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Approach to otolaryngology emergency in COVID-19 pandemic

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 24 - 36, 10.05.2020

Öz

Since the first case of novel coronavirus disease COVID-19 was reported in China on December 31st, 2019, it spread almost all over the world rapidly and was declared pandemic by the World Health Organization WHO on March 11th, 2020. The first case in Turkey was also reported on the same day. COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through droplets and infected individuals may remain asymptomatic. As the reservoir of the virus is the upper respiratory tract, otolaryngology ENT examinations carry a high risk of infection to the physician and fever, sore throat, cough, shortness of breath and general illness, which are frequent COVID-19 symptoms, can be also seen in various ENT diseases. In case of severe upper respiratory obstruction, unstoppable nasal bleeding, or septal hematoma, which should be promptly intervened as ENT emergencies during the pandemic, patients should be accepted as COVID-19-positive and intervened accordingly. Thus, personal protective equipment PPE with eye protection/goggles, face shield, bonnet, disposable protective drape, and FFP3/N99 mask, if available and FF2/N95, if not must be used. In cases where the procedure can be postponed for some time, patients such as nasal fracture, and otitis-sinusitis complications should be requested polymerase chain reaction PCR for COVID-19 exclusion and thoracic section should be included in the computed tomography examination, if required. If possible, it is recommended to use powered air purifying respirators in surgical procedures to the upper respiratory tract. In case of sudden hearing loss and facial paralysis, systemic steroid therapy should be avoided due to its immunosuppressive effects.

Kaynakça

  • Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020;382:727-33.
  • Republic of Turkey M of H; Covid-19 guide; Science Board. Available at: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov. tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf?type=file [April 14, 2020]
  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
  • Ahn DG, Shin HJ, Kim MH, Lee S, Kim HS, Myoung J, et al. Current Status of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Vaccines for Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020;30:313-24.
  • Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1177-9.
  • ENTUK. Guidance for ENT during the COVID-19 pandemic. Available at: https://www. entuk.org/ guidance-ent-during-covid-19-pandemic [Accessed: March 23, 2020]
  • Rodríguez H, Passali GC, Gregori D, Chinski A, Tiscornia C, Botto H, et al. Management of foreign bodies in the airway and oesophagus. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012;76:S84-91.
  • Belleza WG, Kalman S. Otolaryngologic emergencies in the outpatient setting. Med Clin North Am 2006;90:329-53.
  • Stoner MJ, Dulaurier M. Pediatric ENT emergencies. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2013;31:795-808.
  • Pfleger A, Eber E. Assessment and causes of stridor. Paediatr Respir Rev 2016;18:64-72.
  • Shi J, Uyeda JW, Duran-Mendicuti A, Potter CA, Nunez DB. Multidetector CT of Laryngeal Injuries: Principles of Injury Recognition. Radiographics 2019;39:879-92.
  • Heffner JE. Medical indications for tracheotomy. Chest 1989;96:186-90.
  • Rameau A, Young VN, Amin MR, Sulica L. Flexible Laryngoscopy and COVID-19. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020. [Online ahead of print]
  • Vukkadala N, Qian ZJ, Holsinger FC, Patel ZM, Rosenthal E. COVID-19 and the Otolaryngologist: Preliminary Evidence-Based Review. Laryngoscope 2020. [Online ahead of print]
  • Weiss NS. Relation of high blood pressure to headache, epistaxis, and selected other symptoms. The United States Health Examination Survey of Adults. N Engl J Med 1972;287:631-3.
  • Buchberger AMS, Baumann A, Johnson F, Peters N, Piontek G, Storck K, et al. The role of oral anticoagulants in epistaxis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018;275:2035-43.
  • Lee HY, Kim HU, Kim SS, Son EJ, Kim JW, Cho NH, et al. Surgical anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery in lateral nasal wall. Laryngoscope 2002;112:1813-8.
  • McGarry GW. Clinical aspects of adult idiopathic epsistaxis-MD thesis held in the special collection at the University of Glasgow, 1996.
  • ENTUK COVID-19 Epistaxis Management. Available at: https://www.entuk.org/sites/default/files/files/ COVID%2019%20Epistaxis%20Management.
  • Patel ZM, Fernandez-Miranda J, Hwang PH, Nayak JV, Dodd R, Sajjadi H, et al. Letter: Precautions for Endoscopic Transnasal Skull Base Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Neurosurgery 2020. [Online ahead of print]
  • Workman AD, Welling DB, Carter BS, Curry WT, Holbrook EH, Gray ST, et al. Endonasal instrumentation and aerosolization risk in the era of COVID-19: simulation, literature review, and proposed mitigation strategies. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020. [Online ahead of print]
  • Lu GN, Humphrey CD, Kriet JD. Correction of Nasal Fractures. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2017;25:537-46.
  • Dąbrowska-Bień J, Skarżyński PH, Gwizdalska I, Łazęcka K, Skarżyński H. Complications in septoplasty based on a large group of 5639 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018;275:1789-94.
  • Remmler D, Denny A, Gosain A, Subichin S. Role of three-dimensional computed tomography in the assessment of nasoorbitoethmoidal fractures. Ann Plast Surg 2000;44:553-62.
  • Rohrich RJ, Adams WP Jr. Nasal fracture management: minimizing secondary nasal deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;106:266-73.
  • Haug RH, Prather JL. The closed reduction of nasal fractures: an evaluation of two techniques. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991;49:1288-92.
  • Bann DV, Patel VA, Saadi R, Goyal N, Gniady JP, McGinn JD, et al. Best Practice Recommendations for Pediatric Otolaryngology during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020. [Online ahead of print]
  • Zhang W, Du RH, Li B, Zheng XS, Yang XL, Hu B, et al. Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020;9:386-9.
  • Belleza WG, Kalman S. Otolaryngologic emergencies in the outpatient setting. Med Clin North Am 2006;90:329-53.
  • Dew L, Shelton C. Complications of temporal bone infections. In: Cummings C, editor. Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery. 5th ed. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book; 1998.
  • Daniero JJ, Clary MS, O'Reilly RC. Complications of otitis media. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2012;12:267-70.
  • Bento R, de Brito R, Ribas GC. Surgical management of intracranial complications of otogenic infection. Ear Nose Throat J 2006;85:36-9.
  • Migirov L. Computed tomographic versus surgical findings in complicated acute otomastoiditis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2003;112:675-7.
  • Garro A, Nigrovic LE. Managing Peripheral Facial Palsy. Ann Emerg Med 2018;71:618-24.
  • Harker LA, Pignatari SS. Facial nerve paralysis secondary to chronic otitis media without cholesteatoma. Am J Otol 1992;13:372-4.
  • Topsakal V, Van Rompaey V, Kuhweide R, Garin P, Barbara M, Li Y, et al. Prioritizing otological surgery during the COVID-19 Pandemic. B-ENT 2020.
  • Rea P, Lloyd S, Jenkins D. Guidance for undertaking otological procedures during COVID-19 pandemic. Available at: https://www.entuk.org/guidance- undertaking-otological-procedures-during-covid-19- pandemic
  • Oxford LE, McClay J. Complications of acute sinusitis in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;133:32-7.
  • Nageswaran S, Woods CR, Benjamin DK Jr, Givner LB, Shetty AK. Orbital cellulitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;25:695-9.
  • Chandler JR, Langenbrunner DJ, Stevens ER. The pathogenesis of orbital complications in acute sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1970;80:1414-28.
  • Raynal M, Peynegre R, Beautru R, Coste A. Sinus mucoceles and surgery in iatrogenic diseases. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac 1999;116:85-91.
  • Joshi VM, Sansi R. Imaging in Sinonasal Inflammatory Disease. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2015;25:549-68.
  • Chang YS, Chen PL, Hung JH, Chen HY, Lai CC, Ou CY, et al. Orbital complications of paranasal sinusitis in Taiwan, 1988 through 2015: Acute ophthalmological manifestations, diagnosis, and management. PLoS One 2017;12:e0184477.
  • Clayman GL, Adams GL, Paugh DR, Koopmann CF Jr. Intracranial complications of paranasal sinusitis: a combined institutional review. Laryngoscope 1991;101:234-9.
  • Suehara AB, Gonçalves AJ, Alcadipani FA, Kavabata NK, Menezes MB. Deep neck infection: analysis of 80 cases. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2008;74:253-9.
  • Hedge A, Mohan S, Lim WE. Infections of the deep neck spaces. Singapore Med J 2012;53:305-11.
  • Steyer TE. Peritonsillar abscess: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician 2002;65:93-6.
  • Battaglia A, Burchette R, Hussman J, Silver MA, Martin P, Bernstein P. Comparison of Medical Therapy Alone to Medical Therapy with Surgical Treatment of Peritonsillar Abscess. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018;158:280-6.
  • Givi B, Schiff BA, Chinn SB, Clayburgh D, Iyer NG, Jalisi S, et al. Safety Recommendations for Evaluation and Surgery of the Head and Neck During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020.
  • Alexander TH, Harris JP. Incidence of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otol Neurotol 2013;34:1586-9.
  • Bluestone CD. Eustachian tube: structure, function, role in otitis media Hamilton: BC Decker; 2005.
  • Sriwijitalai W, Wiwanitkit V. Hearing loss and COVID- 19: A note. Am J Otolaryngol 2020:102473.
  • Chandrasekhar SS, Tsai Do BS, Schwartz SR, Bontempo LJ, Faucett EA, Finestone SA, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019;161:S1-S45.
  • Finsterer J. Management of peripheral facial nerve palsy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008;265:743-52.
  • House JW, Brackmann DE. Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985;93:146-7.
  • Fisch U. Surgery for Bell’s palsy. Arch Otolaryngol 1981;107:1-11.
  • Baugh RF, Basura GJ, Ishii LE, Schwartz SR, Drumheller CM, Burkholder R, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Bell’s palsy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013;149:S1-27.
  • Ramsey MJ, DerSimonian R, Holtel MR, Burgess LP. Corticosteroid treatment for idiopathic facial nerve paralysis: a meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2000;110:335-41.
  • Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019- nCoV lung injury. Lancet 2020;395:473-5.
  • Uscategui T, Dorée C, Chamberlain IJ, Burton MJ. Antiviral therapy for Ramsay Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster oticus with facial palsy) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;2008:CD006851.
  • Fisch U. Facial paralysis in fractures of the petrous bone. Laryngoscope 1974;84:2141-54.
  • Brodie HA, Thompson TC. Management of complications from 820 temporal bone fractures. Am J Otol 1997;18:188-97.
  • Ishman SL, Friedland DR. Temporal bone fractures: traditional classification and clinical relevance. Laryngoscope 2004;114:1734-41.
  • Flint PW, Bruce HH, Lund VJ. Cummings Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2015.
Yıl 2020, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 24 - 36, 10.05.2020

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020;382:727-33.
  • Republic of Turkey M of H; Covid-19 guide; Science Board. Available at: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov. tr/depo/rehberler/COVID-19_Rehberi.pdf?type=file [April 14, 2020]
  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report. Available at: https://www.who.int/emergencies/ diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
  • Ahn DG, Shin HJ, Kim MH, Lee S, Kim HS, Myoung J, et al. Current Status of Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Therapeutics, and Vaccines for Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020;30:313-24.
  • Zou L, Ruan F, Huang M, Liang L, Huang H, Hong Z, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in Upper Respiratory Specimens of Infected Patients. N Engl J Med 2020;382:1177-9.
  • ENTUK. Guidance for ENT during the COVID-19 pandemic. Available at: https://www. entuk.org/ guidance-ent-during-covid-19-pandemic [Accessed: March 23, 2020]
  • Rodríguez H, Passali GC, Gregori D, Chinski A, Tiscornia C, Botto H, et al. Management of foreign bodies in the airway and oesophagus. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2012;76:S84-91.
  • Belleza WG, Kalman S. Otolaryngologic emergencies in the outpatient setting. Med Clin North Am 2006;90:329-53.
  • Stoner MJ, Dulaurier M. Pediatric ENT emergencies. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2013;31:795-808.
  • Pfleger A, Eber E. Assessment and causes of stridor. Paediatr Respir Rev 2016;18:64-72.
  • Shi J, Uyeda JW, Duran-Mendicuti A, Potter CA, Nunez DB. Multidetector CT of Laryngeal Injuries: Principles of Injury Recognition. Radiographics 2019;39:879-92.
  • Heffner JE. Medical indications for tracheotomy. Chest 1989;96:186-90.
  • Rameau A, Young VN, Amin MR, Sulica L. Flexible Laryngoscopy and COVID-19. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020. [Online ahead of print]
  • Vukkadala N, Qian ZJ, Holsinger FC, Patel ZM, Rosenthal E. COVID-19 and the Otolaryngologist: Preliminary Evidence-Based Review. Laryngoscope 2020. [Online ahead of print]
  • Weiss NS. Relation of high blood pressure to headache, epistaxis, and selected other symptoms. The United States Health Examination Survey of Adults. N Engl J Med 1972;287:631-3.
  • Buchberger AMS, Baumann A, Johnson F, Peters N, Piontek G, Storck K, et al. The role of oral anticoagulants in epistaxis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018;275:2035-43.
  • Lee HY, Kim HU, Kim SS, Son EJ, Kim JW, Cho NH, et al. Surgical anatomy of the sphenopalatine artery in lateral nasal wall. Laryngoscope 2002;112:1813-8.
  • McGarry GW. Clinical aspects of adult idiopathic epsistaxis-MD thesis held in the special collection at the University of Glasgow, 1996.
  • ENTUK COVID-19 Epistaxis Management. Available at: https://www.entuk.org/sites/default/files/files/ COVID%2019%20Epistaxis%20Management.
  • Patel ZM, Fernandez-Miranda J, Hwang PH, Nayak JV, Dodd R, Sajjadi H, et al. Letter: Precautions for Endoscopic Transnasal Skull Base Surgery During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Neurosurgery 2020. [Online ahead of print]
  • Workman AD, Welling DB, Carter BS, Curry WT, Holbrook EH, Gray ST, et al. Endonasal instrumentation and aerosolization risk in the era of COVID-19: simulation, literature review, and proposed mitigation strategies. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2020. [Online ahead of print]
  • Lu GN, Humphrey CD, Kriet JD. Correction of Nasal Fractures. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2017;25:537-46.
  • Dąbrowska-Bień J, Skarżyński PH, Gwizdalska I, Łazęcka K, Skarżyński H. Complications in septoplasty based on a large group of 5639 patients. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2018;275:1789-94.
  • Remmler D, Denny A, Gosain A, Subichin S. Role of three-dimensional computed tomography in the assessment of nasoorbitoethmoidal fractures. Ann Plast Surg 2000;44:553-62.
  • Rohrich RJ, Adams WP Jr. Nasal fracture management: minimizing secondary nasal deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg 2000;106:266-73.
  • Haug RH, Prather JL. The closed reduction of nasal fractures: an evaluation of two techniques. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1991;49:1288-92.
  • Bann DV, Patel VA, Saadi R, Goyal N, Gniady JP, McGinn JD, et al. Best Practice Recommendations for Pediatric Otolaryngology during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020. [Online ahead of print]
  • Zhang W, Du RH, Li B, Zheng XS, Yang XL, Hu B, et al. Molecular and serological investigation of 2019-nCoV infected patients: implication of multiple shedding routes. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020;9:386-9.
  • Belleza WG, Kalman S. Otolaryngologic emergencies in the outpatient setting. Med Clin North Am 2006;90:329-53.
  • Dew L, Shelton C. Complications of temporal bone infections. In: Cummings C, editor. Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery. 5th ed. St Louis: Mosby-Year Book; 1998.
  • Daniero JJ, Clary MS, O'Reilly RC. Complications of otitis media. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2012;12:267-70.
  • Bento R, de Brito R, Ribas GC. Surgical management of intracranial complications of otogenic infection. Ear Nose Throat J 2006;85:36-9.
  • Migirov L. Computed tomographic versus surgical findings in complicated acute otomastoiditis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2003;112:675-7.
  • Garro A, Nigrovic LE. Managing Peripheral Facial Palsy. Ann Emerg Med 2018;71:618-24.
  • Harker LA, Pignatari SS. Facial nerve paralysis secondary to chronic otitis media without cholesteatoma. Am J Otol 1992;13:372-4.
  • Topsakal V, Van Rompaey V, Kuhweide R, Garin P, Barbara M, Li Y, et al. Prioritizing otological surgery during the COVID-19 Pandemic. B-ENT 2020.
  • Rea P, Lloyd S, Jenkins D. Guidance for undertaking otological procedures during COVID-19 pandemic. Available at: https://www.entuk.org/guidance- undertaking-otological-procedures-during-covid-19- pandemic
  • Oxford LE, McClay J. Complications of acute sinusitis in children. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2005;133:32-7.
  • Nageswaran S, Woods CR, Benjamin DK Jr, Givner LB, Shetty AK. Orbital cellulitis in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2006;25:695-9.
  • Chandler JR, Langenbrunner DJ, Stevens ER. The pathogenesis of orbital complications in acute sinusitis. Laryngoscope 1970;80:1414-28.
  • Raynal M, Peynegre R, Beautru R, Coste A. Sinus mucoceles and surgery in iatrogenic diseases. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac 1999;116:85-91.
  • Joshi VM, Sansi R. Imaging in Sinonasal Inflammatory Disease. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2015;25:549-68.
  • Chang YS, Chen PL, Hung JH, Chen HY, Lai CC, Ou CY, et al. Orbital complications of paranasal sinusitis in Taiwan, 1988 through 2015: Acute ophthalmological manifestations, diagnosis, and management. PLoS One 2017;12:e0184477.
  • Clayman GL, Adams GL, Paugh DR, Koopmann CF Jr. Intracranial complications of paranasal sinusitis: a combined institutional review. Laryngoscope 1991;101:234-9.
  • Suehara AB, Gonçalves AJ, Alcadipani FA, Kavabata NK, Menezes MB. Deep neck infection: analysis of 80 cases. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2008;74:253-9.
  • Hedge A, Mohan S, Lim WE. Infections of the deep neck spaces. Singapore Med J 2012;53:305-11.
  • Steyer TE. Peritonsillar abscess: diagnosis and treatment. Am Fam Physician 2002;65:93-6.
  • Battaglia A, Burchette R, Hussman J, Silver MA, Martin P, Bernstein P. Comparison of Medical Therapy Alone to Medical Therapy with Surgical Treatment of Peritonsillar Abscess. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018;158:280-6.
  • Givi B, Schiff BA, Chinn SB, Clayburgh D, Iyer NG, Jalisi S, et al. Safety Recommendations for Evaluation and Surgery of the Head and Neck During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020.
  • Alexander TH, Harris JP. Incidence of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. Otol Neurotol 2013;34:1586-9.
  • Bluestone CD. Eustachian tube: structure, function, role in otitis media Hamilton: BC Decker; 2005.
  • Sriwijitalai W, Wiwanitkit V. Hearing loss and COVID- 19: A note. Am J Otolaryngol 2020:102473.
  • Chandrasekhar SS, Tsai Do BS, Schwartz SR, Bontempo LJ, Faucett EA, Finestone SA, et al. Clinical Practice Guideline: Sudden Hearing Loss (Update). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019;161:S1-S45.
  • Finsterer J. Management of peripheral facial nerve palsy. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2008;265:743-52.
  • House JW, Brackmann DE. Facial nerve grading system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1985;93:146-7.
  • Fisch U. Surgery for Bell’s palsy. Arch Otolaryngol 1981;107:1-11.
  • Baugh RF, Basura GJ, Ishii LE, Schwartz SR, Drumheller CM, Burkholder R, et al. Clinical practice guideline: Bell’s palsy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013;149:S1-27.
  • Ramsey MJ, DerSimonian R, Holtel MR, Burgess LP. Corticosteroid treatment for idiopathic facial nerve paralysis: a meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2000;110:335-41.
  • Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JK. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019- nCoV lung injury. Lancet 2020;395:473-5.
  • Uscategui T, Dorée C, Chamberlain IJ, Burton MJ. Antiviral therapy for Ramsay Hunt syndrome (herpes zoster oticus with facial palsy) in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008;2008:CD006851.
  • Fisch U. Facial paralysis in fractures of the petrous bone. Laryngoscope 1974;84:2141-54.
  • Brodie HA, Thompson TC. Management of complications from 820 temporal bone fractures. Am J Otol 1997;18:188-97.
  • Ishman SL, Friedland DR. Temporal bone fractures: traditional classification and clinical relevance. Laryngoscope 2004;114:1734-41.
  • Flint PW, Bruce HH, Lund VJ. Cummings Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery. 6th ed. Philadelphia: Mosby; 2015.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Berkay Çaytemel Bu kişi benim

Halime Kılıç Bu kişi benim

Şenol Çomoğlu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 10 Mayıs 2020
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2020 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çaytemel, B., Kılıç, H., & Çomoğlu, Ş. (2020). Approach to otolaryngology emergency in COVID-19 pandemic. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat, 30(1), 24-36.
AMA Çaytemel B, Kılıç H, Çomoğlu Ş. Approach to otolaryngology emergency in COVID-19 pandemic. Tr-ENT. Mayıs 2020;30(1):24-36.
Chicago Çaytemel, Berkay, Halime Kılıç, ve Şenol Çomoğlu. “Approach to Otolaryngology Emergency in COVID-19 Pandemic”. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat 30, sy. 1 (Mayıs 2020): 24-36.
EndNote Çaytemel B, Kılıç H, Çomoğlu Ş (01 Mayıs 2020) Approach to otolaryngology emergency in COVID-19 pandemic. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat 30 1 24–36.
IEEE B. Çaytemel, H. Kılıç, ve Ş. Çomoğlu, “Approach to otolaryngology emergency in COVID-19 pandemic”, Tr-ENT, c. 30, sy. 1, ss. 24–36, 2020.
ISNAD Çaytemel, Berkay vd. “Approach to Otolaryngology Emergency in COVID-19 Pandemic”. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat 30/1 (Mayıs 2020), 24-36.
JAMA Çaytemel B, Kılıç H, Çomoğlu Ş. Approach to otolaryngology emergency in COVID-19 pandemic. Tr-ENT. 2020;30:24–36.
MLA Çaytemel, Berkay vd. “Approach to Otolaryngology Emergency in COVID-19 Pandemic”. The Turkish Journal of Ear Nose and Throat, c. 30, sy. 1, 2020, ss. 24-36.
Vancouver Çaytemel B, Kılıç H, Çomoğlu Ş. Approach to otolaryngology emergency in COVID-19 pandemic. Tr-ENT. 2020;30(1):24-36.