BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Variable prevalence of allergic rhinitis and risk factors affecting the prevalence

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 6, 371 - 382, 22.12.2016

Öz

Allergic rhinitis is described as a chronic inflammation of the nasal mucosa causing rhinorrhea, sneezing, nasal congestion and itching, often characterized with conjunctival injection and ocular itching. The prevalence of pediatric allergic rhinitis has recently shown a sharp increase throughout the world. However, there are significant differences among the regions, thus indicating to the influence of varying genetic and environmental factors upon the development of allergic rhinitis. This regional difference is mainly related to the ‘western diet’ and ‘western lifestyle’, with its swift changes in environmental and behavioral factors, besides a genetic predisposition. Some main and potential risk factors contributing to the development of allergic rhinitis are still unclear. In this review, we discuss mostly well known and some emerging new risk factors in the light of recent literature.

Kaynakça

  • Blaiss MS. Allergic rhinitis: Direct and indirect costs. Allergy Asthma Proc 2010;31:375-80.
  • Strachan D, Sibbald B, Weiland S, Aït-Khaled N, Anabwani G, Anderson HR, et al. Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1997;8:161-76.
  • Annesi-Maesano I, Didier A, Klossek M, Chanal I, Moreau D, Bousquet J. The score for allergic rhinitis (SFAR): a simple and valid assessment method in population studies. Allergy 2002;57:107-14.
  • European Community Respiratory Health Survey II Steering Committee. The European Community Respiratory Health Survey II. Eur Respir J 2002;20:1071-9.
  • Ellwood P, Asher MI, Beasley R, Clayton TO, Stewart AW. The international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC): phase three rationale and methods. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005;9:10-6.
  • Tamay Z, Akçay A, Ergin A, Güler N. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis and risk factors in 6- to 7-yearold children in İstanbul, Turkey. Turk J Pediatr 2014;56:31-40.
  • Tamay Z, Akcay A, Ergin A, Güler N. Dietary habits and prevalence of allergic rhinitis in 6 to 7-year-old schoolchildren in Turkey. Allergol Int 2014;63:553-62.
  • Tamay Z, Akcay A, Ones U, Guler N, Kilic G, Zencir M. Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in primary school children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007;71:463-71.
  • Civelek E, Cakir B, Boz AB, Yuksel H, Orhan F, Uner A, et al. Extent and burden of allergic diseases in elementary schoolchildren: a national multicenter study. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2010;20:280-8.
  • Bayram I, Güneşer-Kendirli S, Yilmaz M, Altintaş DU, Alparslan N, Bingöl-Karakoç G. The prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in children of school age in Adana in southern Turkey. Turk J Pediatr 2004;46:221-5.
  • Kurt E, Metintas S, Basyigit I, Bulut I, Coskun E, Dabak S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of allergies in Turkey: Results of a multicentric cross-sectional study in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007;18:566-74.
  • Tamay Z, Akcay A, Ergin A, Guler N. Effects of dietary habits and risk factors on allergic rhinitis prevalence among Turkish adolescents. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;77:1416-23.
  • Akçay A, Tamay Z, İnan M, Gürses D, Zincir M, Öneş Ü. Denizli’deki 13-14 yaş okul çocuklarında alerjik hastalık belirtilerinin yaygınlığı. Turk Pediatr Ars 2006;41:81-6.
  • Akçakaya N, Kulak K, Hassanzadeh A, Camcioğlu Y, Cokuğraş H. Prevalence of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis in Istanbul school children. Eur J Epidemiol 2000;16:693-9.
  • Karaman O, Turgut CS, Uzuner N, Olmez D, Babayigit A, Kose S, et al. The determination of asthma, rhinitis, eczema, and atopy prevalence in 9- to 11-year-old children in the city of Izmir. Allergy Asthma Proc 2006;27:319-24.
  • Kendirli GS, Altintaş DU, Alparslan N, Akmanlar N, Yurdakul Z, Bolat B. Prevalence of childhood allergic diseases in Adana, Southern Turkey. Eur J Epidemiol 1998;14:347-50.
  • Saraçlar Y, Yiğit S, Adalioğlu G, Tuncer A, Tunçbilek E. Prevalence of allergic diseases and influencing factors in primary-school children in the Ankara Region of Turkey. J Asthma 1997;34:23-30.
  • Kalyoncu AF, Selçuk ZT, Karakoca Y, Emri AS, Cöplü L, Sahin AA, et al. Prevalence of childhood asthma and allergic diseases in Ankara, Turkey. Allergy 1994;49:485-8.
  • Kuyucu S, Saraçlar Y, Tuncer A, Geyik PO, Adalioğlu G, Akpinarli A, et al. Epidemiologic characteristics of rhinitis in Turkish children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase 2. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006;17:269-77.
  • Talay F, Kurt B, Tug T, Yilmaz F, Goksugur N. Prevalence and risk factors of asthma and allergic diseases among schoolchildren in Bolu, Turkey. Acta Paediatr 2008;97:459-62.
  • Canitez Y, Sapan N. The prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in Bursa, Turkey. An ISAAC study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:933.
  • Akçay A, Tamay Z, Dağdeviren E, Zencir M, Öneş Ü, Güler N. Denizli'deki 6-7 yaş okul çocuklarında alerjik hastalıklarının prevalansları. Ege Tıp Derg
  • Ece A, Ceylan A, Saraçlar Y, Saka G, Gürkan F, Haspolat K. Prevalence of asthma and other allergic disorders among schoolchildren in Diyarbakir, Turkey. Turk J Pediatr 2001;43:286-92.
  • Selçuk ZT, Caglar T, Enünlü T, Topal T. The prevalence of allergic diseases in primary school children in Edirne, Turkey. Clin Exp Allergy 1997;27:262-9.
  • Karaman O, Türkmen M, Uzuner N. Allergic disease prevalence in Izmir. Allergy 1997;52:689-90.
  • Özkırış M. Kayseri'deki 14-17 yaş öğrencileri arasında allerjik rinit prevalansı Asthma Allergy Immunol 2010;8:163-9.
  • Çakır M, Çetinkaya F. Samsun'da ilköğretim okulu çocuklarında astım ve diğer allerjik hastalıkların sıklığı. Astım Allerji İmmünoloji 2004;2:139-42.
  • Anlar FY, Sancak R, Oztürk F. Childhood allergic disorders in Samsun, Turkey: discrepancy between reported and diagnosed. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006;17:635-8.
  • Arslan S, Uğurlu S, Demirel Y, Can G. Sivas yöresinde ilköğretim çocuklarında astım ve alerjik hastalıkların ilişkisi ve prevalansı. Nobel Med 2012;8:30-4.
  • Yıldırım M, Ergür AT, Saraçlar Y, Tuncer A. Sivas il merkezindeki çocuklarda alerjik hastalıkların prevalansı. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2002;45:226-32.
  • Zeyrek CD, Zeyrek F, Sevinc E, Demir E. Prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in Sanliurfa, Turkey, and the relation to environmental and socioeconomic factors: is the hygiene hypothesis enough? J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2006;16:290-5.
  • Kjellman NI. Atopic disease in seven-year-old children. Incidence in relation to family history. Acta Paediatr Scand 1977;66:465-71.
  • Edfors-Lubs ML. Allergy in 7000 twin pairs. Acta Allergol 1971;26:249-85.
  • Duffy DL, Martin NG, Battistutta D, Hopper JL, Mathews JD. Genetics of asthma and hay fever in Australian twins. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:1351-8.
  • Shaker M. New insights into the allergic march. Curr Opin Pediatr 2014;26:516-20.
  • Sultész M, Katona G, Hirschberg A, Gálffy G. Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in primary schoolchildren in Budapest. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2010;74:503-9.
  • Cibella F, Ferrante G, Cuttitta G, Bucchieri S, Melis MR, La Grutta S, et al. The burden of rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis in adolescents. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2015;7:44-50.
  • Hsu SP, Lin KN, Tan CT, Lee FP, Huang HM. Prenatal risk factors and occurrence of allergic rhinitis among elementary school children in an urban city. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009;73:807-10.
  • Nilsson D, Andiappan AK, Halldén C, De Yun W, Säll T, Tim CF, et al. Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with allergic rhinitis: a case control study. BMC Med Genet 2012;13:66.
  • Wei X, Zhang Y, Fu Z, Zhang L. The association between polymorphisms in the MRPL4 and TNF-a genes and susceptibility to allergic rhinitis. PLoS One 2013;8:57981.
  • Li ZP, Yin LL, Wang H, Liu LS. Association between promoter polymorphisms of interleukin-4 gene and allergic rhinitis risk: a meta-analysis. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2014;34:306-13.
  • Zihlif M, Mahafza T, Obeidat NM, Froukh T, Shaban M, Al-Akhras FM, et al. Frequency of genetic polymorphisms of ADAM33 and their association with allergic rhinitis among Jordanians. Gene 2013;531:462-6.
  • Eskandari HG, Unal M, Oztürk OG, Vayisoğlu Y, Muşlu N. Leukotriene C4 synthase A-444C gene polymorphism in patients with allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;134:997-1000.
  • Torres-Borrego J, Molina-Terán AB, Montes-Mendoza C. Prevalence and associated factors of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2008;36:90-100.
  • Xu B, Järvelin MR, Pekkanen J. Prenatal factors and occurrence of rhinitis and eczema among offspring. Allergy 1999;54:829-36.
  • Mulder B, Schuiling-Veninga CC, Bos HJ, De Vries TW, Jick SS, Hak E. et al. Prenatal exposure to acid- suppressive drugs and the risk of allergic diseases in the offspring: a cohort study. Clin Exp Allergy 2014;44:261-9.
  • Duksal F, Akcay A, Becerir T, Ergin A, Becerir C, Guler N. Rising trend of allergic rhinitis prevalence among Turkish schoolchildren. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013;77:1434-9.
  • Maslova E, Strİm M, Olsen SF, Halldorsson TI. Consumption of artificially-sweetened soft drinks in pregnancy and risk of child asthma and allergic rhinitis. PLoS One 2013;8:57261.
  • Ekström S, Magnusson J, Kull I, Lind T, Almqvist C, Melén E, et al. Maternal body mass index in early pregnancy and offspring asthma, rhinitis and eczema up to 16 years of age. Clin Exp Allergy 2015;45:283-91.
  • Bråbäck L, Hedberg A. Perinatal risk factors for atopic disease in conscripts. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28:936-42.
  • Strachan DP, Taylor EM, Carpenter RG. Family structure, neonatal infection, and hay fever in adolescence. Arch Dis Child 1996;74:422-6.
  • Li Y, Jiang Y, Li S, Shen X, Liu J, Jiang F. Pre- and postnatal risk factors in relation to allergic rhinitis in school-aged children in China. PLoS One 2015;10:0114022.
  • Saitoh Y, Dake Y, Shimazu S, Sakoda T, Sogo H, Fujiki Y, et al. Month of birth, atopic disease, and atopic sensitization. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2001;11:183-7.
  • Wjst M, Dharmage S, André E, Norback D, Raherison C, Villani S, et al. Latitude, birth date, and allergy. PLoS Med 2005;2:294.
  • Arshad SH, Stevens M, Hide DW. The effect of genetic and environmental factors on the prevalence of allergic disorders at the age of two years. Clin Exp Allergy 1993;23:504-11.
  • Fuertes E, Brauer M, MacIntyre E, Bauer M, Bellander T, von Berg A, et al. Childhood allergic rhinitis, traffic- related air pollution, and variability in the GSTP1, TNF, TLR2, and TLR4 genes: results from the TAG Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;132:342-52.
  • Räsänen M, Kaprio J, Laitinen T, Winter T, Koskenvuo M, Laitinen LA. Perinatal risk factors for hay fever--a study among 2550 Finnish twin families. Twin Res 2001;4:392-9.
  • Mai XM, Almqvist C, Nilsson L, Wickman M. Birth anthropometric measures, body mass index and allergic diseases in a birth cohort study (BAMSE). Arch Dis Child 2007;92:881-6.
  • Sun HL, Lue KH, Ku MS. Neonatal jaundice is a risk factor for childhood allergic rhinitis: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013;27:192-6.
  • Benn CS, Melbye M, Wohlfahrt J, Björkstén B, Aaby P. Cohort study of sibling effect, infectious diseases, and risk of atopic dermatitis during first 18 months of life. BMJ 2004;328:1223.
  • Matricardi PM, Rosmini F, Ferrigno L, Nisini R, Rapicetta M, Chionne P, et al. Cross sectional retrospective study of prevalence of atopy among Italian military students with antibodies against hepatitis A virus. BMJ 1997;314:999-1003.
  • von Hertzen L, Klaukka T, Mattila H, Haahtela T. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the subsequent development of asthma and allergic conditions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:1211-4.
  • Matricardi PM, Rosmini F, Riondino S, Fortini M, Ferrigno L, Rapicetta M, et al. Exposure to foodborne and orofecal microbes versus airborne viruses in relation to atopy and allergic asthma: epidemiological study. BMJ 2000;320:412-7.
  • Alm B, Goksör E, Pettersson R, Möllborg P, Erdes L, Loid P, et al. Antibiotics in the first week of life is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis at school age. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014;25:468-72.
  • Beasley RW, Clayton TO, Crane J, Lai CK, Montefort SR, Mutius Ev, et al. Acetaminophen use and risk of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in adolescents: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase Three. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:171-8.
  • Koppen S, de Groot R, Neijens HJ, Nagelkerke N, van Eden W, Rümke HC. No epidemiological evidence for infant vaccinations to cause allergic disease. Vaccine 2004;22:3375-85.
  • Lewis SA, Britton JR. Measles infection, measles vaccination and the effect of birth order in the aetiology of hay fever. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28:1493-500.
  • Shirakawa T, Enomoto T, Shimazu S, Hopkin JM. The inverse association between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder. Science 1997;275:77-9.
  • Alm JS, Swartz J, Lilja G, Scheynius A, Pershagen G. Atopy in children of families with an anthroposophic lifestyle. Lancet 1999;353:1485-8.
  • Ameli F, Brocchetti F, Tosca MA, Schiavetti I, Ciprandi G. Tonsil volume and allergic rhinitis in children. Allergy Rhinol (Providence) 2014;5:137-42.
  • Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Morgan W, Taussig LM. Epidemiology of physician- diagnosed allergic rhinitis in childhood. Pediatrics 1994;94:895-901.
  • Butland BK, Strachan DP, Lewis S, Bynner J, Butler N, Britton J. Investigation into the increase in hay fever and eczema at age 16 observed between the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts. BMJ 1997;315:717-21.
  • Kramer MS, Moroz B. Do breast-feeding and delayed introduction of solid foods protect against subsequent atopic eczema? J Pediatr 1981;98:546-50.
  • Saarinen UM, Kajosaari M, Backman A, Siimes MA. Prolonged breast-feeding as prophylaxis for atopic disease. Lancet 1979;2:163-6.
  • Garcia-Marcos L, Canflanca IM, Garrido JB, Varela AL, Garcia-Hernandez G, Guillen Grima F, et al. Relationship of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis with obesity, exercise and Mediterranean diet in Spanish schoolchildren. Thorax 2007;62:503-8.
  • de Batlle J, Garcia-Aymerich J, Barraza-Villarreal A, Antó JM, Romieu I. Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced asthma and rhinitis in Mexican children. Allergy 2008;63:1310-6.
  • Rosenkranz RR, Rosenkranz SK, Neessen KJ. Dietary factors associated with lifetime asthma or hayfever diagnosis in Australian middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J 2012;11:84.
  • Marmsjö K, Rosenlund H, Kull I, Håkansson N, Wickman M, Pershagen G, et al. Use of multivitamin supplements in relation to allergic disease in 8-y-old children. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:1693-8.
  • Cheng HM, Kim S, Park GH, Chang SE, Bang S, Won CH, et al. Low vitamin D levels are associated with atopic dermatitis, but not allergic rhinitis, asthma, or IgE sensitization, in the adult Korean population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;133:1048-55.
  • Mai XM, Chen Y, Camargo CA Jr, Langhammer A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and self-reported allergic rhinitis in Norwegian adults - The HUNT Study. Allerg 2014;69:488-93.
  • Seo JH, Kwon SO, Lee SY, Kim HY, Kwon JW, Kim BJ, et al. Association of antioxidants with allergic rhinitis in children from seoul. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2013;5:81-7.
  • Ellwood P, Asher MI, García-Marcos L, Williams H, Keil U, Robertson C, et al. Do fast foods cause asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema? Global findings from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase three. Thorax 2013;68:351-60.
  • Wickens K, Barry D, Friezema A, Rhodius R, Bone N, Purdie G, et al. Fast foods - are they a risk factor for asthma? Allergy 2005;60:1537-41.
  • Hahm MI, Chae Y, Kwon HJ, Kim J, Ahn K, Kim WK, et al. Do newly built homes affect rhinitis in children? The ISAAC phase III study in Korea. Allergy 2014;69:479-87.
  • Kurt E, Metintas S, Basyigit I, Bulut I, Coskun E, Dabak S, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Allergies in Turkey (PARFAIT): results of a multicentre cross- sectional study in adults. Eur Respir J 2009;33:724-33.
  • Duhme H, Weiland SK, Rudolph P, Wienke A, Kramer A, Keil U. Asthma and allergies among children in West and East Germany: a comparison between Münster and Greifswald using the ISAAC phase I protocol. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Eur Respir J 1998;11:840-7.
  • Venn AJ, Yemaneberhan H, Bekele Z, Lewis SA, Parry E, Britton J. Increased risk of allergy associated with the use of kerosene fuel in the home. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1660-4.
  • Biagini JM, LeMasters GK, Ryan PH, Levin L, Reponen T, Bernstein DI, et al. Environmental risk factors of rhinitis in early infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol
  • Hesselmar B, Aberg N, Aberg B, Eriksson B, Björkstén B. Does early exposure to cat or dog protect against later allergy development? Clin Exp Allergy 1999;29:611-7.
  • Strachan DP, Aït-Khaled N, Foliaki S, Mallol J, Odhiambo J, Pearce N, et al. Siblings, asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema: a worldwide perspective from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Clin Exp Allergy 2015;45:126-36.
  • Fasce L, Tosca MA, Silvestri M, Olcese R, Pistorio A, Rossi GA. "Early" cat ownership and the risk of sensitization and allergic rhinitis in Ligurian children with respiratory symptoms. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005;94:561-5.
  • Baumann LM, Romero KM, Robinson CL, Hansel NN, Gilman RH, Hamilton RG, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in two resource- limited settings in Peru with disparate degrees of urbanization. Clin Exp Allergy 2015;45:192-9.
  • Kreißl S, Radon K, Dressel H, Genuneit J, Kellberger J, Nowak D, et al. Body mass index change and atopic diseases are not always associated in children and adolescents. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014;113:440-4.
  • Leynaert B, Neukirch C, Jarvis D, Chinn S, Burney P, Neukirch F. Does living on a farm during childhood protect against asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopy in adulthood? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1829-34.
  • Filipiak B, Heinrich J, Schäfer T, Ring J, Wichmann HE. Farming, rural lifestyle and atopy in adults from southern Germany--results from the MONICA/KORA study Augsburg. Clin Exp Allergy 2001;31:1829-38.
  • Riedler J, Eder W, Oberfeld G, Schreuer M. Austrian children living on a farm have less hay fever, asthma and allergic sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy 2000;30:194-200.
  • Thacher JD, Gruzieva O, Pershagen G, Neuman Å, Wickman M, Kull I, et al. Pre- and postnatal exposure to parental smoking and allergic disease through adolescence. Pediatrics 2014;134:428-34.
  • Monteil MA, Joseph G, Chang Kit C, Wheeler G, Antoine RM. Smoking at home is strongly associated with symptoms of asthma and rhinitis in children of primary school age in Trinidad and Tobago. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2004;16:193-8.
  • Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking .5. Parental smoking and allergic sensitisation in children. Thorax 1998;53:117-23.
  • Krämer U1, Koch T, Ranft U, Ring J, Behrendt H. Traffic-related air pollution is associated with atopy in children living in urban areas. Epidemiology 2000;11:64-70.
  • The American Academy of Allergy: an historical review. III. The Society for the Study of Asthma and Allied Conditions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1979;64:342-52.
  • von Mutius E, Martinez FD, Fritzsch C, Nicolai T, Roell G, Thiemann HH. Prevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:358-64.
  • Lin WY, Muo CH, Ku YC, Sung FC, Kao CH. Increased association between febrile convulsion and allergic rhinitis in children: a nationwide population based retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Neurol 2014;50:329-33.
  • Kuo HC, Chang WC, Yang KD, Yu HR, Wang CL, Ho SC, et al. Kawasaki disease and subsequent risk of allergic diseases: a population-based matched cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2013;13:38
  • Chou PH, Lin CC, Lin CH, Loh el-W, Chan CH, Lan TH. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013;22:301-7.
  • Bell IR, Jasnoski ML, Kagan J, King DS. Is allergic rhinitis more frequent in young adults with extreme shyness? A preliminary survey. Psychosom Med 1990;52:517-25.

Alerjik rinitin değişken prevalansı ve prevalansı etkileyen risk faktörleri

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 6, 371 - 382, 22.12.2016

Öz

Alerjik rinit burunda akıntı, hapşırık, kaşıntı ve tıkanıklık, sıklıkla konjonktival enjeksiyon ve gözde kaşınmayla karakterize olan burun mukozasının kronik enflamasyonu olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Çocukluk çağı alerjik rinit prevalansı dünya çapında hızlı bir artış göstermektedir. Ancak bölgeler arasında bariz farklar vardır, bu da alerjik rinitin gelişiminde değişen genetik ve çevresel etkenlere işaret etmektedir. Bölgesel bu fark, genetik yatkınlık yanında çevresel ve davranışsal faktörlerin hızlı değişimiyle meydana gelen ‘Batı tarzı diyet’ ve ‘Batılı yaşam tarzı’ ile esas olarak ilişkili bulunmuştur. Alerjik rinit gelişimine yol açan bazı ana ve potansiyel risk faktörleri halen net olarak bilinmemektedir. Bu derlemede, çoğu iyi bilinen ve bazı yeni ortaya çıkmış risk faktörleri son literatür verileri ışığında tartışılacaktır

Kaynakça

  • Blaiss MS. Allergic rhinitis: Direct and indirect costs. Allergy Asthma Proc 2010;31:375-80.
  • Strachan D, Sibbald B, Weiland S, Aït-Khaled N, Anabwani G, Anderson HR, et al. Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC). Pediatr Allergy Immunol 1997;8:161-76.
  • Annesi-Maesano I, Didier A, Klossek M, Chanal I, Moreau D, Bousquet J. The score for allergic rhinitis (SFAR): a simple and valid assessment method in population studies. Allergy 2002;57:107-14.
  • European Community Respiratory Health Survey II Steering Committee. The European Community Respiratory Health Survey II. Eur Respir J 2002;20:1071-9.
  • Ellwood P, Asher MI, Beasley R, Clayton TO, Stewart AW. The international study of asthma and allergies in childhood (ISAAC): phase three rationale and methods. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2005;9:10-6.
  • Tamay Z, Akçay A, Ergin A, Güler N. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis and risk factors in 6- to 7-yearold children in İstanbul, Turkey. Turk J Pediatr 2014;56:31-40.
  • Tamay Z, Akcay A, Ergin A, Güler N. Dietary habits and prevalence of allergic rhinitis in 6 to 7-year-old schoolchildren in Turkey. Allergol Int 2014;63:553-62.
  • Tamay Z, Akcay A, Ones U, Guler N, Kilic G, Zencir M. Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in primary school children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007;71:463-71.
  • Civelek E, Cakir B, Boz AB, Yuksel H, Orhan F, Uner A, et al. Extent and burden of allergic diseases in elementary schoolchildren: a national multicenter study. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2010;20:280-8.
  • Bayram I, Güneşer-Kendirli S, Yilmaz M, Altintaş DU, Alparslan N, Bingöl-Karakoç G. The prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in children of school age in Adana in southern Turkey. Turk J Pediatr 2004;46:221-5.
  • Kurt E, Metintas S, Basyigit I, Bulut I, Coskun E, Dabak S, et al. Prevalence and risk factors of allergies in Turkey: Results of a multicentric cross-sectional study in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2007;18:566-74.
  • Tamay Z, Akcay A, Ergin A, Guler N. Effects of dietary habits and risk factors on allergic rhinitis prevalence among Turkish adolescents. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;77:1416-23.
  • Akçay A, Tamay Z, İnan M, Gürses D, Zincir M, Öneş Ü. Denizli’deki 13-14 yaş okul çocuklarında alerjik hastalık belirtilerinin yaygınlığı. Turk Pediatr Ars 2006;41:81-6.
  • Akçakaya N, Kulak K, Hassanzadeh A, Camcioğlu Y, Cokuğraş H. Prevalence of bronchial asthma and allergic rhinitis in Istanbul school children. Eur J Epidemiol 2000;16:693-9.
  • Karaman O, Turgut CS, Uzuner N, Olmez D, Babayigit A, Kose S, et al. The determination of asthma, rhinitis, eczema, and atopy prevalence in 9- to 11-year-old children in the city of Izmir. Allergy Asthma Proc 2006;27:319-24.
  • Kendirli GS, Altintaş DU, Alparslan N, Akmanlar N, Yurdakul Z, Bolat B. Prevalence of childhood allergic diseases in Adana, Southern Turkey. Eur J Epidemiol 1998;14:347-50.
  • Saraçlar Y, Yiğit S, Adalioğlu G, Tuncer A, Tunçbilek E. Prevalence of allergic diseases and influencing factors in primary-school children in the Ankara Region of Turkey. J Asthma 1997;34:23-30.
  • Kalyoncu AF, Selçuk ZT, Karakoca Y, Emri AS, Cöplü L, Sahin AA, et al. Prevalence of childhood asthma and allergic diseases in Ankara, Turkey. Allergy 1994;49:485-8.
  • Kuyucu S, Saraçlar Y, Tuncer A, Geyik PO, Adalioğlu G, Akpinarli A, et al. Epidemiologic characteristics of rhinitis in Turkish children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase 2. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006;17:269-77.
  • Talay F, Kurt B, Tug T, Yilmaz F, Goksugur N. Prevalence and risk factors of asthma and allergic diseases among schoolchildren in Bolu, Turkey. Acta Paediatr 2008;97:459-62.
  • Canitez Y, Sapan N. The prevalence of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in Bursa, Turkey. An ISAAC study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2000;105:933.
  • Akçay A, Tamay Z, Dağdeviren E, Zencir M, Öneş Ü, Güler N. Denizli'deki 6-7 yaş okul çocuklarında alerjik hastalıklarının prevalansları. Ege Tıp Derg
  • Ece A, Ceylan A, Saraçlar Y, Saka G, Gürkan F, Haspolat K. Prevalence of asthma and other allergic disorders among schoolchildren in Diyarbakir, Turkey. Turk J Pediatr 2001;43:286-92.
  • Selçuk ZT, Caglar T, Enünlü T, Topal T. The prevalence of allergic diseases in primary school children in Edirne, Turkey. Clin Exp Allergy 1997;27:262-9.
  • Karaman O, Türkmen M, Uzuner N. Allergic disease prevalence in Izmir. Allergy 1997;52:689-90.
  • Özkırış M. Kayseri'deki 14-17 yaş öğrencileri arasında allerjik rinit prevalansı Asthma Allergy Immunol 2010;8:163-9.
  • Çakır M, Çetinkaya F. Samsun'da ilköğretim okulu çocuklarında astım ve diğer allerjik hastalıkların sıklığı. Astım Allerji İmmünoloji 2004;2:139-42.
  • Anlar FY, Sancak R, Oztürk F. Childhood allergic disorders in Samsun, Turkey: discrepancy between reported and diagnosed. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006;17:635-8.
  • Arslan S, Uğurlu S, Demirel Y, Can G. Sivas yöresinde ilköğretim çocuklarında astım ve alerjik hastalıkların ilişkisi ve prevalansı. Nobel Med 2012;8:30-4.
  • Yıldırım M, Ergür AT, Saraçlar Y, Tuncer A. Sivas il merkezindeki çocuklarda alerjik hastalıkların prevalansı. Çocuk Sağlığı ve Hastalıkları Dergisi 2002;45:226-32.
  • Zeyrek CD, Zeyrek F, Sevinc E, Demir E. Prevalence of asthma and allergic diseases in Sanliurfa, Turkey, and the relation to environmental and socioeconomic factors: is the hygiene hypothesis enough? J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2006;16:290-5.
  • Kjellman NI. Atopic disease in seven-year-old children. Incidence in relation to family history. Acta Paediatr Scand 1977;66:465-71.
  • Edfors-Lubs ML. Allergy in 7000 twin pairs. Acta Allergol 1971;26:249-85.
  • Duffy DL, Martin NG, Battistutta D, Hopper JL, Mathews JD. Genetics of asthma and hay fever in Australian twins. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;142:1351-8.
  • Shaker M. New insights into the allergic march. Curr Opin Pediatr 2014;26:516-20.
  • Sultész M, Katona G, Hirschberg A, Gálffy G. Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in primary schoolchildren in Budapest. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2010;74:503-9.
  • Cibella F, Ferrante G, Cuttitta G, Bucchieri S, Melis MR, La Grutta S, et al. The burden of rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis in adolescents. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2015;7:44-50.
  • Hsu SP, Lin KN, Tan CT, Lee FP, Huang HM. Prenatal risk factors and occurrence of allergic rhinitis among elementary school children in an urban city. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2009;73:807-10.
  • Nilsson D, Andiappan AK, Halldén C, De Yun W, Säll T, Tim CF, et al. Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms are associated with allergic rhinitis: a case control study. BMC Med Genet 2012;13:66.
  • Wei X, Zhang Y, Fu Z, Zhang L. The association between polymorphisms in the MRPL4 and TNF-a genes and susceptibility to allergic rhinitis. PLoS One 2013;8:57981.
  • Li ZP, Yin LL, Wang H, Liu LS. Association between promoter polymorphisms of interleukin-4 gene and allergic rhinitis risk: a meta-analysis. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci 2014;34:306-13.
  • Zihlif M, Mahafza T, Obeidat NM, Froukh T, Shaban M, Al-Akhras FM, et al. Frequency of genetic polymorphisms of ADAM33 and their association with allergic rhinitis among Jordanians. Gene 2013;531:462-6.
  • Eskandari HG, Unal M, Oztürk OG, Vayisoğlu Y, Muşlu N. Leukotriene C4 synthase A-444C gene polymorphism in patients with allergic rhinitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2006;134:997-1000.
  • Torres-Borrego J, Molina-Terán AB, Montes-Mendoza C. Prevalence and associated factors of allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in children. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2008;36:90-100.
  • Xu B, Järvelin MR, Pekkanen J. Prenatal factors and occurrence of rhinitis and eczema among offspring. Allergy 1999;54:829-36.
  • Mulder B, Schuiling-Veninga CC, Bos HJ, De Vries TW, Jick SS, Hak E. et al. Prenatal exposure to acid- suppressive drugs and the risk of allergic diseases in the offspring: a cohort study. Clin Exp Allergy 2014;44:261-9.
  • Duksal F, Akcay A, Becerir T, Ergin A, Becerir C, Guler N. Rising trend of allergic rhinitis prevalence among Turkish schoolchildren. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2013;77:1434-9.
  • Maslova E, Strİm M, Olsen SF, Halldorsson TI. Consumption of artificially-sweetened soft drinks in pregnancy and risk of child asthma and allergic rhinitis. PLoS One 2013;8:57261.
  • Ekström S, Magnusson J, Kull I, Lind T, Almqvist C, Melén E, et al. Maternal body mass index in early pregnancy and offspring asthma, rhinitis and eczema up to 16 years of age. Clin Exp Allergy 2015;45:283-91.
  • Bråbäck L, Hedberg A. Perinatal risk factors for atopic disease in conscripts. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28:936-42.
  • Strachan DP, Taylor EM, Carpenter RG. Family structure, neonatal infection, and hay fever in adolescence. Arch Dis Child 1996;74:422-6.
  • Li Y, Jiang Y, Li S, Shen X, Liu J, Jiang F. Pre- and postnatal risk factors in relation to allergic rhinitis in school-aged children in China. PLoS One 2015;10:0114022.
  • Saitoh Y, Dake Y, Shimazu S, Sakoda T, Sogo H, Fujiki Y, et al. Month of birth, atopic disease, and atopic sensitization. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2001;11:183-7.
  • Wjst M, Dharmage S, André E, Norback D, Raherison C, Villani S, et al. Latitude, birth date, and allergy. PLoS Med 2005;2:294.
  • Arshad SH, Stevens M, Hide DW. The effect of genetic and environmental factors on the prevalence of allergic disorders at the age of two years. Clin Exp Allergy 1993;23:504-11.
  • Fuertes E, Brauer M, MacIntyre E, Bauer M, Bellander T, von Berg A, et al. Childhood allergic rhinitis, traffic- related air pollution, and variability in the GSTP1, TNF, TLR2, and TLR4 genes: results from the TAG Study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013;132:342-52.
  • Räsänen M, Kaprio J, Laitinen T, Winter T, Koskenvuo M, Laitinen LA. Perinatal risk factors for hay fever--a study among 2550 Finnish twin families. Twin Res 2001;4:392-9.
  • Mai XM, Almqvist C, Nilsson L, Wickman M. Birth anthropometric measures, body mass index and allergic diseases in a birth cohort study (BAMSE). Arch Dis Child 2007;92:881-6.
  • Sun HL, Lue KH, Ku MS. Neonatal jaundice is a risk factor for childhood allergic rhinitis: a retrospective cohort study. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2013;27:192-6.
  • Benn CS, Melbye M, Wohlfahrt J, Björkstén B, Aaby P. Cohort study of sibling effect, infectious diseases, and risk of atopic dermatitis during first 18 months of life. BMJ 2004;328:1223.
  • Matricardi PM, Rosmini F, Ferrigno L, Nisini R, Rapicetta M, Chionne P, et al. Cross sectional retrospective study of prevalence of atopy among Italian military students with antibodies against hepatitis A virus. BMJ 1997;314:999-1003.
  • von Hertzen L, Klaukka T, Mattila H, Haahtela T. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the subsequent development of asthma and allergic conditions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;104:1211-4.
  • Matricardi PM, Rosmini F, Riondino S, Fortini M, Ferrigno L, Rapicetta M, et al. Exposure to foodborne and orofecal microbes versus airborne viruses in relation to atopy and allergic asthma: epidemiological study. BMJ 2000;320:412-7.
  • Alm B, Goksör E, Pettersson R, Möllborg P, Erdes L, Loid P, et al. Antibiotics in the first week of life is a risk factor for allergic rhinitis at school age. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014;25:468-72.
  • Beasley RW, Clayton TO, Crane J, Lai CK, Montefort SR, Mutius Ev, et al. Acetaminophen use and risk of asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in adolescents: International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase Three. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011;183:171-8.
  • Koppen S, de Groot R, Neijens HJ, Nagelkerke N, van Eden W, Rümke HC. No epidemiological evidence for infant vaccinations to cause allergic disease. Vaccine 2004;22:3375-85.
  • Lewis SA, Britton JR. Measles infection, measles vaccination and the effect of birth order in the aetiology of hay fever. Clin Exp Allergy 1998;28:1493-500.
  • Shirakawa T, Enomoto T, Shimazu S, Hopkin JM. The inverse association between tuberculin responses and atopic disorder. Science 1997;275:77-9.
  • Alm JS, Swartz J, Lilja G, Scheynius A, Pershagen G. Atopy in children of families with an anthroposophic lifestyle. Lancet 1999;353:1485-8.
  • Ameli F, Brocchetti F, Tosca MA, Schiavetti I, Ciprandi G. Tonsil volume and allergic rhinitis in children. Allergy Rhinol (Providence) 2014;5:137-42.
  • Wright AL, Holberg CJ, Martinez FD, Halonen M, Morgan W, Taussig LM. Epidemiology of physician- diagnosed allergic rhinitis in childhood. Pediatrics 1994;94:895-901.
  • Butland BK, Strachan DP, Lewis S, Bynner J, Butler N, Britton J. Investigation into the increase in hay fever and eczema at age 16 observed between the 1958 and 1970 British birth cohorts. BMJ 1997;315:717-21.
  • Kramer MS, Moroz B. Do breast-feeding and delayed introduction of solid foods protect against subsequent atopic eczema? J Pediatr 1981;98:546-50.
  • Saarinen UM, Kajosaari M, Backman A, Siimes MA. Prolonged breast-feeding as prophylaxis for atopic disease. Lancet 1979;2:163-6.
  • Garcia-Marcos L, Canflanca IM, Garrido JB, Varela AL, Garcia-Hernandez G, Guillen Grima F, et al. Relationship of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis with obesity, exercise and Mediterranean diet in Spanish schoolchildren. Thorax 2007;62:503-8.
  • de Batlle J, Garcia-Aymerich J, Barraza-Villarreal A, Antó JM, Romieu I. Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced asthma and rhinitis in Mexican children. Allergy 2008;63:1310-6.
  • Rosenkranz RR, Rosenkranz SK, Neessen KJ. Dietary factors associated with lifetime asthma or hayfever diagnosis in Australian middle-aged and older adults: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J 2012;11:84.
  • Marmsjö K, Rosenlund H, Kull I, Håkansson N, Wickman M, Pershagen G, et al. Use of multivitamin supplements in relation to allergic disease in 8-y-old children. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90:1693-8.
  • Cheng HM, Kim S, Park GH, Chang SE, Bang S, Won CH, et al. Low vitamin D levels are associated with atopic dermatitis, but not allergic rhinitis, asthma, or IgE sensitization, in the adult Korean population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014;133:1048-55.
  • Mai XM, Chen Y, Camargo CA Jr, Langhammer A. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and self-reported allergic rhinitis in Norwegian adults - The HUNT Study. Allerg 2014;69:488-93.
  • Seo JH, Kwon SO, Lee SY, Kim HY, Kwon JW, Kim BJ, et al. Association of antioxidants with allergic rhinitis in children from seoul. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2013;5:81-7.
  • Ellwood P, Asher MI, García-Marcos L, Williams H, Keil U, Robertson C, et al. Do fast foods cause asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema? Global findings from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) phase three. Thorax 2013;68:351-60.
  • Wickens K, Barry D, Friezema A, Rhodius R, Bone N, Purdie G, et al. Fast foods - are they a risk factor for asthma? Allergy 2005;60:1537-41.
  • Hahm MI, Chae Y, Kwon HJ, Kim J, Ahn K, Kim WK, et al. Do newly built homes affect rhinitis in children? The ISAAC phase III study in Korea. Allergy 2014;69:479-87.
  • Kurt E, Metintas S, Basyigit I, Bulut I, Coskun E, Dabak S, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Allergies in Turkey (PARFAIT): results of a multicentre cross- sectional study in adults. Eur Respir J 2009;33:724-33.
  • Duhme H, Weiland SK, Rudolph P, Wienke A, Kramer A, Keil U. Asthma and allergies among children in West and East Germany: a comparison between Münster and Greifswald using the ISAAC phase I protocol. International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Eur Respir J 1998;11:840-7.
  • Venn AJ, Yemaneberhan H, Bekele Z, Lewis SA, Parry E, Britton J. Increased risk of allergy associated with the use of kerosene fuel in the home. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1660-4.
  • Biagini JM, LeMasters GK, Ryan PH, Levin L, Reponen T, Bernstein DI, et al. Environmental risk factors of rhinitis in early infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol
  • Hesselmar B, Aberg N, Aberg B, Eriksson B, Björkstén B. Does early exposure to cat or dog protect against later allergy development? Clin Exp Allergy 1999;29:611-7.
  • Strachan DP, Aït-Khaled N, Foliaki S, Mallol J, Odhiambo J, Pearce N, et al. Siblings, asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema: a worldwide perspective from the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood. Clin Exp Allergy 2015;45:126-36.
  • Fasce L, Tosca MA, Silvestri M, Olcese R, Pistorio A, Rossi GA. "Early" cat ownership and the risk of sensitization and allergic rhinitis in Ligurian children with respiratory symptoms. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2005;94:561-5.
  • Baumann LM, Romero KM, Robinson CL, Hansel NN, Gilman RH, Hamilton RG, et al. Prevalence and risk factors for allergic rhinitis in two resource- limited settings in Peru with disparate degrees of urbanization. Clin Exp Allergy 2015;45:192-9.
  • Kreißl S, Radon K, Dressel H, Genuneit J, Kellberger J, Nowak D, et al. Body mass index change and atopic diseases are not always associated in children and adolescents. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014;113:440-4.
  • Leynaert B, Neukirch C, Jarvis D, Chinn S, Burney P, Neukirch F. Does living on a farm during childhood protect against asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopy in adulthood? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001;164:1829-34.
  • Filipiak B, Heinrich J, Schäfer T, Ring J, Wichmann HE. Farming, rural lifestyle and atopy in adults from southern Germany--results from the MONICA/KORA study Augsburg. Clin Exp Allergy 2001;31:1829-38.
  • Riedler J, Eder W, Oberfeld G, Schreuer M. Austrian children living on a farm have less hay fever, asthma and allergic sensitization. Clin Exp Allergy 2000;30:194-200.
  • Thacher JD, Gruzieva O, Pershagen G, Neuman Å, Wickman M, Kull I, et al. Pre- and postnatal exposure to parental smoking and allergic disease through adolescence. Pediatrics 2014;134:428-34.
  • Monteil MA, Joseph G, Chang Kit C, Wheeler G, Antoine RM. Smoking at home is strongly associated with symptoms of asthma and rhinitis in children of primary school age in Trinidad and Tobago. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2004;16:193-8.
  • Strachan DP, Cook DG. Health effects of passive smoking .5. Parental smoking and allergic sensitisation in children. Thorax 1998;53:117-23.
  • Krämer U1, Koch T, Ranft U, Ring J, Behrendt H. Traffic-related air pollution is associated with atopy in children living in urban areas. Epidemiology 2000;11:64-70.
  • The American Academy of Allergy: an historical review. III. The Society for the Study of Asthma and Allied Conditions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1979;64:342-52.
  • von Mutius E, Martinez FD, Fritzsch C, Nicolai T, Roell G, Thiemann HH. Prevalence of asthma and atopy in two areas of West and East Germany. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:358-64.
  • Lin WY, Muo CH, Ku YC, Sung FC, Kao CH. Increased association between febrile convulsion and allergic rhinitis in children: a nationwide population based retrospective cohort study. Pediatr Neurol 2014;50:329-33.
  • Kuo HC, Chang WC, Yang KD, Yu HR, Wang CL, Ho SC, et al. Kawasaki disease and subsequent risk of allergic diseases: a population-based matched cohort study. BMC Pediatr 2013;13:38
  • Chou PH, Lin CC, Lin CH, Loh el-W, Chan CH, Lan TH. Prevalence of allergic rhinitis in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a population-based study. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2013;22:301-7.
  • Bell IR, Jasnoski ML, Kagan J, King DS. Is allergic rhinitis more frequent in young adults with extreme shyness? A preliminary survey. Psychosom Med 1990;52:517-25.
Toplam 106 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Öner Özdemir Bu kişi benim

Bahri Elmas Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 22 Aralık 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 26 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Özdemir, Ö., & Elmas, B. (2016). Alerjik rinitin değişken prevalansı ve prevalansı etkileyen risk faktörleri. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat, 26(6), 371-382.
AMA Özdemir Ö, Elmas B. Alerjik rinitin değişken prevalansı ve prevalansı etkileyen risk faktörleri. Tr-ENT. Aralık 2016;26(6):371-382.
Chicago Özdemir, Öner, ve Bahri Elmas. “Alerjik Rinitin değişken Prevalansı Ve Prevalansı Etkileyen Risk faktörleri”. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat 26, sy. 6 (Aralık 2016): 371-82.
EndNote Özdemir Ö, Elmas B (01 Aralık 2016) Alerjik rinitin değişken prevalansı ve prevalansı etkileyen risk faktörleri. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat 26 6 371–382.
IEEE Ö. Özdemir ve B. Elmas, “Alerjik rinitin değişken prevalansı ve prevalansı etkileyen risk faktörleri”, Tr-ENT, c. 26, sy. 6, ss. 371–382, 2016.
ISNAD Özdemir, Öner - Elmas, Bahri. “Alerjik Rinitin değişken Prevalansı Ve Prevalansı Etkileyen Risk faktörleri”. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat 26/6 (Aralık 2016), 371-382.
JAMA Özdemir Ö, Elmas B. Alerjik rinitin değişken prevalansı ve prevalansı etkileyen risk faktörleri. Tr-ENT. 2016;26:371–382.
MLA Özdemir, Öner ve Bahri Elmas. “Alerjik Rinitin değişken Prevalansı Ve Prevalansı Etkileyen Risk faktörleri”. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat, c. 26, sy. 6, 2016, ss. 371-82.
Vancouver Özdemir Ö, Elmas B. Alerjik rinitin değişken prevalansı ve prevalansı etkileyen risk faktörleri. Tr-ENT. 2016;26(6):371-82.