An important arthropod-borne health problem; West Nile Virus

Abstract

West Nile Virus (WNV) is a virus of the family flaviviridae which infects people and animals particularly through bites of mosquitos and causes fatal infections characterized by neurologic signs. In the biological cycle of this virus which has a RNA genome, wild birds play an important role along with mosquitoes. WNV infections are observed in many countries in America, Europe, and Asia as well as in Turkey. As of today, there is no vaccine against WNV infections in humans and no effective treatment is known. Infections caused by WNV can be prevented by effective mosquito and wild bird control programs. Key words: West Nile Virus; Mosquito; Encephalitis; Fight.

Keywords

• West Nile Virus; Mosquito; Encephalitis; Fight.

Artropod Kaynaklı Önemli Bir Sağlık Sorunu: “Batı Nil Virüsü”

Öz

Flavivirüs familyasında yer alan Batı Nil virüsü (BNV), özellikle sivrisinek sokması ile insanlara ve hayvanlara bulaşarak nörolojik belirtilerle karakterize ölümcül enfeksiyonlara neden olmaktadır. RNA genomuna sahip olan bu virüsün biyolojik döngüsünde, sivrisineklerin yanı sıra yabani kuşlarda önemli rol almaktadır. Ülkemizin de içinde bulunduğu sıcak ve ılıman iklim kuşağında yer alan Amerika, Avrupa ve Asya kıtasındaki birçok ülkede BNV enfeksiyonları görülmektedir. İnsanlarda gelişen BNV enfeksiyonlarına karşı aşı henüz geliştirilmemiş olup, hastalığın etkin bir tedavisi bulunmamaktadır. BNV'lerin neden olduğu enfeksiyonlardan korunmak için, sivrisinek ve yabani kuşlar ile mücadele edilmelidir. Anahtar kelimeler: Batı Nil Virüsü; Sivrisinek; Ansefalit; Mücadele.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Batı Nil Virüsü; Sivrisinek; Ansefalit; Mücadele.

Kaynakça

1. Monarth PT, Heinz XF. Flaviviruses. In: Pields NB, editors. Virology. 3rd.ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven 1996: 961-1034.
2. Hayes EB, Sejvar JJ, Zaki SR, et al. Virology, pathology and clinical manifestations of West Nile Virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 1174-9.
3. Midilli K.Yeni tanımlanan ve küresel tehdit oluşturabilecek infeksiyonlar. ANKEM Derg. 2009; 23(Ek 2): 241-4.
4. Ergünay K, Aydoğan S, Menemenlioğlu D, ve ark. Ankara bölgesinde nedeni bilinmeyen merkezi sinir sistemi enfeksiyonlarında Batı Nil virusunun araştırılması. Mikrobiyol bul 2010; 44: 255-62.
5. Hızel K, Yenicesu I, Erdal B ve ark. Investigation of West Nile virus seroprevalence in healthy blood donors. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44(3): 425-30.
6. Ergünay K, Saygan MB, Aydoğan S ve ark. Investigation of Dengue virus and yellow fever virus seropositivities in blood donors from Central/Northern Anatolia, Turkey. Mikrobiyol Bul 2010; 44(3): 415-24.
7. Ozer N, Ergünay K, Simsek F, ve ark. West Nile virus studies in the Sanliurfa Province of Turkey. J Vector Ecol 2007; 32(2): 202- 6.
8. Taylor RM, Hurlbut HS, Dressler HR, Spangler EW, Thrasher D. Isolation of West Nile virus from Culex mosquitoes. J Egypt Med Assoc 1953; 6 (3): 199–208.

9. Yazıcı Z. Batı nil virusu infeksiyonu. İnfek Derg. 2005; 19 (1): 139-43.
10. Iwamoto M, Jernigan DB, Guasch A, Mary Jo Trepka, Blackmore CG, Hellinger WC. Transmission of west nile virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2003; 22 :2196-203.
11. Pealer N, Anthony A. Marfin AM, Petersen LR, Stramer L, Lanciotti RS, et al. Transmission of West Nile Virus through Blood Transfusion in the United States in 2002. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 1236-45.
12. Lashley FR. Emerging infectious diseases at the beginning of the 21st century. Online J Issues Nurs 2006; 11(1):2.
13. Kramer LD, Styer LM, Ebel GD. A global perspective on epidemiology of West Nile virus. Annu Rev Entemol 2008; 53: 61-81.
14. Roth D, Henry B, Mak S, Fraser M, Taylor M, Li M, et al. West Nile Virus Range Expansion into British Columbia. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16: 1251-58
15. 15.Patricia A. Devine PA. West nile virus infection. Infect Dis Upd 2003; 10: 191-5.
16. Petersen LR, Roehrig JT. West Nile virus: a reemerging global pathogen. Emerg Infect Dis 2001; 7: 611.
17. Kılıç A. Doğancı L. Batı Nil Virus. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg 2003; 33: 284-90.
18. Glass WG, McDermott DH, Lim JK, et al. CCR5 deficiency increases risk of symptomatic West Nile virus infection. J Exp Med 2006; 203 (1): 35-40.
19. Sampathkumar P. West Nile Virus: Epidemiology,clinical presentation, diagnosis and prevention. Mayo Clin Proc 2003; 78: 1137-44.
20. Sejvar JJ, Haddad MB, Tierney MO. ve ark. Nörolojik bulgular ve sonuç enfeksiyon Batı Nil virüsü. JAMA 2003; 290 (4): 511-5.
21. Ahmet S, Libman R, Wesson K, Ahmet K, Einberg K. Guillain- Barré sendromu: Batı Nil virüsü enfeksiyonu alışılmamış sunumu. Nöroloji 2000; 55(1): 144-6.
22. Petersen LR, Marfin AA. West Nile Virus: a primer for the clinican. Ann Intern Med 2002; 137(3): 173-9.
23. Austin RJ, Whiting TL, Anderson RA, Drebot MA. An outbreak of West Nile virus-associated disease in domestic geese (Anserdomesticus) upon initial introduction to a geographic region, with evidence of bird to bird transmission. Can Vet J 2004; 45:117-23.
24. Hayes EB, Komar N, Nasci RS, et al. Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of West Nile Virus disease. Emerg Infect Dis 2005; 11: 1167-73.
25. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Intrauterine West Nile virus infection, New York,. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51(50): 1135-6.
26. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Possible West Nile virus transmission to an infant through breast-feeding- Michigan. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51(39): 877–8.
27. Yazıcı Z. Atlarda Batı Nil Virusu Enfeksiyonu. Erciyes Üniv Vet Fak Derg 2005; 2(1): 45-48.
28. Nosal B, Pellizzari R. West Nile Virus. CMAJ 2003; 168: 1443-4.
29. Gubler DJ. The global emergence/resurgence of arboviral diseases as public health problems. Arch Med Res 2002; 33: 330- 42.
30. Calistri P, Giovannini A, Hubalek Z, et al. Epidemiology of West Nile in Europe and in the Mediterranean basin. Open Virol J 2010; 4:29-37.
31. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). West Nile Virus activity-United States, August. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2002; 51: 764-6.
32. Dauphin G, Zientara S, Zeller H, Murgue B. West Nile: worldwide current situation in animals and humans. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2004; 27: 343-55.
33. Ertürk A, Barut MF, Çizmeci GÇ. Batı Nil Virus enfeksiyonu. Etlik Vet Mikrobiyol Derg 2009; 20: 43-50.
34. http://www.saglik.gov.tr/TR/belge/1-10898/bati-nil virusu enfeksiyonu. Erişim tarihi: 2011
35. Durukan P. New infectious threats for Emergency Departments. Turk J Emerg Med 2010; 10(3): 148-59.
36. Tardei G, Ruta S, Chitu V, Rossi C, Tsai TF, Cernescu C. Evaluation of immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG enzyme immunoassays in serologic diagnosis of West Nile virus infection. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 2232-9.
37. Stone WB, Okoniewski JC, Therrien JE, Kramer LD, Kauffman EB, Eidson M. VecTest as diagnostic and surveillance tool for West Nile virus in dead birds. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004; 10: 2175– 81
38. Lanciotti RS, Kerst AJ, Nasci RS, et al. Rapid detection of West Nile virus from human clinical specimens, field-collected mosquitoes, and avian samples by a TaqMan reverse transcriptase-PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 4066-71.
39. Jozan, M, Evans R, McLean R, Hall R, Tangredi B, Reed L, Scott J. Detection of West Nile virus infection in birds in the United States by blocking ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Vector- born Zoonotic Dis 2003; 3: 99–110.
40. Anderson JF, Rahal JJ. Efficacy of interferon alpha-2b and ribavirin against West Nile virus in vitro. Emerg Infect Dis 2002; 8: 107.