Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization and Plant Density on Leaf Mineral Element Contents, Capsule Yield, Seed Yield and Morphine Ratio of Poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) Genotypes

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 11 - 24, 27.03.2020

Birsen Karabük Kudret Kevseroğlu Zeynep Demir

https://doi.org/10.21657/topraksu.595974

Öz

Plant density for poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) and impacts of genotype and nitrogen fertilizer dose applications on total ash, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu contents on poppy leaves, capsule yield, seed yield and morphine ratio were investigated. Two plant density (SD1: 25 plants per m2, SD2: 16 plants per m2), four poppy genotypes (Zaferyolu, Tınaztepe, Ofis 3 and Local line) and four nitrogen fertilizer dose (0, 6, 12 and 18 kg da-1) were used. Experiments were conducted in randomized complete block, split-split plots design with 3 replications for 2 years (2009/10 and 2010/11). While the effect of plant density x nitrogen dose x genotype interaction was statistically significant in terms of the total ash (p<0.01), mineral elements of poppy leaves, capsule yield and seed yield, it was not significant for morphine ratio. The highest capsule yield and seed yield (134.30 kg da-1 and 161.11 kg da-1) were obtained in 12 kg da-1 N treatment of local line genotype at SD1 plant density and the lowest capsule yield and seed yield (67.22 kg da-1 and 76.53 kg da-1) were observed in the without nitrogen of Tınaztepe genotype at SD2 plant density, respectively. Morphine ratios were determined as 0.445%, 0.508%, 0.570% and 0.597% according to N doses (0, 6, 12 ve 18 kg da-1), respectively. With regard to plant density, SD1 (25 plants per m2) was prominent for majority of investigated parameters. As compared to other genotypes, Ofis 3 genotype can be recommended 12 kg da-1 N treatment in terms of mineral nutrient contents of poppy leaves and morphine ratio at SD1 plant density.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Poppy, genotype, mineral elements, nitrogen, sowing density, yield

Haşhaş (Papaver Somniferum L.) Genotiplerinde Ekim Sıklığı ile Azotlu Gübrelemenin Haşhaş Yapraklarının Mineral Madde İçerikleri, Kapsül Verimi, Tohum Verimi ve Morfin Oranı Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Haşhaşta (Papaver Somniferum L.) ekim sıklığı, genotip ve azotlu gübre dozu uygulamalarının haşhaş yapraklarında toplam kül, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu içerikleri, kapsül verimi, tohum verimi ve morfin oranı üzerine olan etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışmada iki ekim sıklığı (SD1: serpme ekim, m2’de yaklaşık 25 bitki, SD2: sıraya ekim, m2’de 16 bitki), dört haşhaş genotipi (Zaferyolu, Tınaztepe, Ofis 3 ve Yerel hat) ve dört azotlu gübre dozu (0, 6, 12 ve 18 kg da-1) kullanılmıştır. Deneme tesadüf bloklarında bölünen bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Ekim sıklığı x azot dozu x genotip interaksiyonu haşhaş yapraklarının toplam kül, mineral elementler, kapsül ve tohum verimi bakımından istatistiksel olarak önemli iken (p<0.01), morfin oranı bakımından önemsiz bulunmuştur. En yüksek kapsül verimi ve tohum verimi (134.30 kg da-1 and 161.11 kg da-1) SD1 ekim sıklığında 12 kg N da-1 uygulanan yerel hat genotipinde ve en düşük kapsül verimi ve tohum verimi (67.22 kg da-1 and 76.53 kg da-1) SD2 ekim sıklığında N uygulanmayan Tınaztepe genotipinden elde edilmiştir. Bu uygulamadan elde edilen morfin oranları N dozlarına (0, 6, 12 ve 18 kg da-1) göre sırası ile %0.445, %0.508, %0.570 ve %0.597 olarak belirlenmiştir. Diğer genotip çeşitleriyle (Zaferyolu, Tınaztepe ve Yerel hat) karşılaştırıldığında, Toprak Mahsülleri Ofisinin tavsiye ettiği Ofis 3 çeşidine ait haşhaş bitki yaprağının makro ve mikro besin içeriklerinin ve morfin oranının daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

azot dozları, ekim metotları, genotip, Haşhaş, mineral elementler, morfin oranı, verim

Kaynakça

• Acosta-Durán CM, Ocampo D, Cedillo E, Nava LM (2007). Effect of calcium sulphate and biosolids in crop yield peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), Agricultural Research, 4(1):31-38.
• Antil RS, Yadav DS, Yadav VK, Singh M (1988). Nitrogencopper relationship in Raya (Brassica juncea Coss). Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 36:704-708.
• Arslan N, Buyukgocmen R, Gumuscu A (2000). Oil and morphine contents of Turkish poppy populations. Journal of Field Crops Research Institute. 9:56-60 (Turkey).
• Ask Saskatchewan Agrıculture (2012). Micronutrients in crop production. Soils, Fertility and Nutrients. ASK Saskatchewan Agriculture. http://www.agriculture.gov.sk.ca/.
• Aulakh MS, Malhi SS (2005). Interactions of nitrogen with other nutrients and water: Effect on crop yield and quality, nutrient use efficiency, carbon sequestration, and environmental pollution. Advances in Agronomy 86:341-409.
• Aytekin M, Önder M (2006). Azot ve Fosfor Dozlarının Haşhaşta (Papaver Somniferum L.) Verim ve Bazı Verim Unsurları İle Kalite Üzerine Etkileri. Selçuk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 20(38):68-75.
• Bernáth J, Németh E (2010). Poppy. p.449-468.: In: J. Vollmann and I. Rajcan (eds.), Oil Crops, Handbook of Plant Breeding, Vol. 4. Springer Science, Business Media, LLC, New York.
• Bahandari M, Sharma M, Dashi PP (1989). Effect of plant population and nitrojen fertilization on yield and yield attributes in Papaver somniferum. L., Comparative physiology and ecology. Department of Plant Breeding College of Agriculture. Udaipur 313001, India.
• Biswas BC, Prasad N (1991). Importance of nutrient interactions in crop production. Fertilization News, 36(7):43-57.
• Boydak E, Kavurmacı Z (2015). Adaptation of some of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) types in the Eastern Gateway Region. Turk Journal of Nature and Science. 4:44-47.
• Brown D, Weselby C (2010). NASA-funded research discovers life built with toxic chemical. NASA Feature, posted on NASA December, 2. http://www.nasa.gov/.
• Camcı H (1983). Başlıca haşhaş çeşitlerinin afyon yöresindeki adaptasyonu ıle uygulanan bazı değişik yetiştirme tekniklerinin verim ve kalite üzerine etkisi. Ankara Üniversitesi İhtisas Tezi.
• Camcı H, Arslan N (1984). Sulu susuz şartlarda gübrelemenin haşhaşın kapsül ve tohum verimine etkisi. IV. Bitkisel İlaç Hammaddeleri Toplantısı Bildiri Kitabı. S:164-166. Ankara.
• Ehsanipour A, Razmjoo J, Zeinali H (2012). Effect of nitrogen rate on yield and quality of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) accessions. Industrial Crops and Products, 35:121-125.
• Engin D (1995). Azot dozları ve hasat zamanın haşhaşda verim ve kalite üzerine etkisi. PhD Thesis in Turkish.
• Erdemoglu N, Ozilhan S, Oztop F, Sener B (2002). Analaysis with HPLC of alkaloids in poppy capsules sown in Turkey. 14th Herbal Pharmaceutical Raw Materials Conference, May-2002, pp:224-227 (Turkey).
• Erdurmuş A (1989). Haşhaş hatlarında fenolojik ve morfolojik karakterlerin morfin ve tohum verimiyle ilişkileri, PhD Thesis, Ankara, Turkey.
• Escalante EJA (1999) Área foliar, senescencia yrendimiento del girasol de humedad residual enfunción del nitrógeno. Terra 17(2):149-157.
• Eyüpoğlu F (1995). Göller bölgesinde yetiştirilen haşhaşın azotlu ve fosforlu gübre ısteği. Köy Hizmetleri Genel Müdürlüğü Toprak ve Gübre Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Yayınlar. Genel Yayın No:205.
• Fageria NK (2014). Nitrogen management in crop production. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. FAOSTAT (2015). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2017). www.fao.org/faostat/en/.
• Gumuscu A, Arslan N (1999). Comparing yield and yield components of some selected poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) lines. Turk J. of Agric. and Forestry. 23:991-997 (additional number 4) (in Turkish).
• Gumuşcu A, Arslan N (2008). Bazı haşhaş (Papaver somniferum L.) Melez hatlarının verim ve verim öğelerinde heterosis üzerine araştırmalar. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi.14:365-373.
• Gumuşcu A, Arslan N, Sarıhan EO (2008). Evaluation of selected poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) lines by their morphine and other alkaloids contents. The journal European Food Research and Technology, 226:1213-1220.
• Harvest T, Brown PH, Fist A, Gracie A, Gregory D, Koutoulis A (2009). The latex capacity of opium poppy capsules is fixed early in capsule development and is not a major determinant in morphine yield. Annual Applied Biology. 154:251-258.
• Hermans C, Vuylsteke M, Coppens F, Crıstescu SM, Harren FJ, Inzé D, Verbruggen N (2010). Systems analysis of the responses to long-term magnesium deficiency and restoration in Ara-bidopsis thaliana. New Phytologist, 187(1):132–144.
• Hu-lin H, Wei YZ, Yang XE, Feng Y, Wu CY (2007). Effects of different nitrogen fertilizerlevels on Fe, Mn, Cu and zn concentrations in shoot and grain quality in rice Oryzasativa). Rice Science, 14(4): 289-294.
• IFA (2003). International fertilizer industry association IFADATA STATISTICS. (http://www.fertilize.org) International fertilizer industry association, Paris, France.
• İpek G (2011). The researches on some botonical and agricultural characteristics of selected poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) lines with high morphine. Ankara University Master Thesis, 104p (Turkey).
• Jain PM (1990). Effects of Phosphorus and Potassium on Yield of Opium Poppy. Indian Journal of Agronomy. 35:(3),235-238.
• Jaszberenyi C, Nemeth E (2012). Connection of frost tolerance and alkaloid accumulation potential in poppy (Papaver somniferum L.). Journal Applied Food Quality Botany. 85:116-119.
• Kacar B, Inal A (2008). Bitki Fizyolojisi. Nobel Yayın No:1241-477, Ankara, Turkey.
• Kadar I, Földesi D (2001). Mineral fertilisation of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) on calcareous loamy chernozem soil. Növenytermeles 50 84) Budapest: Agroinform Kiadohaz, 453-465.
• Kara N (2017). The effects of autumn and spring sowing on yield, oil and morphine contents in the Turkish poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) cultivars. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 22(1):39-46.
• Karabuk B (2012). The effects of nitrogen fertilization and sowing methods on agricultural and quality of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) varieties. Ondokuz Mayıs Uni. PhD Thesis, 120p (Turkey).
• Karadavut U, Arslan N (2006). Some plants characteristics of poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) cultivars and populations with foreign origin. J. of Plants Research. 1: 1-5 (Turkey).
• Katar D, Yılmaz G (1997). The effects on yield and yield components of poppy of nitrogen application times and doses. Türkey 2nd Field Crops Cong. 22-25 September 1997 (Turkey).
• Kharwara PC, Awasthi OP, Sing CM (1988). Effect of sowing dates, nitrogen and phosphorus levels on yield and quality of opium poppy. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 33 (2):159-163.
• Khasmakhi-Sabet A, Sedaghathoor SH, Mohammady J, Olfati A (2009). Effect of plant density on Bell pepper yield and quality. Int. J. Veg. Sci., 15: 264-271.
• Koc H, Gunes A, Gunduz O, Ulker R, Gumuscu G, Aksoyak S (2014). Evaluation of certain opium poppy genotypes for seed and capsule yields and morphine content under Konya province conditions. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Symposium 23-25 September 2014, pp: 348-341 (Turkey).
• Kosar FC, Camci H, Kose A, Bilir O (2012). Geçit Kuşağı Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü Tarafından Geliştirilen Yeni Haşhaş Çeşitleri. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Symposium 13-15 September 2012, pp:324-328 (Turkey).
• Losak T, Richter R (2004). Split nitrogen doses and their efficiency in poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) nutrition. Plant Soil and Environment, 50(1):484-488.
• Malvi U (2011). Interaction of micronutrients with major nutrients with special reference to potassium. Karnataka The Journal of Agricultural Science, 24(1):106-109.
• Manchanda JS, Aulakh MS (2007). Importance of interactions of nitrogen with primary and secondary micronutrients in crop production and environmental safety- Indian perspectives. IK International Publishing House, New Delhi, India, pp:227-248.
• Mousavi SR, Galavi M, Rezaei M (2013). Zinc (Zn) Importance for crop production–A review. International journal of Agronomy and Plant Production, 4(1):64-68.
• Nasto TH, Balliu A, Zeka N (2009). The influence of planting density on growth characteristics and fruit yield of peppers (Capsicum annuum L.). Acta Hort., 830: 906-912.
• NurzyĔska-Wierdak R (2006). Plon oraz skáad chemiczny liĞci rokietty i kalarepy w zaleĪnoĞci od nawoĪenia azotowopotasowego. Rozp. Nauk., WAR Lublin.
• Prajapati S, Bajpai S, Singh D, Luthra R, Gupta MM, Kumar S (2002). Alkaloid profiles of the Indian land races of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum L.), Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, 49:183-188.
• Rahimi A, Arslan N, İpek A (2011). Düşük morfinli haşhaş (Papaver somniferum L.) hatlarından çeşit geliştirilmesi yönünde yapılan çalışmalar. Türkiye IV. Tohumculuk Kongresi. 2011. Samsun.
• Rahman M, Punja Z (2007). Mineral nutrition and plant diseases, L.E. Datnoff, W.H. Elmer, D.M. Huber (Eds.), The American Phytopathological Society, Minnesota, USA.
• Rubio OA, Grünwald NJ, Cadena MA (2005). Influence of nitrogen on late blight infection in potato cultivation in Toluca, Mexico, American TERRA, 23(4):487-493.
• Sedano-Castro G, González VA, Saucedo C, Soto M, Sandoval M, Carrillo JA (2011). Yield and fruit quality of zucchini with high doses of N and K, American TERRA 29 (2):133-142.
• Sharifianpour G, Zaharah AR, Ishak CF, Hanafı MM, Nejat N, Sahebı M, Sharıfkhanı A, Azızı P (2013). Elucidating the expression of zinc transporters involved in zinc uptake by upland rice landraces in Malaysia. Advances in Environmental Biology, 7(14):4854-4857.
• Singh DV, Swarup C (1982). Copper nutrition of wheat in relation to nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization. Plant Soil, 65:433-436.
• Singh M (1992). The nitrogen-potassium interaction and its management. In Management of nutrient interactions in agriculture (H.L.S. Tandon, Ed), pp.21-37, New Delhi, India.
• Skalicky M, Hejnak V, Novak J, Hejtmankova A, Stranska I (2014). Evaluation of selected poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) cultivars. Industrial aspect. Turkish Journal of Field Crops, 19:189-196.
• Soil Survey Staff (2014). Kellogg soil survey laboratory methods manual. Soil Survey Investigations Report No. 42, version 5.0. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service, 279-281.
• Tambe SS, Kadam VB (2010). Determination of ash values of two endangered medicinal taxa of Marathwada Region. Journal of Ecobiotechnology, 2(8):25-28.
• Turkhede BB, Mathur VS, Ram S (1981). Effects of rates, timing and methods of nitrogen application opium seed yield and quality of opium poppy. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 51(2):102-107.
• TURKSTAT (2015). Turkey Statistically Office. (Erişim Tarihi: 09.11.2016). www.turkstat.gov.tr.
• Verma TS, Bhagat RM (1990). Zinc and nitrogen interaction in wheat grown inlimed and unlimed acid alfisol. Fertility Research, 2:29-35.
• Wilkinson SR, Grunes DL, Sumner ME (2000). Nutrient interactions in soil and plant nutrition. In Handbook of soil science (M.E.Sumner, Ed.), pp.D89-D104.CRC Press, New York.
• Yadav RL, Mohan R, Singh R, Verma RK (1984). The effect of application of nitrogen fertilizer on the growth of opium poppy in north central India. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 102:361–366.
• Yılmaz HA (1999). Farklı Ekim Sıklıklarının İki Yerfıstığı (Archis hypogea L.) Genotipinde Verim, Verim Unsurları, Yağ ve Protein İçeriklerine Etkisi. TÜBİTAK, Türk Tarım ve Ormancılık Dergisi, 23(3):299-308.
• Yurtsever N (2011). Experimental statistical methods. Soil, Fertilizer and Water Research Institute, Technical Pub. No.: 56, Pub. No.: 121, Ankara, (Turkey).
• Zlatev Z, Lidon FC (2012). An overview on drought induced changes in plant growth, water relations and photosynthesis. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, 24(1).