Relationship between smoking and otorhinolaryngological symptoms

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 28 - 33, 07.02.2016

Arif Şanlı Eda Bekmez Gazi Yıldız Banu Atalay Erdoğan Hüseyin Baki Yılmaz Gökhan Altın

Öz

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the possible relationship between smoking and otorhinolaryngological symptoms in smokers, nonsmokers and ex-smokers. Patients and Methods: Between March 01st, 2014 and March 31st, 2014, a total of 1,840 patients 823 males, 1,017 females over 25 years of age who were admitted to the ear nose, and throat ENT outpatient clinic were included in the study. The patients who were smoking at least 10 cigarettes daily for at least five years were included in the smokers group n=514 . The patients who did not smoke for at least one year following at least five years of smoking were included in the ex-smokers group n=268 . The patients who never smoked were included in the non-smokers group n=1,058 . A form containing all ENT symptoms was given to all patients and the patients were asked to fill the form with their complaints following being informed by the same doctor. Results: Cough, shortness of breath, reflux, dryness of throat, irritation, taste disorder, bad breath, toothache, nasal congestion, smell disorders, snoring, and nasal discharge were found to be significantly higher in the smokers group, compared to the non-smokers group. Cough, sputum, hoarseness, dysphagia, reflux, sore throat, dryness of throat, irritation, stinging, oral aphthae, taste disorder, toothache, bleeding gums, and bad breath were significantly lower in the ex-smokers group. Nasal congestion, nosebleeds, sneezing, nasal discharge, smell disorders, headache, feeling of facial fullness, ear discharge, hearing loss, pain, fullness, dizziness, and tinnitus were statistically significantly lower in the ex-smokers group. Conclusion: Our study results show that smoking causes symptoms particularly associated with upper respiratory tract and these symptoms may persist in ex-smokers.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ear, nose, smoking, symptom, throat

Sigara ve otorinolarengolojik semptomlar arasındaki ilişki

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada sigara kullanan, sigara kullanmayan ve sigarayı bırakmış kişilerde sigara ve otorinolarengolojik semptomlar arasındaki muhtemel ilişki araştırıldı.Hastalar ve Yöntemler: 01 Mart 2014 - 31 Mart 2014 tarihleri arasında, kulak, burun, boğaz KBB polikliniğine başvuran toplam 1840 hasta 823 erkek, 1017 kadın çalışmaya alındı. En az beş yıl süreyle günde en az 10 sigara içen hastalar sigara içenler grubuna alındı n=514 . En az beş yıllık sigara kullanımından sonra en az bir yıldır sigara içmeyen hastalar sigarayı bırakanlar grubuna alındı n=268 . Hiç sigara içmemiş hastalar ise sigara içmeyenler grubuna alındı n=1058 . Hastaların tümüne KBB semptomlarını kapsayan bir form verildi ve hastalardan aynı hekim tarafından bilgilendirildikten sonra bu formu yakınmaları doğrultusunda doldurmaları istendi.Bulgular: Öksürük, nefes darlığı, reflü, boğaz kuruluğu, tahriş, tat alma bozukluğu, kötü ağız kokusu, diş ağrısı, burun tıkanıklığı, koku alma bozuklukları, horlama ve burun akıntısı hiç sigara içmemiş gruba kıyasla, sigara içen grupta anlamlı düzeyde yüksek bulundu. Öksürük, balgam, ses kısıklığı, disfaji, reflü, boğaz ağrısı, boğaz kuruluğu, tahriş, batma, oral aftlar, tat alma bozukluğu, diş ağrısı, diş etlerinde kanama ve kötü ağız kokusu hiç sigara içmeyen grupta anlamlı düzeyde daha düşüktü. Burun tıkanıklığı, burun kanaması, aksırma, burun akıntısı, koku alma bozuklukları, baş ağrısı, yüzde dolgunluk hissi, kulak akıntısı, işitme kaybı, ağrı, dolgunluk, baş dönmesi ve tinnitus sigarayı bırakan grupta istatistiksel olarak anlamlı düzeyde daha düşüktü.Sonuç: Çalışma bulgularımız sigaranın özellikle üst solunum yolu ile ilişkili semptomlara neden olduğunu ve bu semptomların sigarayı bırakanlarda devam edebileceğini göstermektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kulak, burun, sigara, semptom, boğaz

Kaynakça

• Shafey O, Eriksen M, Ross H, Mackay J, The Tobacco Atlas. 3rd ed. Atlanta: American Cancer Society; 2009.
• Tamashiro E, Cohen NA, Palmer JN, Lima WT. Effects of cigarette smoking on the respiratory epithelium and its role in the pathogenesis of chronic rhinosinusitis. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2009;75:903-7.
• Dua K, Bardan E, Ren J, Sui Z, Shaker R. Effect of chronic and acute cigarette smoking on the pharyngo- upper oesophageal sphincter contractile reflex and reflexive pharyngeal swallow. Gut 1998;43:537-41.
• Lee LY, Sant’Ambrogio FB, Mathew OP, Sant’Ambrogio G. Acute effect of cigarette smoke on laryngeal receptors. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1987;62:1575-81.
• Eriksson J, Ekerljung L, Sundblad BM, Lötvall J, Torén K, Rönmark E, et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with high prevalence of chronic rhinitis and low prevalence of allergic rhinitis in men. Allergy 2013;68:347-54.
• Luppi F, Aarbiou J, van Wetering S, Rahman I, de Boer WI, Rabe KF, et al. Effects of cigarette smoke condensate on proliferation and wound closure of bronchial epithelial cells in vitro: role of glutathione. Respir Res 2005;6:140.
• Van Winkle LS, Evans MJ, Brown CD, Willits NH, Pinkerton KE, Plopper CG. Prior exposure to aged and diluted sidestream cigarette smoke impairs bronchiolar injury and repair. Toxicol Sci 2001;60:152-64.
• Mathew OP, Sant’Ambrogio FB, Sant’Ambrogio G. Laryngeal paralysis on receptor and reflex responses to negative pressure in the upper airway. Respir Physiol 1988;74:25-34.
• Rajkumar S, Stolz D, Hammer J, Moeller A, Bauer GF, Huynh CK, et al. Effect of a smoking ban on respiratory health in nonsmoking hospitality workers: a prospective cohort study. J Occup Environ Med 2014;56:86-91.
• Byeon H, Lee Y. Laryngeal pathologies in older Korean adults and their association with smoking and alcohol consumption. Laryngoscope 2013;123:429-33.
• Roy N, Merrill RM, Gray SD, Smith EM. Voice disorders in the general population: prevalence, risk factors, and occupational impact. Laryngoscope 2005;115:1988-95.
• Leask A. When there’s smoke there’s.....CCN2. J Cell Commun Signal 2010;4:157-8.
• Al-Ansari JM, Boodai H, Al-Sumait N, Al-Khabbaz AK, Al-Shammari KF, Salako N. Factors associated with self-reported halitosis in Kuwaiti patients. J Dent 2006;34:444-9.
• Lang B, Filippi A. Halitosis--Part 1: epidemiology and pathogenesis. Schweiz Monatsschr Zahnmed 2004;114:1037-50.
• Brook I. The impact of smoking on oral and nasopharyngeal bacterial flora. J Dent Res 2011;90:704-10.
• Haffajee AD, Socransky SS. Relationship of cigarette smoking to the subgingival microbiota. J Clin Periodontol 2001;28:377-88.
• Torre V, Bucolo S, Giordano C, Cicciarello R, Cavallari V, Garofalo L, et al. Palatine tonsils in smoker and non-smoker patients: a pilot clinicopathological and ultrastructural study. J Oral Pathol Med 2005;34:390-6.
• Charlson ES, Chen J, Custers-Allen R, Bittinger K, Li H, Sinha R, et al. Disordered microbial communities in the upper respiratory tract of cigarette smokers. PLoS One 2010;5:15216.
• Goldstein-Daruech N, Cope EK, Zhao KQ, Vukovic K, Kofonow JM, Doghramji L, et al. Tobacco smoke mediated induction of sinonasal microbial biofilms. PLoS One 2011;6:15700.
• Schick SF, van den Vossenberg G, Luo A, Whitlatch A, Jacob P, Balmes J, et al. Thirty minute-exposure to aged cigarette smoke increases nasal congestion in nonsmokers. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2013;76:601-13.
• Mahakit P, Pumhirun P. A preliminary study of nasal mucociliary clearance in smokers, sinusitis and allergic rhinitis patients. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 1995;13:119-21.
• Görgülü O, Ozdemir S, Canbolat EP, Sayar C, Olgun MK, Akbaş Y. Analysis of the roles of smoking and allergy in nasal polyposis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2012;121:615-9.
• Min YG, Jung HW, Kim HS, Park SK, Yoo KY. Prevalence and risk factors for perennial allergic rhinitis in Korea: results of a nationwide survey. Clin Otolaryngol Allied Sci 1997;22:139-44.
• Mitchell MD, Mannino DM, Steinke DT, Kryscio RJ, Bush HM, Crofford LJ. Association of smoking and chronic pain syndromes in Kentucky women. J Pain 2011;12:892-9.
• Reh DD, Higgins TS, Smith TL. Impact of tobacco smoke on chronic rhinosinusitis: a review of the literature. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2012;2:362-9.
• Paschoal CP, Azevedo MF. Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for auditory problems. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2009;75:893-902.
• Linke R, Matschke RG. Is there a correlation between sudden deafness and smoking?. Laryngorhinootologie 1998;77:48-51.
• Sharabi Y, Reshef-Haran I, Burstein M, Eldad A. Cigarette smoking and hearing loss: lessons from the young adult periodic examinations in Israel (YAPEIS) database. Isr Med Assoc J 2002;4:1118-20.
• Kiran G, Neeraj K, Rajeev G. Association of smoking or tobacco use with ear diseases among men: a retrospective study Tobacco Induced Diseases 2012;10:1-4.
• Chung DY, Gannon RP, Mason K. Factors affecting the prevalence of tinnitus. Audiology 1984;23:441-52.