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Kekemeliği Olan ve Olmayan Çocukların Mizaç Boyutları, Dikkat Eksikliği Hiperaktivite Bozukluğu Nitelikleri ve Kaygı Tiplerinin Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 61, 263 - 279, 30.06.2021

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, kekemeliği olan ve olmayan okul çağı çocukların mizaç boyutları, dikkat eksikliği hiperaktivite bozukluğu (DEHB) nitelikleri ve kaygı tipleri açısından karşılaştırılmasıdır. Çalışmanın katılımcı grubu 32 kekemeliği olan (Yaş aralığı = 8-11) ve 32 kekemeliği olmayan (Yaş aralığı = 8-11) çocuktan oluşmuştur. Çalışmada Conners Ana Baba Dereceleme Ölçeği Yenilenmiş Uzun Formu, Spence Çocuklar için Anksiyete Ölçeği-Ebeveyen Formu ve Okul Çağı Çocuklar için Mizaç Ölçeği veri toplama aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca kekemeliği olan grup için kekemelik şiddeti, Kekemelik Şiddetini Değerlendirme Aracı-4 kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Kekemeliği olan çocuklar belirli mizaç boyutları (ör. olumsuz tepkisellik), DEHB nitelikleri ve kaygı tipleri açısından kekemeliği olmayan çocuklara kıyasla anlamlı olarak daha yüksek skorlar elde etmişlerdir. Bununla birlikte kekemelik şiddeti ile diğer değişkenler arasında anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmamıştır. Çalışma, bazı DEHB nitelikleri ve kaygı tiplerinin kekemeliğe eşlik edebileceğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca kekemeliği olan çocukların, mizacın bazı boyutları açısından farklı bir profil sergilediği öne sürülebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Aktepe, E., Demirci, K., Caliskan, A.M., Sonmez, Y. (2010). Symptoms and diagnoses of patients referring to a child and adolescent psychiatry polyclinic. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 23 (2), 100-108. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2010230204t
  • Alm, P. A. (2014). Stuttering in relation to anxiety, temperament, and personality: review and analysis with focus on causality. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 40, 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.01.004
  • Ambrose, N.G., Yairi, E., Loucks, T.M., Seery, C.H. & Throneburg, R. (2015). Relation of motor, linguistic and temperament factors in epidemiologic subtypes of persistent and recovered stuttering: initial findings. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 45, 12-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2015.05.004
  • Anderson, J.D., Pellowski, M.W., Conture, E.G. & Kelly, E.M. (2003). Temperamental characteristics of young children who stutter. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 46 (5), 1221-1233. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/095)
  • Bates, J.E., Bayles, K., Bennett, D.S., Ridge, B. & Brown, M.M. (1991). Origins of externalizing behavior problems at eight years of age. In D.J Pepler. & K.H. Rubin (Eds.), The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression (pp. 93-120). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
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  • Blood, G. & Blood, I. (2007). Preliminary study of self-reported experience of physical aggression and bullying of boys who stutter: relation to increased anxiety. Perceptual Motor Skills, 104, 1060–1066. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.104.4.1060-1066
  • Blood, G., Blood, I., Maloney, K., Meyer, C. & Qualls, C. (2007). Anxiety levels in adolescents who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, 40 (6), 452–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2006.10.005
  • Blood, G., Blood, I., Tellis, G. & Gabel, R. (2001). Communication apprehension and self-perceived communication competence in adolescents who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 26 (3), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(01)00097-3
  • Blood, I.M., Wertz, H., Blood, G.W., Bennett, S. & Simpson, K.C. (1997). The effects of life stressors and daily stressors on stuttering. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 40 (1), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4001.134
  • Chauhan, N., Shah, R., Padhy, S. & Malhotra, S. (2019). Relation between temperament dimensions and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 28 (1), 58-62. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_74_19
  • Cherif, L., Boudabous, J., Khmakhem, K., Kammoun, S., Hadj, I., Ayadi, H. & Moalla, Y. (2018). Self-esteem and anxiety in stuttering children and attitude of their parents. Health Education and Care, 3, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.15761/HEC.1000138
  • Conners, C.K. (1997). Conners’ Rating Scales–Revised, Long version (First ed.). Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems Inc.
  • Conture, E.G., Walden, T.A., Arnold, H.S., Graham, C.G., Hartfield, K.N. & Karrass, J. (2006). Communication-emotional model of stuttering. In J.A. Tetnowski. & N.B. Ratner (Eds.), Current Issues in Stuttering Research and Practice (pp. 17-47). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
  • Cook, S. & Howell, P. (2014). Bullying in children and teenagers who stutter and the relation to self-esteem, social acceptance, and anxiety. Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 24 (2), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.1044/ffd24.2.46
  • Costelloe, S., Davis, S., Cavenagh, P. & Doneva, S.P. (2018). Attention levels in young children who stutter. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 8 (4), 355-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2018.1493996
  • Craig, A. & Hancock, K. (1996). Anxiety in children and young adolescents who stutter. Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, 24 (1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.3109/asl2.1996.24.issue-1.04
  • Donaher, J. & Richels, C. (2012). Traits of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 37 (4), 242-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.08.002
  • Druker, K., Hennessey, N., Mazzucchelli, T. & Beilby, J. (2019). Elevated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 59, 80-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.11.002
  • Eggers, K., De Nil, L.F. & Van den Bergh, B.R.H. (2013). Inhibitory control in childhood stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38 (1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.10.00
  • Eggers, K., Luc, F., Van den Bergh, B.R. (2010). Temperament dimensions in stuttering and typically developing children. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 35 (4), 355-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2010.10.004
  • Eremsoy, C.E. (2007). How do parental, familial and child characteristics differentiate conduct-disordered children with and without psychopathic tendencies [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Middle East Technical University.
  • Felsenfeld, S., van Beijsterveldt, C.E.M., Boomsma, D.I. (2010). Attentional regulation in young twins with probable stuttering, high nonfluency, and typical fluency. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 53 (5), 1147–1166. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0164)
  • Foley, M., McClowry, S.G. & Castellanos, F.X. (2008). The relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and child temperament. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29 (2), 157-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2007.12.005
  • Fowlie, G.M. & Cooper, E.B. (1978). Traits attributed to stuttering and nonstuttering children by their mothers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 3 (4), 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-730X(78)90023-2
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Comparison of Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter Regarding Dimensions of Temperament, Aspects of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Anxiety Types

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 61, 263 - 279, 30.06.2021

Öz

The aim of this study was to compare school-age children who do (CWS) and do not stutter (CWNS) in terms of temperament dimensions, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) aspects and anxiety types. Participants were 32 CWS (Age range = 8–11) and 32 CWNS (Age range=8-11). The Conners’ Parent Rating Scale Long Form-Revised, Spence Children’s Anxiety Scale–Parent and The School-Age Temperament Inventory were administered to collect data. Also, the stuttering severity of the CWS was measured using the Stuttering Severity Instrument-4. CWS had significantly higher scores for certain temperament dimensions (eg. negative reactivity), ADHD aspects and anxiety types than CWNS. However, no significant relationship was found between the stuttering severity and other variables. The present study showed that some ADHD aspects and anxiety types can accompany stuttering. Also, it can be suggested that the CWS exhibits a different profile in terms of some temperament dimensions than CWNS.

Kaynakça

  • Aktepe, E., Demirci, K., Caliskan, A.M., Sonmez, Y. (2010). Symptoms and diagnoses of patients referring to a child and adolescent psychiatry polyclinic. Dusunen Adam The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 23 (2), 100-108. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2010230204t
  • Alm, P. A. (2014). Stuttering in relation to anxiety, temperament, and personality: review and analysis with focus on causality. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 40, 5-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.01.004
  • Ambrose, N.G., Yairi, E., Loucks, T.M., Seery, C.H. & Throneburg, R. (2015). Relation of motor, linguistic and temperament factors in epidemiologic subtypes of persistent and recovered stuttering: initial findings. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 45, 12-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2015.05.004
  • Anderson, J.D., Pellowski, M.W., Conture, E.G. & Kelly, E.M. (2003). Temperamental characteristics of young children who stutter. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 46 (5), 1221-1233. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/095)
  • Bates, J.E., Bayles, K., Bennett, D.S., Ridge, B. & Brown, M.M. (1991). Origins of externalizing behavior problems at eight years of age. In D.J Pepler. & K.H. Rubin (Eds.), The Development and Treatment of Childhood Aggression (pp. 93-120). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
  • Bijttebier, P. & Roeyers, H. (2009). Temperament and vulnerability to psychopathology: introduction to the special section. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 37 (3), 305-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-009-9308-2
  • Blood, G. & Blood, I. (2007). Preliminary study of self-reported experience of physical aggression and bullying of boys who stutter: relation to increased anxiety. Perceptual Motor Skills, 104, 1060–1066. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.104.4.1060-1066
  • Blood, G., Blood, I., Maloney, K., Meyer, C. & Qualls, C. (2007). Anxiety levels in adolescents who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, 40 (6), 452–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2006.10.005
  • Blood, G., Blood, I., Tellis, G. & Gabel, R. (2001). Communication apprehension and self-perceived communication competence in adolescents who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 26 (3), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(01)00097-3
  • Blood, I.M., Wertz, H., Blood, G.W., Bennett, S. & Simpson, K.C. (1997). The effects of life stressors and daily stressors on stuttering. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 40 (1), 134-143. https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4001.134
  • Chauhan, N., Shah, R., Padhy, S. & Malhotra, S. (2019). Relation between temperament dimensions and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 28 (1), 58-62. https://doi.org/10.4103/ipj.ipj_74_19
  • Cherif, L., Boudabous, J., Khmakhem, K., Kammoun, S., Hadj, I., Ayadi, H. & Moalla, Y. (2018). Self-esteem and anxiety in stuttering children and attitude of their parents. Health Education and Care, 3, 1-5. https://doi.org/10.15761/HEC.1000138
  • Conners, C.K. (1997). Conners’ Rating Scales–Revised, Long version (First ed.). Tonawanda, NY: Multi-Health Systems Inc.
  • Conture, E.G., Walden, T.A., Arnold, H.S., Graham, C.G., Hartfield, K.N. & Karrass, J. (2006). Communication-emotional model of stuttering. In J.A. Tetnowski. & N.B. Ratner (Eds.), Current Issues in Stuttering Research and Practice (pp. 17-47). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
  • Cook, S. & Howell, P. (2014). Bullying in children and teenagers who stutter and the relation to self-esteem, social acceptance, and anxiety. Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 24 (2), 46-57. https://doi.org/10.1044/ffd24.2.46
  • Costelloe, S., Davis, S., Cavenagh, P. & Doneva, S.P. (2018). Attention levels in young children who stutter. Applied Neuropsychology: Child, 8 (4), 355-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/21622965.2018.1493996
  • Craig, A. & Hancock, K. (1996). Anxiety in children and young adolescents who stutter. Australian Journal of Human Communication Disorders, 24 (1), 28-38. https://doi.org/10.3109/asl2.1996.24.issue-1.04
  • Donaher, J. & Richels, C. (2012). Traits of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in school-age children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 37 (4), 242-252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.08.002
  • Druker, K., Hennessey, N., Mazzucchelli, T. & Beilby, J. (2019). Elevated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 59, 80-90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2018.11.002
  • Eggers, K., De Nil, L.F. & Van den Bergh, B.R.H. (2013). Inhibitory control in childhood stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38 (1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.10.00
  • Eggers, K., Luc, F., Van den Bergh, B.R. (2010). Temperament dimensions in stuttering and typically developing children. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 35 (4), 355-372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2010.10.004
  • Eremsoy, C.E. (2007). How do parental, familial and child characteristics differentiate conduct-disordered children with and without psychopathic tendencies [Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation]. Middle East Technical University.
  • Felsenfeld, S., van Beijsterveldt, C.E.M., Boomsma, D.I. (2010). Attentional regulation in young twins with probable stuttering, high nonfluency, and typical fluency. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 53 (5), 1147–1166. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0164)
  • Foley, M., McClowry, S.G. & Castellanos, F.X. (2008). The relationship between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and child temperament. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29 (2), 157-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2007.12.005
  • Fowlie, G.M. & Cooper, E.B. (1978). Traits attributed to stuttering and nonstuttering children by their mothers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 3 (4), 233–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-730X(78)90023-2
  • Furnham, A. & Davis, S. (2004). Involvement of social factors in stuttering: a review and assessment of current methodology. Stammering Research, 1, 112-122. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2231609/
  • Gallo, E.F. & Posner, J. (2016). Moving towards causality in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: overview of neural and genetic mechanisms. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3 (6), 555-567. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(16)00096-1
  • Giorgetti, M.D.P., Oliveira, C.M.C.D. & Giacheti, C.M. (2015). Behavioral and social competency profiles of stutterers. CoDas, 27 (1), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20152013065
  • Goldin, P.R., Manber, T., Hakimi, S., Canli, T. & Gross, J.J. (2009). Neural bases of social anxiety disorder: emotional reactivity and cognitive regulation during social and physical threat. Archives of General Psychiatry, 66 (2), 170-180. https://doi.org/10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2008.525
  • Guitar, B. (2014). Stuttering: An integrated approach to its nature and treatment (Fourth ed.). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  • Healey, E.C. & Reid, R. (2003). ADHD and stuttering: a tutorial. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 28 (2), 79-92. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0094-730x(03)00021-4
  • Howell, P., Davis, S., Patel, H., Cuniffe, P., Downing-Wilson, D., Au-Yeung, J. & Williams, Roberta. (2004, August 11-15). Fluency development and temperament in fluent children and children who stutter. [Conference presentation]. Theory, Research and Therapy In Fluency Disorders: proceedings of the 4th World Congress on Fluency Disorders, Montreal, Canada.
  • Iverach, L., Jones, M., McLellan, L.F., Lyneham, H.J., Menzies, R.G., Onslow, M. & Rapee, R.M. (2016). Prevalence of anxiety disorders among children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 49, 13-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2016.07.002
  • Jarrett, M.A. & Ollendick, T.H. (2008). A conceptual review of the comorbidity of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and anxiety: implications for future research and practice. Clinical Psychology Review, 28 (7), 1266-1280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2008.05.004
  • Johnson, K.N., Walden, T.A., Conture, E.G. & Karrass, J. (2010). Spontaneous regulation of emotions in preschool children who stutter: preliminary findings. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 53 (6), 1478–1495. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2010/08-0150)
  • Kaner, S., Buyukozturk, S., Iseri, E., Ak, A. & Ozaydın, L. (2011). Conners’ parent rating scale long form-revised: Factor structure, reliability and validity studies. Turkish Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 18 (1), 45-58. http://cms.galenos.com.tr/Uploads/Article_27663/cogepderg-18-45.pdf
  • Karrass, J., Walden, T.A., Conture, E.G., Graham, C.G., Arnold, H.S., Hartfield, K.N. & Schwenk, K.A. (2006). Relation of emotional reactivity and regulation to childhood stuttering. Journal of Communucation Disorders, 39 (6), 402-423. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2005.12.004
  • Kefalianos, E., Onslow, M., Block, S., Menzies, R. & Reilly, S. (2012). Early stuttering, temperament and anxiety: two hypotheses. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 37 (3), 151-163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2012.03.002
  • Kikuchi, Y., Umezaki, T., Sawatsubashi, M., Taura, M., Yamaguchi, Y., Murakami, D. & Nakagawa, T. (2019). Experiences of teasing and bullying in children who stutter. International Archives of Communication Disorder, 2 (2), 1-4. https://doi.org/10.23937/2643-4148/1710013
  • Kleinow, J. (2018). How the brain influences the cognitive, emotional, and motor aspects of stuttering. In B.J. Amster. & E.R. Klein (Eds.), More Than Fluency: The Social, Emotional, and Cognitive Dimensions of Stuttering (pp. 7-17). San Diego: Plural Publishing.
  • Lee, H., Sim, H., Lee, E. & Choi, D. (2017). Disfluency characteristics of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Journal of Communucation Disorders, 65, 54-64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.12.001
  • Liotta, M. (2013). Relationship between temperament and anxiety disorders: a systematic review. Mediterranean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 1 (1), 1-25. https://doi.org/10.6092/2282-1619/2013.1.897
  • McAllister, J., Kelman, E. & Millard, S. (2015). Anxiety and cognitive bias in children and young people who stutter. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 193, 183-191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.258
  • McClowry, S.G. (1995). The development of the school age temperament inventory. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 41 (3), 271-285. https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1995-42412-001
  • McMahon, R.J. (1994). Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment of externalizing problems in children: the role of longitudinal data. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62 (5), 901-917. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-006x.62.5.901
  • Mulcahy, K., Hennessey, N., Beilby, J. & Byrnes, M. (2008). Social anxiety and the severity and typography of stuttering in adolescents. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 33 (4), 306-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2008.12.002
  • Mutlu, A. (2014). The Turkish application of stuttering severity instrument-4 between 6 and 16 years old school children. Master’s Thesis (Publication No. 440364). [Master’s Thesis, Gazi University]. Yükseköğretim Kurulu Başkanlığı Tez Merkezi.
  • Nigg, J. (2006). Temperament and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 47 (3/4), 395−422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01612.x
  • Ntourou, K., Conture, E.G. & Walden, T.A. (2013). Emotional reactivity and regulation in preschool-age children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38 (3), 260–274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.06.002
  • Ntourou, K., DeFranco, E.O., Conture, E.G., Walden, T.A. & Mushtaq, N. (2020). A parent-report scale of behavioral inhibition: validation and application to preschool-age children who do and do not stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 63, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2020.105748
  • Ollendick, T.H. & Hirshfeld-Becker, D.R. (2002). The developmental psychopathology of social anxiety disorder. Biol Psychiatry, 51 (1), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(01)01305-1
  • Orbay, O. & Ayvasik, H.B. (2006). The spence children's anxiety scale - parent version: Preliminary study. Turkish Psychological Articles, 9 (18), 33-48. https://toad.halileksi.net/olcek/spence-cocuklar-icin-kaygi-olcegi-ebeveyn-formu
  • Pellowski, M.W. & Conture, E.G. (2002). Characteristics of speech disfluency and stuttering behaviors in 3- and 4-year-old children. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 45 (1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2002/002)
  • Reilly, S., Onslow, M., Packman, A., Cini, E., Conway, L., Ukoumunne, O.C., Bavin, E.L., Prior, M., Eadie, P., Block, S. & Wake, M. (2013). Natural history of stuttering to 4 years of age: a prospective community-based study. Pediatrics, 132 (3), 460-467. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-3067
  • Riley, G.D. & Bakker, K. (2009). Stuttering severity instrument: SSI-4 (First ed.). Austin, Tex: Pro-Ed.
  • Rocha, M.S., Yaruss, J.S. & Rato, J.R. (2019). Temperament, executive functioning, and anxiety in school-age children who stutter. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02244
  • Rothbart, M.K. & Derryberry, D. (1981). Development of individual differences in temperament. In M.E. Lamb. & A. Brown (Eds.), Advances in Developmental Psychology (pp. 37-86). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.
  • Smith, A. & Weber, C. (2017). How stuttering develops: the multifactorial dynamic pathways theory. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 60 (9), 2483-2505. https://doi.org/10.1044/2017_JSLHR-S-16-0343
  • Smith, K.A, Iverach, L., O'Brian, S., Mensah, F., Kefalianos, E., Hearne, A. & Reilly, S. (2017). Anxiety in 11-year-old children who stutter: findings from a prospective longitudinal community sample. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 60 (5), 1211-1222. https://doi.org/10.1044/2016_JSLHR-S-16-0035
  • Smith, K.A., Iverach, L., O’Brian, S., Kefalianos, E. & Reilly, S. (2014). Anxiety of children and adolescents who stutter: a review. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 40, 22-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.01.003
  • Spence, S.H. (1998). A measure of anxiety symptoms among children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36 (5), 545-566. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(98)00034-5
  • Thomas, A., & Chess, S. (1977). Temperament and Development (First ed.). New York: Brunner/ Mazel.
  • Uysal, A.A. & Ozdemir, R.S. (2019). Temperamental characteristics of children who stutter and children who recovered stuttering spontaneously. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 4 (2), 117-31. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2019-65738
  • Yairi E, Seery CH. (2015). Stuttering: Foundations and clinical applications (2nd Ed.). Pearson.
  • Yairi, E., Ambrose, N.G., Paden, E.P. & Throneburg, R.N. (1996). Predictive factors of persistence and recovery: pathways of childhood stuttering. Journal of Communucation Disorders, 29 (1), 51-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9924(95)00051-8
  • Yairi, E.H. & Ambrose, N. (1992). A longitudinal study of stuttering in children: a preliminary report. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 35 (4), 755–760. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3504.755
  • Zengin-Bolatkale, H., Conture, E.G., Walden, T.A. & Jones, R.M. (2018). Sympathetic arousal as a marker of chronicity in childhood stuttering. Developmental Neuropsychology, 43 (2), 135-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2018.1432621
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Psikoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Emrah Cangi Bu kişi benim

Ahsen Erim Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 61

Kaynak Göster

APA Cangi, M. E., & Erim, A. (2021). Comparison of Children Who Do and Do Not Stutter Regarding Dimensions of Temperament, Aspects of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Anxiety Types. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 11(61), 263-279.

!! From 30 November 2023, English language proofreading will be required for accepted articles to ensure language quality.