THE SCALE OF KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS ABOUT CHILD MOLESTERS (KACMS): VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

Yıl 2021, , 116 - 126, 31.12.2021

Burak Miraç Gönültaş , Hakan Sarıçam

https://doi.org/10.54467/trjasw.1021951

Cited By: 1

Öz

The purpose of this research is to develop the Child Molesters Knowledge and Awareness Scale (KACMS), and examine the psychometric properties of the scale. Two study groups were conducted among a total of 610 (366+244) Turkish adults aged from 18 to 49. According to explanatory factor analysis results, it was found that the KACMS had two-factors and this model explained 48.80% of variance related to the attribute it measured. In confirmatory factor analysis, fit index values were found as χ2= 132.26, df= 50 (χ2/df=2.64), RMSEA= .08, SRMR=.065, NFI= .94, RFI= .92, IFI= .96, CFI= .96, and TLI= .95. Factor loadings ranged from .40 to .91. In the concurrent validity, the KACMS had significant relationship with the Perceptions toward Criminals Scale (r= .64). Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient was α=.94 for the whole scale, α=.96 for the grooming methods, α=.75 for the characteristics of child molesters. Corrected item-total correlations ranged from .32 to .85. According to these results, it can be said that the scale is a valid and reliable assessment instrument in order to scale knowledge and awareness level of undergraduates (school counseling, social work, psychology, pedagogy, forensic psychiatry, and other fields) who are able to work children on sexual molesters and their grooming methods.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sexual abuse, child molesters, offender, perpetrator, grooming methods, scale, validation, reliability

Proje Numarası

EDB-043

Kaynakça

• Adams, H., Cervantes, P., Jang, J., & Dixon, D. (2014). Standardized Assessment. In D. Granpeesheh, J. Tarbox, A. C. Najdowski, & J. Kornack (Editors) Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional, Evidence-Based Treatment for Children with Autism (pp. 501-516). Academic Press.
• Assink, M., van der Put, C. E., Meeuwsen, M. W. C. M., de Jong, N. M., Oort, F. J., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Hoeve, M. (2019). Risk factors for child sexual abuse victimization: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 145(5), 459–489. doi: 10.1037/bul0000188
• Baumgartner, H., & Homburg, C. (1996). Applications of structural equation modeling in marketing and consumer research: A review. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 13(2), 139-161.
• Belsky, J. (1980). Child maltreatment: An ecological integration. American Psychologist, 35(4), 320–335. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.35.4.320
• Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In: Bollen, K.A., & Long, J.S. (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
• Byrne, B. M. (2016). Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS. Basic concepts, applications, and programming (Third Edition). Taylor and Francis.
• Clark, R. E., Clark, J. F., & Adamec, C. (2007). The encyclopedia of child abuse. NY: Facts on File.
• Cohen, R. J., & Swerdlik, M. E. (2017). Psychological testing and assessment (Ninth Edition). McGraw-Hill Education.
• Collings, S. J. (1997). Development, reliability, and validity of the child sexual abuse myth scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 12(5), 665-674.
• Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9. doi: 10.7275/jyj1-4868
• Craven, S., Brown, S., & Gilchrist, E. (2006). Sexual grooming of children: Review of literature and theoretical considerations. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 12 (3), 287-299.
• Doğan, T. & Bayar, Ö. (2018). Çocuk cinsel istismarı: geleceğin öğretmenleri ve okul psikolojik danışmanları ne kadar biliyor?. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(55), 571-581.
• Ebisike, N. (2007). The Use of Offender Profiling Evidence in Criminal Cases. Theses and Dissertations. Paper 23. Golden Gate University School of Law.
• Finkelhor, D. (1979). Sexually victimized children. NY: The Free Press.
• Finkelhor, D. (1994). The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18(5), 409-417.
• Gottfredson, M. R., & Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
• Gönültaş, M. B., Oral, G., & Elitez, D. (2021). Cinsel İstismar Sürecinde Faillerin Ebeveynlere Yönelik Grooming Metotları: Bir Vaka Analizi. (G. Oral, Ed.), Olgularla Adli Psikiyatri Ve Davraniş Bilimleri, pp.185-190. Akademisyen Yayınevi
• Gonultas, B. M., Zeyrek-Rios, E. Y., & Lester, D. (2021). Modus operandi of persons convicted of a sexual offense from victims’ perspectives in a Turkish sample. European Journal of Criminology, 14773708211040446.
• Gönültaş, M. B., Öztürk, M., Rios, E. Y. Z., Kanak, M., & Demir, E. (2019). Suçlulara Yönelik Algılar Ölçeği: Geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 20(Ek 1), 41-47. doi: 10.5455/apd.40824
• Gönültaş B.M. & Sahin B. (2018). Event locations in extra-familial child sexual molestation cases: the istanbul example. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 62(5), 1164-1178.
• Gönültaş, M. B. (2018). Türkiye'de kayıp ve kaçırılan çocuklar sorununa bütüncül yaklaşım. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Gönültaş, B.M. (2016). Cinsel istismarcıların çocuklara yaklaşım metot ve teknikleri. Journal of World of Turks/Zeitschrift für die Welt der Türken, 8(1), 289-305.
• Gönültaş, M. B. (2013). Çocuğa Yönelik Cinsel Şiddet Olaylarında Olay Kurgusunda ve Şüpheli Ifadelerindeki Ortak Özelliklerin Incelenmesi, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Adli Tıp Enstitüsü
• Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. E. (2005). The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: a meta-analysis of recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(6), 1154-63. doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1154
• Hayashino, D. S. , Wurtele, S. K. , & Klebe, K. J. (1995). Child molesters: An examination of cognitive factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 10, 106-116.
• Kanak, M., & Arslan, A. (2018). Sexual abusers in the eyes of preschool teachers: a qualitative study. Ekev Akademi Dergisi, 1(73), 345-365.
• Kaufman, K., Holmberg, J.K., Orts, K.A., McCrady, F.E., Rotzien, A.L., Daleiden, E.L., Hilliker, D.R. (1998). Factors influencing sexual offenders' modus operandi: an examination of victim-offender relatedness and age. Child Maltreatment, 3(4), 349-361.
• Keenan, T., & Ward, T. (2000). A theory of mind perspective on cognitive, affective, and intimacy deficits in child sexual offenders. Sex Abuse, 12(1), 49-60. doi: 10.1177/107906320001200106.
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. NY: The Guilford Press.
• Koçtürk, N., & Şahin, S. K. (2021). Çocukluk Dönemi Cinsel İstismarına İlişkin Mitler Ölçeği Ebeveyn Formu: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Turk J Child Adolesc Ment Health, 28(1), 31-37.
• Koçtürk, N. (2018). Çocuk ihmalini ve istismarını önlemede okul çalışanlarının sorumlulukları. Muğla Sıtkı Koçman Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 38-47.
• Leclerc, B., Proulx, J., & Beauregard, E. (2009). Examining the modus operandi of sexual offenders against children and its practical implications. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(1), 5-12.
• Marshall, W. L. (1997). Pedophilia: Psychopathology and theory. In D. R. Laws & W. O’Donohue (Eds.), Sexual deviance: Theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 152–174). New York: Guilford Press.
• Mcalinden, A. M. (2006). ‘Setting’Em Up’: Personal, familial and institutional grooming in the sexual abuse of children. Social & Legal Studies, 15(3), 339-362.
• Netemeyer, R. G., Bearden, W. O., & Sharma, S. (2003). Scaling procedures: Issues and applications. London: Sage Orçan, F. (2018). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis: Which one to use first? Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Education and Psychology, 9(4), 414-421.
• Ost, S. (2009). Child pornography and sexual grooming: Legal and societal responses. Cambridge University Press.
• Quinsey, V. L., Lalumie`re, M. L., Rice, M. E., & Harris, G. T. (1995). Predicting sexual offenses. In J. C. Campbell (Ed.), Assessing dangerousness: Violence by sexual offenders, batterers, and child abusers (pp.114 –137). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Plummer, M. (2018). Lived experiences of grooming among australian male survivors of child sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(1), 37-63.
• Pollack, D., & MacIver, A. (2015). Understanding sexual grooming in child abuse cases. Clp ABA Child Law Practice, 34(11), 164-168.
• Singer, M. I., Hussey, D., & Strom, K. J. (1992). Grooming the victim: An analysis of a perpetrator's seduction letter. Child Abuse & Neglect, 16 (6), 877-886
• Smallbone, S.W.& Wortley, R.K. (2001). Child Sexual Abuse: Offender Characteristics And Modus Operandi. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2007). Using Multivariate Statistics (5th ed.). New York: Allyn and Bacon. Tugay, D. (2008). Öğretmenlerin Çocuk İstismarı Ve İhmaline Yönelik Farkındalık Düzeyleri (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul: Marmara Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü
• Van Gijn, E. L., & Lamb, M. E. (2013). Alleged sex abuse victims' accounts of their abusers' modus operandi. Journal of Forensic Social Work, 3 (2), 133-149
• Ward, T., & Siegert, R. J. (2002). Toward a comprehensive theory of child sexual abuse: A theory knitting perspective. Psychology, Crime and Law, 8 (4), 319-351.
• Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale Development Research: A Content Analysis and Recommendations for Best Practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. doi: 10.1177/0011000006288127.
• Wurtele, S. K., Moreno, T., & Kenny, M. C. (2008). Evaluation of a sexual abuse prevention workshop for parents of young children. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 1(4), 331-340.