintage Books.
  • Gaard, G (ed). (1993) Ecofeminism: Women, Animals, Nature. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Gerodetti, N., & Mottier, V. (2009). Feminism(s) and the politics of reproduction. Feminist Theory, 10 (2), 147–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464700109104921
  • Gillette, S., & Hubbard, K. (2017, May 5). Margaret Atwood on why The Handmaid’s Tale Resonates in the Trump Era. People mag. https://people.com/books/margaret-atwood-talks-handmaids-tale-trump-era/
  • Houser, H. (2014). Ecosickness in contemporary U.S. fiction: Environment and affect. Columbia University Press.
  • Kuźnicki, S. (2017). Margaret Atwood’s dystopian fiction: Fire is being eaten. Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Kümbet, P. (2022). Environmental Sterilization through Reproductive Sterilization in Sarah Hall’s The Carhullan Army. In S. Vint & S. Buran (Eds.), Technologies of feminist Speculative fiction: Gender, Artificial life, and the Politics of Reproduction. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Rabinow, P., & Rose, N. (2006). Biopower today. BioSocieties, 1(2), 195–217. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1745855206040014
  • Roos, H. (2008). “Not properly human”: Literary and cinematic narratives about human harvesting. Journal of Literary Studies, 24(3), 40–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/02564710802024800
  • Seager, J. (2003). Rachel Carson died of breast cancer: The coming of age of feminist environmentalism. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 28(3), 945–972. https://doi.org/10.1086/345456
  • Shiva, V., &Mies, M. (2014). Ecofeminism. Bloomsbury Academic.
Toplam 17 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Dünya Dilleri, Edebiyatı ve Kültürü (Diğer)
Bölüm Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi Cilt 7 Sayı 3
Yazarlar

Pelin Kumbet 0000-0002-2704-9117

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 20 Ekim 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Ekim 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Kumbet, P. (2023). COERCED REPRODUCTIVITY IN MARGARET ATWOOD’S SPECULATIVE, FEMINIST ECO-DYSTOPIA, THE HANDMAID’S TALE. Uluslararası Toplumsal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(3), 23-34.