“Olumsuz Yaşantılar ve Sağlamlık Arasında Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü ve Yalnız Kalma Korkusunun Paralel Aracılığı”

Öz

Varoluşun kaçınılmaz zorlukları bireylerde çeşitli tepkiler ortaya çıkarır. Bunlar arasında bireylerin olumsuz semptomlar geliştirmesi ya da zorluklarla dirençli bir şekilde yüzleşmesi mümkündür. Yalnız kalma konusunda endişeli olan ve duygularını kontrol edemeyen kişiler bu süreçte zorlanabilir. Zorluklara uyum sağlamak ve daha sağlam bir varoluş sürdürmek için bireylerin olumsuz deneyimler karşısında daha dayanıklı olmaları arzu edilir. Çalışma bu bağlamda duygu düzenleme güçlükleri ve yalnız kalma korkusunun dayanıklılık ve olumsuz deneyimler arasındaki aracı rolünü araştırmayı amaçlamıştır. Bu çalışma bu değişkenler arasındaki ilişkileri araştıran ilk çalışmadır. 470 kadın ve 258 erkek yetişkin katılımcı araştırmaya gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Aracılık analizini gerçekleştirmek için Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi (YEM) kullanılmıştır. Bulgular duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve yalnız kalma korkusunun olumsuz yaşantılar ve psikolojik sağlamlık arasında paralel bir aracılık rolü olduğunu göstermiştir. Modelde olumsuz yaşantılar hem doğrudan hem de duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ve yalnız kalma korkusu dolayısıyla psikolojik sağlamlığı yordamaktadır. Sonuç olarak olumsuzlukların varlığında kişinin duygularını düzenleme becerisinin önemi kabul edilmektedir. Dayanıklılığın olumsuz bir göstergesi yalnız kalma korkusu ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğüdür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Olumsuz yaşantılar
• duygu düzenleme güçlüğü
• yalnız kalma korkusu
• psikolojik sağlamlık

Parallel Mediation of Difficulty in Emotion Regulation and Fear of Being Single between Negative Experiences and Resilience

Öz

The inevitable challenges of existence elicit a variety of responses from individuals. Among these, it is possible for individuals to develop negative symptoms or to confront challenges in a resilient manner. People who are anxious about being single and can't control their emotions may find this process difficult. In order to adapt to challenges and lead a more robust existence, it is desirable for individuals to be more resilient in the face of negative experiences. The study aimed to explore the role of emotion regulation difficulties and fear of being single as mediators between resilience and negative experiences in this context. This study is the first to explore the previously unexplored relationships between these variables. 470 female and 258 male adult participants voluntarily participated in the data collection. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to execute mediation analysis. The findings indicated that there was a parallel mediating role between resilience and negative experiences, in the form of emotion regulation difficulties and fear of being single. The model predicts resilience directly from negative experiences and indirectly from emotion regulation difficulties and fear of being single. Consequently, the significance of one's ability to manage emotions in the presence of negativity is recognized. A negative indicator of resilience is the fear of being single and the difficulty in emotion regulation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Negative experiences
• emotion regulation difficulties
• fear of being single
• psychological resilience

Etik Beyan

The study protocol has been approved by the Yıldız Technical University Scientific Research and Ethical Review Board (Address: ‘etik.yildiz.edu.tr/dogrula ’Report No: 20241204042 Verification Code: f7f6c). The study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its following updates.

Kaynakça

1. Adamczyk, K. (2017). Direct and indirect effects of relationship status through satisfaction with relationship status and fear of being single on Polish young adults’ well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 111, 51–57. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.01.056
2. Adamczyk, K., & Segrin, C. (2015). Direct and indirect effects of young adults’ relationship status on life satisfaction through loneliness and perceived social support. Psychologica Belgica, 55(4), 196. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.bn
3. Afzal, A., Malik, N. I., & Atta, M. (2014). The moderating role of positive and negative emotions in relationship between positive psychological capital and subjective well-being among adolescents. International Journal of Research Studies in Psychology, 3(3). https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsp.2014.687
4. Akyıl, Y. (2025). Hope and loneliness between social support and resilience: Parallel mediator model. Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 43(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10942-024-00575-w
5. Arici-Ozcan, N., Cekici, F., & Arslan, R. (2019). The relationship between resilience and distress tolerance in college students: The mediator role of cognitive flexibility and difficulties in emotion regulation. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 5(4), 525–533. https://doi.org/10.12973/ ijem.5.4.525
6. Azpiazu Izaguirre, L., Fernández, A. R., & Palacios, E. G. (2021). Adolescent life satisfaction explained by social support, emotion regulation, and resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 694183. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2021.694183
7. Behrouian, M., Ramezani, T., Dehghan, M., Sabahi, A., & Ebrahimnejad Zarandi, B. (2021). The effect of the emotion regulation training on the resilience of caregivers of patients with schizophrenia: A parallel randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychology, 9, Article 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/ s40359-021-00542-5 Blackhart, G. C., Nelson, B. C., Knowles, M. L., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009). Rejection elicits emotional reactions but neither causes immediate distress nor lowers self-esteem: A meta-analytic review of 192 studies on social exclusion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 269–309. https://doi. org/10.1177/1088868309346065
8. Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28.

9. Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136–162). Sage.
10. Chomeya, R., Tayraukham, S., Tongkhambanchong, S., & Saravitee, N. (2024). Sample size determination techniques for multivariate behavioral sciences research emphasizing SEM. Journal of Education and Innovation, 26(2), 438–447.
11. Crow, T., Cross, D., Powers, A., & Bradley, B. (2014). Emotion dysregulation as a mediator between childhood emotional abuse and current depression in a low-income African-American sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 38(10), 1590–1598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2014.05.015
12. Çağlar, A., Akyıl, Y., İme, Y., & Erdinç, B. (2025). The mediating role of rumination between loneliness and resilience. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 25(2), 1252–1264. https://doi.org/10.17240/ aibuefd.2025..-1564454
13. Darba, M., Shahmoradi, S., & Ahmadboukani, S. (2023). The moderating role of age and gender in the relationship between emotional intelligence and fear of being single in students. Biannual Journal of Applied Counseling, 13(2), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.22055/jac.2023.43573.1952
14. Darling Rasmussen, P., Storebø, O. J., Løkkeholt, T., Voss, L. G., Shmueli-Goetz, Y., Bojesen, A. B., Bilenberg, N. (2019). Attachment as a core feature of resilience: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Reports, 122(4), 1259–1296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118785577
15. De Jong-Gierveld, J., & van Tilburg, T. G. (2006). A 6-item scale for overall, emotional, and social loneliness: Confirmatory tests on survey data. Research on Aging, 28(5), 582–598. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027506289723
16. Dennett, B. E., & Girme, Y. U. (2024). Relationships on a pedestal: The associations between relationship pedestal beliefs, fear of being single, and life satisfaction in single and coupled individuals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. Advance online publication. https://doi. org/10.1177/01461672241239122
17. Diener, E., Napa Scollon, C., & Lucas, R. E. (2009). The evolving concept of subjective well-being: The multifaceted nature of happiness. In E. Diener (Ed.), Assessing well-being: The collected works of Ed Diener (pp. 67–100). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2354-4_4
18. Diener, E., Wirtz, D., Tov, W., Kim-Prieto, C., Choi, D. W., Oishi, S., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2010). New well-being measures: Short scales to assess flourishing and positive and negative feelings. Social Indicators Research, 97, 143–156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-009-9493-y
19. Doğan, T. (2015). Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 93–102.
20. Ehring, T., & Quack, D. (2010). Emotion regulation difficulties in trauma survivors: The role of trauma type and PTSD symptom severity. Behavior Therapy, 41(4), 587–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2010.04.004
21. Ekşi, H., & Erik, C. (2023, July 20–21). Difficulties in emotion regulation scale-8: Adaptation to Turkish [Paper presentation]. 2nd International Congress of Educational Sciences and Linguists, Warsaw, Poland. https://www. icssietcongress.com/_files/ugd/2a6f60_a246f8a809bd4a9dbb739a725c8cc4a4. pdf Faircloth, A. L. (2017). Resilience as a mediator of the relationship between negative life events and psychological well-being [Doctoral dissertation, Georgia Southern University]. Electronic Theses and Dissertations.
22. Fan, Z., Lin, X., Tao, M., Wu, H., & Wang, X. (2023). The Chinese adaptation and validation of the Fear of Being Single Scale for college students. Acta Psychologica, 238, 103989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103989
23. Finney, S. J., & DiStefano, C. (2006). Non-normal and categorical data in structural equation modeling. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (pp. 269–314). Information Age Publishing.
24. Fonseca, P. N. D., Gouveia, V. V., Santos, J. L. F. D., Couto, R. N., & Coelho, G. L. D. H. (2017). Psychometric and validity evidence of the Fear of Being Single Scale. Trends in Psychology, 25, 1499–1510. https://doi.org/10.9788/ TP2017.4-02Pt
25. Gao, F., Yao, Y., Yao, C., Xiong, Y., Ma, H., & Liu, H. (2019). The mediating role of resilience and self-esteem between negative life events and positive social adjustment among left-behind adolescents in China: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 19, Article 281. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2219-z
26. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299. https://doi. org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.3.271
27. Herd, T., & Kim-Spoon, J. (2021). A systematic review of associations between adverse peer experiences and emotion regulation in adolescence. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 24(1), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10567-020-00337-x
28. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
29. Jakobsen, I. S., Madsen, L. M. R., Mau, M., Hjemdal, O., & Friborg, O. (2020). The relationship between resilience and loneliness elucidated by a Danish version of the resilience scale for adults. BMC Psychology, 8, Article 119. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00493-3
30. Josefsson, T., Ivarsson, A., Lindwall, M., Gustafsson, H., Stenling, A., Böröy, J., Mattsson, E., Carnebratt, J., Sevholt, S., & Falkevik, E. (2017). Mindfulness mechanisms in sports: Mediating effects of rumination and emotion regulation on sport-specific coping. Mindfulness, 8, 1354–1363. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s12671-017-0711-4
31. Kırımer-Aydınlı, F., & Küçükkömürler, S. (2024). Validating the Turkish adaptation of the Fear of Being Single Scale. Japanese Psychological Research. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpr.12540
32. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford Press.
33. Kocatürk, M., & Çiçek, İ. (2023). Relationship between positive childhood experiences and psychological resilience in university students: The mediating role of self-esteem. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 33(1), 78–89. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2021.16
34. Liu, Q., Jiang, M., Li, S., & Yang, Y. (2021). Social support, resilience, and self-esteem protect against common mental health problems in early adolescence: A nonrecursive analysis from a two-year longitudinal study. Medicine, 100(4), e24334. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000024334
35. Liu, W. J., Zhou, L., Wang, X. Q., Yang, B. X., Wang, Y., & Jiang, J. F. (2019). Mediating role of resilience in relationship between negative life events and depression among Chinese adolescents. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 33(6), 116–122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2019.10.004
36. Mestre, J. M., Núñez-Lozano, J. M., Gómez-Molinero, R., Zayas, A., & Guil, R. (2017). Emotion regulation ability and resilience in a sample of adolescents from a suburban area. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 1980. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fpsyg.2017.01980 Meule, A., Richard, A., Schnepper, R., Reichenberger, J., Georgii, C., Naab, S., & Blechert, J. (2021). Emotion regulation and emotional eating in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa. Eating Disorders, 29(2), 175–191. https://doi.org/10.1080/10640266.2019.1642036
37. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. Guilford Publications.
38. Mosavi, S. A., Alvani, J. A., & Ghasemi Panah, M. (2021). Investigating the relationship between emotional adjustment and cognitive emotion regulation with resilience in military nurses. Journal of Marine Medicine, 3(1), 39–45. https://doi.org/10.30491/3.1.39
39. Nasser-Abu Alhija, F., & Wisenbaker, J. (2006). A Monte Carlo study investigating the impact of item parceling strategies on parameter estimates and their standard errors in CFA. Structural Equation Modeling, 13(2), 204–228. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1302_3
40. Okur, S., Satıcı, S. A., Erdinç, B., & Akyıl, Y. (2025). Longitudinal serial mediation study after the 2023 earthquake in Türkiye: Associations between difficulties in emotion regulation, psychological distress, resilience and mental well-being. Psychiatric Quarterly, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-025-10130-0
41. Öz, F., & Yılmaz, E. B. (2009). Ruh sağlığının korunmasında önemli bir kavram: Psikolojik sağlamlık. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(3), 82–89.
42. Penner, F., Steinberg, L., & Sharp, C. (2023). The development and validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale-8: Providing respondents with a uniform context that elicits thinking about situations requiring emotion regulation. Journal of Personality Assessment, 105(5), 657–666. https://doi.org /10.1080/00223891.2022.2133722
43. Polizzi, C. P., & Lynn, S. J. (2021). Regulating emotionality to manage adversity: A systematic review of the relation between emotion regulation and psychological resilience. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 45, 1–21. https:// doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10186-1
44. Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879
45. Seery, M. D., & Quinton, W. J. (2016). Understanding resilience: From negative life events to everyday stressors. In J. M. Olson & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 54, pp. 181–245). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.02.002
46. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., & Bernard, J. (2008). The Brief Resilience Scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 15, 194–200. https://doi. org/10.1080/10705500802222972
47. Spielmann, S. S., MacDonald, G., Maxwell, J. A., Joel, S., Peragine, D., Muise, A., & Impett, E. A. (2013). Settling for less out of fear of being single. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105(6), 1049–1073. https://doi. org/10.1037/a0034628
48. Stikkelbroek, Y., Bodden, D. H., Kleinjan, M., Reijnders, M., & van Baar, A.
49. L. (2016). Adolescent depression and negative life events, the mediating role of cognitive emotion regulation. PLOS ONE, 11(8), e0161062. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161062
50. Sumi, K. (2013). Reliability and validity of Japanese versions of the Flourishing Scale and the Scale of Positive and Negative Experience. Social Indicators Research, 118, 601–615. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-013-0432-6 Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Pearson Education.
51. Telef, B. B. (2015). The positive and negative experience scale adaptation for Turkish university students. European Scientific Journal, 11(14), 49–59. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.3987.3124 Thanoi, W., Phancharoenworakul, K., Thompson, E. A., Panitrat, R., & Nityasuddhi, D. (2010). Thai adolescent suicide risk behaviors: Testing a model of negative life events, rumination, emotional distress, resilience and social support. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 14(3), 187–202.
52. Thomas, C., & Zolkoski, S. (2020). Preventing stress among undergraduate learners: The importance of emotional intelligence, resilience, and emotion regulation. Frontiers in Education, 5, Article 94. https://doi.org/10.3389/ feduc.2020.00094
53. Thompson, R. A. (1991). Emotional regulation and emotional development. Educational Psychology Review, 3, 269–307. https://doi.org/10.1007/ BF01319934
54. Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59(2–3), 25–52. https://doi.org/10.2307/1166137 Wang, Q., Sun, W., & Wu, H. (2022). Associations between academic burnout, resilience and life satisfaction among medical students: A three-wave longitudinal study. BMC Medical Education, 22(1), 248. https://doi. org/10.1186/s12909-022-03326-6
55. Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form. University of Iowa. https://doi. org/10.17077/48vt-m4t2
56. Yang, S. L., Tan, C. X., Li, J., Zhang, J., Chen, Y. P., Li, Y. F., & Zhang, J. P. (2023). Negative life events and aggression among Chinese rural left-behind adolescents: Do self-esteem and resilience mediate the relationship? BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 167. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04587-1
57. Zhang, D., Wang, R., Zhao, X., Zhang, J., Jia, J., Su, Y., & Wang, K. (2021). Role of resilience and social support in the relationship between loneliness and suicidal ideation among Chinese nursing home residents. Aging & Mental Health, 25(7), 1262–1272. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2020.1786798