GELİR EŞİTSİZLİĞİNİN YENİLENEBİLİR ENERJİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİLERİ: PANEL VERİ ANALİZİ

Öz

Yenilenebilir enerji özellikle çevre üzerindeki olumlu etkileri sebebiyle ön plana çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca artan enerji fiyatları da yenilenebilir enerjiye olan ilgiyi artırmaktadır. Bu nedenle yenilenebilir enerji kullanımını etkileyen faktörlerin belirlenmesi önem taşıyacaktır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, gelir eşitsizliğinin yenilenebilir enerji üzerindeki etkisini G8 ülkeleri için 1992-2015 döneminde araştırmaktır. Bu amaçla, Westerlund ve Edgerton (2007) bootstrap eşbütünleşme testi, DSUR katsayı tahmincisi ile Dumitrescu ve Hurlin (2012) nedensellik testine yer verilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, G8 ülkelerinde gelir eşitsizliğinin yenilenebilir enerji tüketimini pozitif etkilediğini ve gelir eşitsizliğinden yenilenebilir enerji tüketimine doğru tek yönlü nedenselliğin olduğunu göstermektedir. Böylece, gelir eşitsizliğinin artmasıyla yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin de artacağı söylenebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• gelir eşitsizliği
• yenilenebilir enerji
• eşitsizlik hipotei

THE IMPACTS OF INCOME INEQUALITY ON RENEWABLE ENERGY: A PANEL DATA ANALYSİS

Abstract

Renewable energy is important especially because of its positive effects on the environment. In addition, rising energy prices increase the interest in energy. Therefore, it will be important to determine the factors affecting the consumption of renewable energy. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of income inequality on renewable energy for G8 countries over the period 1992-2015. To this purpose, we employed Westerlund and Edgerton’s (2007) bootstrap cointegration test, DSUR coefficient estimator, and Dumitrescu and Hurlin’s (2012) causality test. The results demonstrated that income inequality positively affects renewable energy consumption and a unidirectional causation from income inequality to renewable energy consumption in G8 countries. Thus, it can be said that renewable energy consumption will increase as income inequality increases.

Keywords

• Renewable Energy
• Income Inequality
• G8 Countries
• Equality Hypothesis
• Inequality Hypothesis

Kaynakça

1. Ali, H.S., Hassan S. ve Kofarmata, Y.I. (2016). Dynamic impact of income inequality on carbon dioxide emissions in Africa: new evidence from heterogeneous panel data analysis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 6(4), 760–766.
2. Asongu, S. A. ve Odhiambo, N. M. (2021). Inequality and renewable energy consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa: ımplication for high income countries. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research, Doi: 10.1080/13511610.2020.1861442.
3. Baloch,, M.A. ve Danish, (2022). The nexus between renewable energy, income inequality, and consumption-based CO2 emissions: An empirical investigation, Sustainable Development, https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.2315
4. Bayar, Y., Odabas, H., Sasmaz, M.U. ve Ozturk, O.F.(2018). Corruption and shadow economy in transition economies of european union countries: a panel cointegration and causality analysis. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 31 (1), 1940-1952.
5. Berthe, A. ve Elie, L. (2015). Mechanisms explaining the impact of economic inequality on environmental deterioration. Ecological Economics, 116 (C), 191-200.
6. Boyce, J. K. (2003). Inequality and environmental protection. Political Economy Research Institute Working Paper, No. 52, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
7. Boyce, J.K. (1994). Inequality as a cause of environmental degradation. Ecological Economics, 11 (3), 169-178.
8. Breusch, T.S. ve Pagan, A.R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and ıts applications to model specification tests in econometrics. Review of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-53.

9. Chen, J., Xian, Q., Zhou, J. ve Li, D. (2020). Impact of income inequality on CO2 emissions in G20 countries. Journal of Environmental Management, 271,110987.
10. Churchill, S. A., Ivanovski, K. ve Munyanyi, M. E. (2021). Income inequality and renewable energy consumption: time-varying nonparametric evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production. Doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126306
11. Clement, M. ve Meunie, A. (2010). Is inequality harmful for the environment? an empirical analysis applied to developing and transition countries. Review of Social Economy, 68(4), 413-445.
12. Coondoo, D. ve Dinda, S. (2008). Carbon dioxide emission and income: a temporal analysis of cross-country distributional patterns. Ecological Economics, 65(2), 375-385.
13. Demir, C., Cergibozan, R. ve Gok, A. (2019). Income inequality and CO2 emissions: empirical evidence from Turkey. Energy & Environment, 30 (3), 444–461.
14. Dumitrescu, E.I. ve Hurlin, C. (2012).Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460.
15. Graaf, T.V. ve Westphal, K. (2011). The G8 and G20 as global steering committees for energy: opportunities and constraints. Global Policy, 2(51), 19-30.
16. Grunewald, N., Klasen, S., Martínez-Zarzoso, I. ve Muris, C. (2017). The trade-of between income inequality and carbon dioxide emissions. Ecological Economics, 142,249–256.
17. Hailemariam, A., Dzhumashev, R. ve Shahbaz, M. (2020). Carbon emissions, income inequality and economic development. Empirical Economics, 59(3), 1139–1159.
18. Heerink, N., Mulatu, A. ve Bulte, E. (2001). Income inequality and the environment: aggregation bias in environmental kuznets curves. Ecological Economics, 38(3), 359-367.
19. Hongxing, Y., Abban, O.J. ve Boadi, A.D. (2021). Foreign aid and economic growth: do energy consumption, trade openness and CO2 emissions matter? A DSUR heterogeneous evidence from Africa’s trading blocs. PLoS ONE, 16 (6),1-25.
20. Jorgenson, A., Schor, J. ve Huanf, X. (2017). Income inequality and carbon emissions in the United States: A state-level analysis, 1997–2012. Ecological Economics, 134, 40–48.
21. Kang, H. (2022). Impacts of Income Inequality and Economic Growth on CO2 Emissions: Comparing the Gini Coefficient and the Top Income Share in OECD Countries. Energies 2022, 15, 6954.
22. Khan, H., Weili, L., Khan, I. ve Han, L.(2022). The effect of income inequality and energy consumption on environmental degradation: the role of institutions and financial development in 180 countries of the world. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 20632–20649.
23. Liu, Q., Wang, S., Zhang, W. ve Li, J. (2018). Income distribution and enviornmental quality in China: a spatial econometric perspective. Journal of Cleaner Production 205,14–26.
24. Muhammad, I., Özcan, R., Jain, V., Ramos-Meza, C. S. ve Chawla, C. (2022). Do drivers of renewable energy consumption matter for BRICS economies? Nexus among technological innovation, environmental degradation, economic growth, and income inequality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24665-3
25. Kusumawardani, D. ve Dewi, A. K. (2020). The effect of income inequality on carbon dioxide emissions: a case study of Indonesia. Heliyon, 6(8), e04772. Doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04772
26. Laurent, E. (2015). Social-ecology: exploring the missing link in sustainable development. HAL, Id:hal-01136326. https://hal-sciencespo.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01136326/document
27. Mark, N.C., Ogaki, M. ve Sul, D. (2005). Dynamic seemingly unrelated cointegration regression. Review of Economic Studies, 72(3), 797-820.
28. Murshed, M., ve Alam, S. (2021). Estimating the macroeconomic determinants of total,renewable, and non-renewable energy demands in Bangladesh: The role of technological innovations. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28,30176–30196.
29. Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, No. 435, Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge.
30. Qu, B. ve Zhang, Y. (2011). Effect of income distribution on the environmental kuznets curve. Pacific Economic Review, 16 (3), 349-370.
31. Ouattara, I.N. (2020). A Bootstrap panel granger causality analysis of the relationships between financial sector development and globalization in Sub-Saharan African Countries. Economics Bulletin, 40(4), 3153-3166.
32. Ravallion, M., Heil, M. ve Jalan, J. (2000). Carbon emissions and income inequality. Oxford Economic Papers, 52(4), 651–669.
33. Rojas-Vallejos, J. ve Lastuka, A. (2020). The income inequality and carbon emissions trade-off revisited. Energy Policy, 139 (C), 111302.
34. Renewable Energy Global Group of Eight (G8) Industry guide 2015-2024, report (2020). https://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/5178044/renewable-energy-global-group-of-eight-g8
35. Sehrawat, M. (2020). Modelling the nexus between human capital, income inequality, and energy demand in India: New evidences from asymmetric and non-linear analysis. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 3632–3643.
36. Sharma, R. ve Rajpurohit, S.S.(2022). Nexus between income inequality and consumption of renewable energy in India: a nonlinear examination. Economic Change and Restructuring, 55, 2337–2358.
37. Solt, F. (2020). Measuring income inequality across countries and over time: the standardized world income inequality database. Social Science Quarterly, 101(3),1183-1199.
38. Sonora, R.J.(2022). A panel Analysis of Income inequality and Energy Use, Contemporary Economic Policy, https://doi.org/10.1111/coep.12550
39. Topcu, M. ve Tuğcu, C. T. (2020). The impact of renewable energy consumption on income inequality: evidence from developed countries. Renewable Energy, 151,1134-1140.
40. Uzar, U. (2020). Is income inequality a driver for renewable energy consumption?. Journal of Cleaner Production, 255(11),120287.
41. Xu, Q. ve Zhong, M. (2023). The impact of income inequity on energy consumption: The moderating role of digitalization, Journal of Environmental Management,325, Part A, 116464.
42. Wan, G., Wang, C., Wang, J. ve Zhang, X. (2022). The income inequality-CO2 emissions nexus: Transmission mechanisms. Ecological Economics 195, 107360.
43. Westerlund, J. ve Edgerton, D.L. (2007). A Panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economic Letters, 97, 185-190.
44. Yang, X., Ramos-Meza, C.S., Shabbir, M.S., Ali, S.A. ve Jain, V. (2022). The impact of renewable energy consumption, trade openness, CO2 emissions, income inequality, on economic growth, Energy Strategy Reviews,44, 101003.
45. Yang, B., Ali, M., Hashmi, S.H. ve Shabir, M. (2020). Income Inequality and CO2 Emissions in Developing Countries: The Moderating Role of Financial Instability. Sustainability, 12(17), 6810.
46. Zhang, C. ve Zhao, W. (2014). Panel estimation for income inequality and CO2 emissions: a regional analysis in China. Applied Energy, 136, 382-392.