Year 2026,
Volume: 16 Issue: 80, 115 - 126, 27.03.2026
Aman Sado Elemo
,
Ergün Kara
References
-
Antwi, C. O., Belle, M. A., Ntim, S. Y., Wu, Y., Affum-Osei, E., Aboagye, M. O., & Ren, J. (2022). COVID-19 Pandemic and international students’ mental health in china: age, gender, chronic health condition and having infected relative as risk factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137916
-
Arasaratnam, L. A. (2009). The development of a new instrument of intercultural communication competence. Journal of Intercultural Communication, (20). 2–21. http://www.immi.se/intercultural/
-
Atkinson, R., & Flint, J. (2001). Accessing hidden and hard-to-reach populations: Snowball research strategies. Social Research Update, 33(1).
-
Balakrishnan, K., Harji, M. B., & Angusamy, A. (2021). Intercultural communication competence: well-being and performance of multicultural teams. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 21(2), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v21i2.16
-
Baumeister, R. F., & Alquist, J. L. (2009). Is there a downside to good self-control? Self and Identity, 8(2-3), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860802501474
-
Chaturvedi, K., Vishwakarma, D. K., & Singh, N. (2021). COVID-19 and its impact on education, social life and mental health of students: A survey. Children and youth services review, 121, 105866.
-
Dong, H., Yang, F., Lu, X., & Hao, W. (2020). Internet addiction and related psychological factors among children and adolescents in China during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 751. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00751
-
Duckworth, A., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Self-control and grit: Related but separable determinants of success. Current directions in psychological science, 23(5), 319-325.
-
Elemo, A. S., & Türküm, A. S. (2019). The effects of psychoeducational intervention on the adjustment, coping self-efficacy and psychological distress levels of international students in Turkey. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 70, 7-18.
-
Elemo, A. S., Ahmed, A. H., Kara, E., & Zerkeshi, M. K. (2022). The Fear of COVID-19 and flourishing: assessing the mediating role of sense of control in international students. International journal of mental health and addiction, 20(4), 2408-2418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00522-1
-
Elemo, A. S., Kara, E., & Rostamzadeh, M. (2024). The fear of COVID-19 and flourishing: The mediating role of search for meaning and presence of meaning. Current Psychology, 43(16), 14871-14880.
-
Fiorillo, A., & Gorwood, P. (2020). The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. European psychiatry: the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 63(1), e32. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.35
-
Fritz, M. S., & Mackinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological science, 18(3), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x
-
Fujita, K. (2011). On conceptualizing self-control as more than the effortful inhibition of impulses. Personality and social psychology review: An official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 15(4), 352–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311411165
-
Gebhard, J. G. (2012). International students’ adjustment problems and behaviors. Journal of International Students, 2(2), 184–193. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v2i2.529
-
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
-
Gómez-García, G., Ramos-Navas-Parejo, M., de la Cruz-Campos, J. C., & Rodríguez-Jiménez, C. (2022). Impact of covid-19 on university students: An analysis of its influence on psychological and academic factors. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(16), 10433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610433
-
Hagger, M. S., Smith, S. R., Keech, J. J., Moyers, S. A., & Hamilton, K. (2021). Predicting physical distancing over time during COVID-19: Testing an integrated model. Psychology and Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2021.1968397
-
Hayes, A. F. (2013). The PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS (version 2.13)[Software].
-
Hofmann, W., Rauch, W., & Gawronski, B. (2007). And deplete us not into temptation: Automatic attitudes, dietary restraint, and self-regulatory resources as determinants of eating behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(3), 497–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.004
-
Huang, L., Kern, M. L., & Oades, L. G. (2020). Strengthening university student wellbeing: Language and perceptions of chinese international students. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(15), 5538. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155538
-
Jamshaid, S., Bahadar, N., Jamshed, K., Rashid, M., Imran Afzal, M., Tian, L., Umar, M., Feng, X., Khan, I., & Zong, M. (2023). Pre- and post-pandemic (covid-19) mental health of international students: data from a longitudinal study. Psychology research and behavior management, 16, 431–446. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S395035
-
K Nahar, V., K Wells, J., E Davis, R., C Johnson, E., W Johnson, J., & Sharma, M. (2020). Factors associated with
initiation and sustenance of stress management behaviors in veterinary students: Testing of multi-theory model (MTM). International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(2), 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020631
-
Kim, H. R., & Kim, E. J. (2021). Factors associated with mental health among international students during the covid-19 pandemic in South Korea. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(21), 11381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111381
-
Lissak, G. (2018). Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environmental research, 164, 149-157.
-
Martin, J. N., & Nakayama, T. K. (2010). Intercultural communication and dialectics revisited. The handbook of critical intercultural communication, 59-83. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444390681.ch5
-
Meleady, R., Seger, C. R., & Vermue, M. (2021). Evidence of a dynamic association between intergroup contact and intercultural competence. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(8), 1427–1447. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220940400
-
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., ... & Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693-2698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010076108
-
Naderifar, M., Goli, H., & Ghaljaie, F. (2017). Snowball sampling: A purposeful method of sampling in qualitative research. Strides in Development of Medical Education, 14(3).
-
Némethová, I. (2014). Building intercultural competence through language education. Economica, 7(4), 148-157.
-
Neuliep, J. (2019). Anxiety, uncertainty, and intercultural communication. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication (https://oxfordre.com/communication). https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.506
-
Phinney, J. S. (2003). Ethic identity and acculturation. In K. M. Chun, P. Balls Organista, & G. Marín (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 63–81). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10472-006
-
Popa, D., Nechita, F., Liu, Y., & Wei Lee Chin, S. (2021). Linking positive psychology and intercultural competence by movies: Evidence from Brunei and Romania. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 750904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.750904
-
Puteikis, K., Mameniškytė, A., & Mameniškienė, R. (2022). Sleep quality, mental health and learning among high
school students after reopening schools during the covid-19 pandemic: Results of a cross-sectional online survey. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(5), 2553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052553
-
Righetti, F., & Finkenauer, C. (2011). If you are able to control yourself, I will trust you: the role of perceived self-control in interpersonal trust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 874. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021827
-
Romijn, B.R., Slot, P.L., & Leseman, P.P. (2021). Increasing teachers’ intercultural competences in teacher preparation programs and through professional development: A review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 98, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103236
-
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
-
Schwarzenthal, M., Schachner, M. K., Juang, L. P., & Van De Vijver, F. J. (2020). Reaping the benefits of cultural diversity: classroom cultural diversity climate and students’ intercultural competence. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50 (2), 323–346. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2617
-
Singh, S., & Balhara, Y. P. S. (2021). "Screen-time" for children and adolescents in COVID-19 times: Need to have the contextually informed perspective. Indian journal of psychiatry, 63(2), 192–195. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_646_20
-
Spector, P. E., & Brannick, M. T. (2009). Common method variance or measurement bias? The problem and possible solutions. The Sage handbook of organizational research methods, 346-362.
-
Stewart-Brown, S., Tennant, A., Tennant, R., Platt, S., Parkinson, J., & Weich, S. (2009). Internal construct validity of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): a Rasch analysis using data from the Scottish Health Education Population Survey. Health and quality of life outcomes, 7, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-7-15
-
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of personality, 72(2), 271–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
-
Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., ... & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health and Quality of life Outcomes, 5(1), 1-13.
-
Twenge, J. M., Cooper, A. B., Joiner, T. E., Duffy, M. E., & Binau, S. G. (2019). Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005-2017. Journal of abnormal psychology, 128(3), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000410
-
Wiseman, R. L. (2002). Intercultural communication competence. In W. B. Gudykunst & B. Moody (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (2nd ed., pp. 207–224). Sage.
-
World Health Organization. (2004). Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice: Summary report. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/42940/9241591595.pdf
-
Yeasmin, N., T. Koivurova, T., & Heikkilä, E. (2019). A perceived change in intercultural behavior: Analyzing self-determination for well-being among youth. International Journal of Sociology, 49(4), 298-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2019.1639405
-
Zhai, Y., & Du, X. (2020). Addressing collegiate mental health amid COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry research, 288, 113003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113003
-
Zhao, G., Xie, F., Luo, Y., Liu, Y., Chong, Y., Zhang, Q., & Wang, W. (2022). Effects of self-control on subjective well-being: examining the moderating role of trait and state motivation. Frontiers in psychology, 12,774148. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.774148
-
Zheng, M., Peng, K., Yan, W., Lin, Y., Ni, Z., & Zhang, P. (2022). Self-control protects Tibetan adolescent orphans from mental problems: A mediating role of self-esteem. Journal of adolescence, 94(2), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12025
-
Zia, A. (2020). "Exploring factors influencing online classes due to social distancing in COVID-19 pandemic: a business students perspective", International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 37 (4), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJILT-05-2020-0089
-
Zotzmann, K. (2015). Increased understanding and empathy through intercultural training? The case of Alelo’s virtual cultural awareness trainer for military personnel. In F. Dervin, & R. Machart (Eds.), Cultural essentialism in intercultural relations. Palgrave Macmillan
Investigating the Role of Self-Control in the Link Between Intercultural Communication Competence and Mental Well-Being
Year 2026,
Volume: 16 Issue: 80, 115 - 126, 27.03.2026
Aman Sado Elemo
,
Ergün Kara
Abstract
This study investigates the role of self-control in the link between intercultural communication competence and mental well-being of international students in the post-pandemic period. A cross-sectional study, carried out using snowball sampling, enrolled a total of 226 international students studying in Türkiye. The Brief Self-Control Scale, Intercultural Communication Competence Scale and Short Warwick-Edinburgh, The Mental Well-being Scale were used. Findings show that, in the sample of international students, self-control significantly mediates the connection between intercultural communication competence and mental wellness. International students who keep their intercultural communication competency while studying abroad seem to benefit their mental well-being from the adaptive functioning of their self-control. The study suggests that mental health practitioners should take self-control into account when attempting to promote the mental well-being of international students.
References
-
Antwi, C. O., Belle, M. A., Ntim, S. Y., Wu, Y., Affum-Osei, E., Aboagye, M. O., & Ren, J. (2022). COVID-19 Pandemic and international students’ mental health in china: age, gender, chronic health condition and having infected relative as risk factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(13), 7916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19137916
-
Arasaratnam, L. A. (2009). The development of a new instrument of intercultural communication competence. Journal of Intercultural Communication, (20). 2–21. http://www.immi.se/intercultural/
-
Atkinson, R., & Flint, J. (2001). Accessing hidden and hard-to-reach populations: Snowball research strategies. Social Research Update, 33(1).
-
Balakrishnan, K., Harji, M. B., & Angusamy, A. (2021). Intercultural communication competence: well-being and performance of multicultural teams. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 21(2), 82–96. https://doi.org/10.36923/jicc.v21i2.16
-
Baumeister, R. F., & Alquist, J. L. (2009). Is there a downside to good self-control? Self and Identity, 8(2-3), 115-130. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860802501474
-
Chaturvedi, K., Vishwakarma, D. K., & Singh, N. (2021). COVID-19 and its impact on education, social life and mental health of students: A survey. Children and youth services review, 121, 105866.
-
Dong, H., Yang, F., Lu, X., & Hao, W. (2020). Internet addiction and related psychological factors among children and adolescents in China during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11, 751. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00751
-
Duckworth, A., & Gross, J. J. (2014). Self-control and grit: Related but separable determinants of success. Current directions in psychological science, 23(5), 319-325.
-
Elemo, A. S., & Türküm, A. S. (2019). The effects of psychoeducational intervention on the adjustment, coping self-efficacy and psychological distress levels of international students in Turkey. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 70, 7-18.
-
Elemo, A. S., Ahmed, A. H., Kara, E., & Zerkeshi, M. K. (2022). The Fear of COVID-19 and flourishing: assessing the mediating role of sense of control in international students. International journal of mental health and addiction, 20(4), 2408-2418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-021-00522-1
-
Elemo, A. S., Kara, E., & Rostamzadeh, M. (2024). The fear of COVID-19 and flourishing: The mediating role of search for meaning and presence of meaning. Current Psychology, 43(16), 14871-14880.
-
Fiorillo, A., & Gorwood, P. (2020). The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health and implications for clinical practice. European psychiatry: the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists, 63(1), e32. https://doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.35
-
Fritz, M. S., & Mackinnon, D. P. (2007). Required sample size to detect the mediated effect. Psychological science, 18(3), 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9280.2007.01882.x
-
Fujita, K. (2011). On conceptualizing self-control as more than the effortful inhibition of impulses. Personality and social psychology review: An official journal of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology, Inc, 15(4), 352–366. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868311411165
-
Gebhard, J. G. (2012). International students’ adjustment problems and behaviors. Journal of International Students, 2(2), 184–193. https://doi.org/10.32674/jis.v2i2.529
-
George, D., & Mallery, P. (2019). IBM SPSS statistics 26 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
-
Gómez-García, G., Ramos-Navas-Parejo, M., de la Cruz-Campos, J. C., & Rodríguez-Jiménez, C. (2022). Impact of covid-19 on university students: An analysis of its influence on psychological and academic factors. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(16), 10433. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610433
-
Hagger, M. S., Smith, S. R., Keech, J. J., Moyers, S. A., & Hamilton, K. (2021). Predicting physical distancing over time during COVID-19: Testing an integrated model. Psychology and Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2021.1968397
-
Hayes, A. F. (2013). The PROCESS macro for SPSS and SAS (version 2.13)[Software].
-
Hofmann, W., Rauch, W., & Gawronski, B. (2007). And deplete us not into temptation: Automatic attitudes, dietary restraint, and self-regulatory resources as determinants of eating behavior. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(3), 497–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2006.05.004
-
Huang, L., Kern, M. L., & Oades, L. G. (2020). Strengthening university student wellbeing: Language and perceptions of chinese international students. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(15), 5538. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17155538
-
Jamshaid, S., Bahadar, N., Jamshed, K., Rashid, M., Imran Afzal, M., Tian, L., Umar, M., Feng, X., Khan, I., & Zong, M. (2023). Pre- and post-pandemic (covid-19) mental health of international students: data from a longitudinal study. Psychology research and behavior management, 16, 431–446. https://doi.org/10.2147/PRBM.S395035
-
K Nahar, V., K Wells, J., E Davis, R., C Johnson, E., W Johnson, J., & Sharma, M. (2020). Factors associated with
initiation and sustenance of stress management behaviors in veterinary students: Testing of multi-theory model (MTM). International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(2), 631. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020631
-
Kim, H. R., & Kim, E. J. (2021). Factors associated with mental health among international students during the covid-19 pandemic in South Korea. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(21), 11381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111381
-
Lissak, G. (2018). Adverse physiological and psychological effects of screen time on children and adolescents: Literature review and case study. Environmental research, 164, 149-157.
-
Martin, J. N., & Nakayama, T. K. (2010). Intercultural communication and dialectics revisited. The handbook of critical intercultural communication, 59-83. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444390681.ch5
-
Meleady, R., Seger, C. R., & Vermue, M. (2021). Evidence of a dynamic association between intergroup contact and intercultural competence. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations, 24(8), 1427–1447. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220940400
-
Moffitt, T. E., Arseneault, L., Belsky, D., Dickson, N., Hancox, R. J., Harrington, H., ... & Caspi, A. (2011). A gradient of childhood self-control predicts health, wealth, and public safety. Proceedings of the national Academy of Sciences, 108(7), 2693-2698. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1010076108
-
Naderifar, M., Goli, H., & Ghaljaie, F. (2017). Snowball sampling: A purposeful method of sampling in qualitative research. Strides in Development of Medical Education, 14(3).
-
Némethová, I. (2014). Building intercultural competence through language education. Economica, 7(4), 148-157.
-
Neuliep, J. (2019). Anxiety, uncertainty, and intercultural communication. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Communication (https://oxfordre.com/communication). https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228613.013.506
-
Phinney, J. S. (2003). Ethic identity and acculturation. In K. M. Chun, P. Balls Organista, & G. Marín (Eds.), Acculturation: Advances in theory, measurement, and applied research (pp. 63–81). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/10472-006
-
Popa, D., Nechita, F., Liu, Y., & Wei Lee Chin, S. (2021). Linking positive psychology and intercultural competence by movies: Evidence from Brunei and Romania. Frontiers in psychology, 12, 750904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.750904
-
Puteikis, K., Mameniškytė, A., & Mameniškienė, R. (2022). Sleep quality, mental health and learning among high
school students after reopening schools during the covid-19 pandemic: Results of a cross-sectional online survey. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(5), 2553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052553
-
Righetti, F., & Finkenauer, C. (2011). If you are able to control yourself, I will trust you: the role of perceived self-control in interpersonal trust. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100(5), 874. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021827
-
Romijn, B.R., Slot, P.L., & Leseman, P.P. (2021). Increasing teachers’ intercultural competences in teacher preparation programs and through professional development: A review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 98, 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103236
-
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual review of psychology, 52(1), 141-166.
-
Schwarzenthal, M., Schachner, M. K., Juang, L. P., & Van De Vijver, F. J. (2020). Reaping the benefits of cultural diversity: classroom cultural diversity climate and students’ intercultural competence. European Journal of Social Psychology, 50 (2), 323–346. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.2617
-
Singh, S., & Balhara, Y. P. S. (2021). "Screen-time" for children and adolescents in COVID-19 times: Need to have the contextually informed perspective. Indian journal of psychiatry, 63(2), 192–195. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_646_20
-
Spector, P. E., & Brannick, M. T. (2009). Common method variance or measurement bias? The problem and possible solutions. The Sage handbook of organizational research methods, 346-362.
-
Stewart-Brown, S., Tennant, A., Tennant, R., Platt, S., Parkinson, J., & Weich, S. (2009). Internal construct validity of the Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS): a Rasch analysis using data from the Scottish Health Education Population Survey. Health and quality of life outcomes, 7, 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-7-15
-
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self-control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and interpersonal success. Journal of personality, 72(2), 271–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
-
Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., ... & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): development and UK validation. Health and Quality of life Outcomes, 5(1), 1-13.
-
Twenge, J. M., Cooper, A. B., Joiner, T. E., Duffy, M. E., & Binau, S. G. (2019). Age, period, and cohort trends in mood disorder indicators and suicide-related outcomes in a nationally representative dataset, 2005-2017. Journal of abnormal psychology, 128(3), 185–199. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000410
-
Wiseman, R. L. (2002). Intercultural communication competence. In W. B. Gudykunst & B. Moody (Eds.), Handbook of international and intercultural communication (2nd ed., pp. 207–224). Sage.
-
World Health Organization. (2004). Promoting mental health: Concepts, emerging evidence, practice: Summary report. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/42940/9241591595.pdf
-
Yeasmin, N., T. Koivurova, T., & Heikkilä, E. (2019). A perceived change in intercultural behavior: Analyzing self-determination for well-being among youth. International Journal of Sociology, 49(4), 298-315. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207659.2019.1639405
-
Zhai, Y., & Du, X. (2020). Addressing collegiate mental health amid COVID-19 pandemic. Psychiatry research, 288, 113003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113003
-
Zhao, G., Xie, F., Luo, Y., Liu, Y., Chong, Y., Zhang, Q., & Wang, W. (2022). Effects of self-control on subjective well-being: examining the moderating role of trait and state motivation. Frontiers in psychology, 12,774148. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.774148
-
Zheng, M., Peng, K., Yan, W., Lin, Y., Ni, Z., & Zhang, P. (2022). Self-control protects Tibetan adolescent orphans from mental problems: A mediating role of self-esteem. Journal of adolescence, 94(2), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12025
-
Zia, A. (2020). "Exploring factors influencing online classes due to social distancing in COVID-19 pandemic: a business students perspective", International Journal of Information and Learning Technology, 37 (4), 197-211. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJILT-05-2020-0089
-
Zotzmann, K. (2015). Increased understanding and empathy through intercultural training? The case of Alelo’s virtual cultural awareness trainer for military personnel. In F. Dervin, & R. Machart (Eds.), Cultural essentialism in intercultural relations. Palgrave Macmillan