Slime Faktörünün Klinikteki Yeri Ve Önemi

Öz

Bu derlemede koagülaz negatif stafilokoklar (KNS) ve Candida kökenlerinde slime faktör üretimi ve bu faktörün klinik önemi üzerinde durulmuştur. Slime faktörün özellikleri ve tesbit yöntemleri açıklanmış, adezyonu etkileyen çeşitli faktörler üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu arada biyofilmin yapısı, virulans üzerine etkisi etraflı bir şekilde gözden geçirilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: Koagülaz negatif stafilokok, Candida, Slime faktörü, Biyofilm, Adezyon

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Koagülaz negatif stafilokok, Candida, Slime faktörü, Biyofilm, Adezyon

The Clinical Importance of Slime Productıon

Abstract

In this review, we emphasize the importance of slime production of coagulase-negative staphylococi (CoNS) and Candida spp. and clinical significance of this factor. We explaned the characteristics and detection methods of slime factor and several factors affecting the adhesion. Meanwhile, the structure of the biofilm and its influence of the virulence were reassessed comprehensivly. Key words: Coagulase-negative staphylococi, Candida, Slime factor, Biofilm, Adhesion

Keywords

• Coagulase-negative staphylococi, Candida, Slime factor, Biofilm, Adhesion

Kaynakça

1. Leonhardt A, Renvert S, Dahlen G. Microbial findings at failing implants. Clin Oral Implants Res. 1999;10:339-45.
2. Baillie GS, Douglas LJ. Effect of growth rate on resistance of Candida albicans biofilms to antifungal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998; 42:1900-5.
3. Bachmann SP, VandeWalle K, Ramage G, Patterson TF, Wickes BL, Graybill JR, Lopez-Ribot JL. In vitro activity of caspofungin against Candida albicans biofilms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:3591-6.
4. Douglas LJ. Candida biofilms and their role in infection. Trends Microbiol. 2003;11:30-6.
5. Potera C. Forging a link between biofilms and disease. Science. 1999;283:1837-9.
6. Jansen B, Schumacher-Perdreau F, Peters G, Pulverer G. New aspects in the pathogenesis and prevention of polymer-associated foreign-body infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Invest Surg. 1989; 2:361-80.
7. Kocazeybek B, Çakan H, Ayyıldız A, Küçükateş E, Gülsoy Ö, Ordu A. Cerrahi yoğun bakım ünitesinden izole edilen koagülaz negatif stafilokoklarda slime faktörü oluşturma ve bunların kemoterapötiklere dirençle ilişkisinin araştırılması. Ankem Derg. 200; 4:683-9.
8. Kalkancı A, Çırak Yalınay M, Mansuroğlu H, Kuştimur S. Candida türlerinde slime faktör belirlenmesi. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 1999; 29:183-5.

9. Orhon H, Özbakkaloğlu B, Sürücüoğlu S, Tünger Ö, Arısoy AS. İnfeksiyon etkeni olan Candida albicans suşlarında slime üretimi ve antifungal ajanlara duyarlılıkları. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 1998;28:103-6.
10. Karaca N, Koç AN, Karagöz S. Kan ve vajen örneklerinden izole edilen Candida türlerinin slime aktiviteleri. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2001;31:224-6.
11. Cengiz SA. Koagülaz negatif stafilokoklar. Tıp ve Diş Hekimliğinde Genel ve Özel Mikrobiyoloji. Cengiz AT, editör. Ankara: Güneş Kitabevi 2004: 351-60.
12. Kloos WE, Bunnerman TL. Staphylococcus and micrococcus. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, editors. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 6.th ed. Washington DC: ASM Press 1995: 282-98.
13. Kotilainen P. Association of coagulase-negative staphylococcal slime production and adherence with the development and outcome of adult septicemias. J Clin Microbiol. 1990; 28:2779-85.
14. Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Younger JJ, Baddour LM, Barrett FF, Melton DM, Beachey EH. Adherence of coagulase-negative staphylococci to plastic tissue culture plates: a quantitative model for the adherence of staphylococci to medical devices. J Clin Microbiol. 1985;22:996-1006.
15. Christensen GD, Simpson WA, Bisno AL, Beachey EH. Adherence of slime- producing strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis to smooth surfaces. Infect Immun. 1982;37:318-26.
16. Christensen GD, Baldassari L, Simpson WA. Colonization of medical devices by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Bisno A, Waldvogel FA, editors. Infections associated with indwelling Medical devices. 2 nd ed. Washington DC: ASM Press 1994: 45-78.
17. Deighton MA, Balkau B. Adherence measured by microtiter assay as a virulence marker for Staphylococcus epidermidis infections. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:2442-7.
18. Younger JJ, Christensen GD, Bartley DL, Simmons JC, Barrett FF. Coagulase- negative staphylococci isolated from cerebrospinal fluid shunts: importance of slime production, species identification, and shunt removal to clinical outcome. J Infect Dis. 1987;156:548-54
19. Freeman DJ, Falkiner FR, Keane CT. New method for detecting slime production by coagulase negative staphylococci. J Clin Pathol. 1989;42:872-4.
20. Aydınlı A, Durmaz G, Akgün Y. Koagülaz negatif stafilokoklarda slime faktör yapımının kongo kırmızılı agar yöntemi ile araştırılması. Flora.1997; 1:41-4.
21. Kaleli İ, Demir M. Koagülaz negatif stafilokoklarda slime faktör yapımının iki ayrı yöntem ile ve farklı atmosfer ortamlarında araştırılması. Türkiye Tıp Dergisi. 1999; 6:226-30.
22. Kiraz N. Koagülaz negatif stafilokokların “Slime” oluşturmaları ve bazı antibiyotiklerin “Slime” oluşumuna etkileri. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 1993; 23: 219-25.
23. The gram-positive cocci: Part-1: Staphylococci and related organisms. Koneman EW, Allen SD, Janda WM, Schreckenberger PC, Win WC, editors. In: Color Atlas and Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology. 5 th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Company 1997: 539-76.
24. Denyer SP, Davies MC, Evans JA, Finch RG, Smith DG, Wilcox MH, Williams P. Influence of carbon dioxide on the surface characteristics and adherence potential of coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol. 1990;28:1813-7.
25. Barker LP, Simpson WA, Christensen GD. Differential production of slime under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. J Clin Microbiol. 1990; 28:2578-9.
26. Songür M, Sayan M, Yüce A, Yuluğ N. Koagülaz negatif stafilokoklarda slime üretimi ile değişik inkübasyon ortamlarının ilişkisi. İnfeksiyon Dergisi. 1998;12: 29-33.
27. el-Azizi M, Khardori N. Factors influencing adherence of Candida spp. to host tissues and plastic surfaces.Indian J Exp Biol. 1999;37:941-51.
28. Costa Pires MF, Correa B, Gambale W, Rodrigues Paula C. Experimental model of Candida albicans (serotype A and B) adherence in vitro. Brazil J Microbiol. 2001; 32:163-69.
29. Cotter G, Kavanagh K. Adherence mechanisms of Candida albicans. Br J Biomed Sci. 2000;57:241-9.
30. Ollert MW, Sohnchen R, Korting HC, Ollert U, Brautigam S, Brautigam W. Mechanisms of adherence of Candida albicans to cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. Infect Immun. 1993;61:4560-8.
31. Warren WG, Hazen KC. Candida, Cryptococus and other yeasts of medical importance. In: Murray PR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Jorgensen JH, Yolken RH, editors. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 8th ed.Washington, DC: ASM press 2003: 1693-711.
32. Mac Farlane TW. Ecology and epidemiology of Candida. In: Samanayake LP, Mac Farlane TW, editors. Oral candidiasis. London,United Kingdom: Butterwort and co 1990: 21-46.
33. Odds FC. Ecology of Candida and epidemiology of Candidiasis. In: Candida and Candidiasis: A review and bibliography. 2nd ed. London, United Kingdom: Bailliere Tindall 1988: 68-92.
34. Abu-Elteen KH, Abu-Alteen RM. The prevalence of Candida albicans populations in the mouths of complete denture wearers. New Microbiol. 1998;21:41-8.
35. Ben-Aryeh H, Blumfield E, Szargel R, Laufer D, Berdicevsky I. Oral Candida carriage and blood group antigen secretor status. Mycoses. 1995;38:355-8.
36. Gökdal İ, Kalkancı A, Paçal G, Altuğ Z. Ortodontik braketlerin yüzeyinde Candida kolonizasyonu ve bu Candida albicans suşlarının agız içi epitel hücrelerine adezyonu. Mikrobiyol Bült. 2002;36:65-9.
37. Sundstrom P. Adhesion in Candida spp. Cell Microbiol. 2002; 4: 461-9.
38. Chandra J, Kuhn DM, Mukherjee PK, Hoyer LL, McCormick T, Ghannoum MA. Biofilm formation by the fungal pathogen Candida albicans: development, architecture, and drug resistance. J Bacteriol. 2001;183:5385-94.
39. Kamagata-Kiyoura Y, Abe S, Yamaguchi H, Nitta T. Detachment activity of human saliva in vitro for Candida albicans cells attached to a plastic plate. J Infect Chemother. 2003;9:215-20.
40. Fukazawa Y, Kagaya K. Molecular bases of adhesion of Candida albicans. J Med Vet Mycol. 1997;35:87-99.
41. Calderone RA, Braun PC. Adherence and receptor relationships of Candida albicans. Microbiol Rev. 1991;55:1-20.
42. Berg JM, Jymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry: van der Waals Interactions. 5th ed. New York: WH Freeman and Co 2002:10.
43. Berg JM, Jymoczko JL, Stryer L: Biochemistry: Protein folding can be understood in terms of free-energy changes. 5th ed. New York: WH Freeman and Co 2002: 14.
44. Kalkancı A, Kuştimur S. Candida albicans’ın konak hücreye adezyonu ve klinik önemi. İnfek Derg. 2004; 18:373-80.
45. Branchini ML, Pfaller MA, Rhine-Chalberg J, Frempong T, Isenberg HD. Genotypic variation and slime production among blood and catheter isolates of Candida parapsilosis. J Clin Microbiol. 1994;32:452-6.
46. Pfaller M, Davenport D, Bale M, Barrett M, Koontz F, Massanari RM. Development of the quantitative micro-test for slime production by coagulase-negative staphylococci. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 1988;7:30-3.
47. Hilmioğlu S, İlkit M, Çavuşoğlu C, Aydemir Ş, Tümbay E. Candida kökenlerinde Slaym (Slime) üretiminin üç ayrı yöntemle gösterilmesi ve slaym üretiminin kristal viyole reaksiyonu ile ilişkisi. İnfek Derg.1999;13: 183-6.
48. Arslan U, Fındık D. Klinik örneklerden izole edilen Candida albicans türü maya mantarlarında virulans faktörlerinin (proteinaz, slime ve fosfolipaz) in-vitro araştırılması. İnfek Derg. 2003;17:471-81.
49. Kuştimur S. Kandida patojenezinde rol oynayan faktörler. Mikrobiyol Bült. 1994;28:175-81.
50. Samaranayake YH, Wu PC, Samaranayake LP, So M, Yuen KY. Adhesion and colonisation of Candida krusei on host surfaces. J Med Microbiol. 1994;41:250-8.
51. Klotz SA. Fungal adherence to the vascular compartment: a critical step in the pathogenesis of disseminated candidiasis.Clin Infect Dis. 1992 ;14:340-7.
52. Yüce A, Yücesoy M, Yuluğ N. Detection of slime production among isolates of Candida albicans. Infek Derg. 1996;10: 267-9.
53. Zer Y, Balci I, Meric G. Identification and antifungal susceptibility of Candida isolated from intensive care unit patients. New Microbiol. 2002;25:489-94.
54. Pfaller MA, Messer SA, Hollis RJ. Variations in DNA subtype, antifungal susceptibility, and slime production among clinical isolates of Candida parapsilosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1995;21:9-14.
55. Karagöz S, Koç AN, Çetinkaya F. Hastane infeksiyon etkeni olarak düşünülen maya izolatlarının slime ve proteinaz aktiviteleri. 1. Ulusal Mantar Hastalıkları ve Klinik Mikoloji Kongresi Serbest Bildiri Özetleri 1999: 39.
56. Yücesoy M, Karaman M. Candida türlerinin biyofilm üretimi ve antifungal duyarlılık paternleri. Mikrobiyol Bült. 2004;38: 91-8.
57. Baird D. Staphylococcus: Cluster forming gram positive cocci. In: Colle JG, Fraser AG, Marmion BP, Simmons A, editors. Practical Medical Microbiology. Churchill Livingstone 1996: 245-61.
58. Ruben FL, Norden CW. Staphylococcal infections. In: Evans AS, Brachman PS, editors. Bacterial infections of humans, Epidemiology and Cotrol. 2nd ed. New York: Plenum Medical Book Co 1991: 621-37.
59. Delialioğlu N, Gedikoğlu S. Koagülaz negatif stafilokoklarda slime yapımı ve klinik uyum arasındaki ilişki. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 2001;31:136-42.
60. Hebert GA, Cooksey RC, Clark NC, Hill BC, Jarvis WR, Thornsberry C. Biotyping coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Clin Microbiol. 1988;26:1950-6.
61. Elçi S, Gül K, Özel F, Suay A, Mete Ö. Koagülaz negatif stafilokoklarda makro ve mikro yöntemle “Slime” oluşumunun saptanması ve antibiyotik direncinin araştırılması. İnfek Derg. 1996;10:203-6.
62. Günaydın M, Leblebicioğlu H, Saniç A, Pirinççiler M. Koagülaz negatif stafilokoklarda slime yapımı ve antibiyotik direnci ile ilişkisi. Mikrobiyol Bült. 1995;29:26-31.
63. Nourizadeh E, Sultan N. Koagülaz negatif stafilokoklarda Slaym (slime) faktör yapımının çeşitli yöntemlerle gösterilmesi. İnfeksiyon Dergisi. 1993;7:31-4.
64. Akyar L, Fidan I, Rota S, Türet S. Koagülaz negatif stafilokoklarda slime faktör yapımının üç farklı yöntemle araştırılması, tür tayini ve antibiyotik direnci. Mikrobiyol Bült. 1998;32:15-22.
65. Davenport DS, Massanari RM, Pfaller MA, Bale MJ, Streed SA, Hierholzer WJ Jr. Usefulness of a test for slime production as a marker for clinically significant infections with coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Infect Dis. 1986;153:332-9.
66. Aygen B, Sekmen E, Sümerkan B, Doğanay M. Koagülaz negatif stafilokoklarda slime yapımı ve aderans. Türk Mikrobiyol Cem Derg. 1996;26:67-70.
67. Diaz-Mitoma F, Harding GK, Hoban DJ, Roberts RS, Low DE. Clinical significance of a test for slime production in ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. J Infect Dis. 1987;156:555-60.
68. Patrick CC, Plaunt MR, Hetherington SV, May SM. Role of the Staphylococcus epidermidis slime layer in experimental tunnel tract infections. Infect Immun. 1992;60:1363-7.
69. Kristinsson KG, Spencer RC, Brown CB. Clinical importance of production of slime by coagulase negative staphylococci in chronic ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. J Clin Pathol. 1986;39:117-8.
70. Catalanotti P, Lanza M, Del Prete A, Lucido M, Catania MR, Galle F, Boggia D, Perfetto B, Rossano F. Slime-producing Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus in acute bacterial conjunctivitis in soft contact lens wearers. New Microbiol. 2005; 28:345-54.
71. Malm A, Biernasiuk A, Los R, Kosikowska U, Juda M, Korona-Glowniak I, Gorniewski G. Slime production and cell surface hydrophobicity of nasopharyngeal and skin staphylococci isolated from healthy people. Pol J Microbiol. 2005;54:117-21.
72. Aral M, Keles E, Okur E, Alpay HC, Yilmaz M. The pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance of coagulase-negative Staphylococci isolated from the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses. Rhinology. 2004;42:131-6.