Araştırma Makalesi

East and West Capitals of Europe in Case of Ecological and Environmental Problems of the Second Part 19th - Beginning Of 20th Century: Manifestation, Genesis and Ways of Solvation

Sayı: 1 17 Eylül 2019
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East and West Capitals of Europe in Case of Ecological and Environmental Problems of the Second Part 19th - Beginning Of 20th Century: Manifestation, Genesis and Ways of Solvation

Öz

Migration and technological pressure on the urban space of the biggest cities of the world of 19th century, European capitals (London, Paris, Berlin, Istanbul, St.-Petersburg) in the period of industrial revolution 19th – beginning of 20th century caused the strike of urban ecological problems (water and air pollution, living space sanitation), putting metropolitan authorities before necessity of the rapid changes and reforms at this sphere. The unique features of each of these capitals depends upon the rate of urbanization and industrialization process, development of municipal government and civil society, science and technology in public life produces the way of salvation of the environmental and ecological problems. The situation insanity of London UK provided a balanced approach to the solution of some of it, but the rate of urbanization and industrial revolution gives new forms of ecological problems. Inconsistency of city government politics in inconsistency of city government in Paris, France, made the solution of the first urban ecological problems very expensive for the cities budget. The development of science and technology in German lands and the attention of the metropolitan authorities of Berlin made the solution the most effective. The unique development of Istanbul, the Ottoman Empire, its urban and industrial rates, gives its specific problems (water supply and it’s quality) and contributed to the absence of threatening levels of pollution. As the opposite, delaying the decision of the environmental and ecological problems in St.-Petersburg, the Russian empire, contributed the biggest urban crisis, which situated in the biggest city of Russia at the First World War and revolution.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

  1. Central State Historical Archive of St.-Petersburg. F. 210. Op.1. D.192.
  2. Russian State Historical Archive. F.1287. Op.28, 1902, D.637.
  3. Russian State Historical Archive. F.20. Op.3. D.2175.
  4. Russian State Historical Archive. F. 565. Op.5. D.20397.
  5. Astrov N. Sudba russkih gorodov. Gorodskoe delo. No. 2 (1911): 141-148.
  6. Baykan B.- G. Environmentalists in Turkey - Who are they? Heinrich Böll Stiftung. Perspectives. No.13 (April 2013): 8-9.
  7. Boudriot P.-D. Lesé gouts de Paris aux XVI Ieet XVIII esiècles. Le shumeurs de la villepréindustrielle. Histoire, économie e tsociété. Vol. 9, no 2. (1990): 197-211.
  8. Boyard E. and K. Fleet. Middle Eastern and North African Societies in Interwar period. Leiden-Boston: Brill Publ., 2018.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

-

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Yayımlanma Tarihi

17 Eylül 2019

Gönderilme Tarihi

31 Temmuz 2019

Kabul Tarihi

16 Eylül 2019

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2019 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA
Afanasiev, G. (2019). East and West Capitals of Europe in Case of Ecological and Environmental Problems of the Second Part 19th - Beginning Of 20th Century: Manifestation, Genesis and Ways of Solvation. Türkiye Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1, 1-17. https://izlik.org/JA42NX34RS
AMA
1.Afanasiev G. East and West Capitals of Europe in Case of Ecological and Environmental Problems of the Second Part 19th - Beginning Of 20th Century: Manifestation, Genesis and Ways of Solvation. TRAD. 2019;(1):1-17. https://izlik.org/JA42NX34RS
Chicago
Afanasiev, Gregory. 2019. “East and West Capitals of Europe in Case of Ecological and Environmental Problems of the Second Part 19th - Beginning Of 20th Century: Manifestation, Genesis and Ways of Solvation”. Türkiye Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy 1: 1-17. https://izlik.org/JA42NX34RS.
EndNote
Afanasiev G (01 Eylül 2019) East and West Capitals of Europe in Case of Ecological and Environmental Problems of the Second Part 19th - Beginning Of 20th Century: Manifestation, Genesis and Ways of Solvation. Türkiye Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi 1 1–17.
IEEE
[1]G. Afanasiev, “East and West Capitals of Europe in Case of Ecological and Environmental Problems of the Second Part 19th - Beginning Of 20th Century: Manifestation, Genesis and Ways of Solvation”, TRAD, sy 1, ss. 1–17, Eyl. 2019, [çevrimiçi]. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA42NX34RS
ISNAD
Afanasiev, Gregory. “East and West Capitals of Europe in Case of Ecological and Environmental Problems of the Second Part 19th - Beginning Of 20th Century: Manifestation, Genesis and Ways of Solvation”. Türkiye Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi. 1 (01 Eylül 2019): 1-17. https://izlik.org/JA42NX34RS.
JAMA
1.Afanasiev G. East and West Capitals of Europe in Case of Ecological and Environmental Problems of the Second Part 19th - Beginning Of 20th Century: Manifestation, Genesis and Ways of Solvation. TRAD. 2019;:1–17.
MLA
Afanasiev, Gregory. “East and West Capitals of Europe in Case of Ecological and Environmental Problems of the Second Part 19th - Beginning Of 20th Century: Manifestation, Genesis and Ways of Solvation”. Türkiye Rusya Araştırmaları Dergisi, sy 1, Eylül 2019, ss. 1-17, https://izlik.org/JA42NX34RS.
Vancouver
1.Gregory Afanasiev. East and West Capitals of Europe in Case of Ecological and Environmental Problems of the Second Part 19th - Beginning Of 20th Century: Manifestation, Genesis and Ways of Solvation. TRAD [Internet]. 01 Eylül 2019;(1):1-17. Erişim adresi: https://izlik.org/JA42NX34RS


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