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Alterations in Size, Weight and Morphology of the Eggs of Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) during Incubation

Yıl 2013, , - , 01.06.2013

Raghunath Ravi Mary K. Manisseri

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_14

Öz

Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 is an important candidate species for culture in India and trials are for developing its hatchery technology. The present work investigates the changes occurring in diameter, volume, wet weight and morphology of P. pelagicus eggs during incubation which would improve the knowledge base on embryology of species. Mated females from wild were maintained under similar physico-chemical conditions. Once spawned, the egg samples were collected from each animal daily and their diameter, volume, and wet weight were assessed. Based on the changes occurring in egg morphology at 24 hour intervals, the embryo development was classified into eight ‘periods’. The egg size and wet weight varied significantly (P<0.01) among crabs and egg size was unrelated with the carapace width of female. The average diameter, volume and wet weight of the egg were 0.324 mm, 0.016 mm and 0.048 mg, respectively. Diameter, volume and wet weight of the eggs increased to 13.58, 46.52 and 49.05%, respectively and the major share of increment occurred in last two days.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Embryo development egg diameter egg volume.

Kaynakça

  • Addison, J.T. and Bennett, D.B. 1992. Assessment of minimum landing sizes of the edible crab, Cancer pagurus L, on the East Coast of England. Fisheries Research, 13: 67doi: 1016/01657836(92)90034-Q pp.67-88.
  • Adiyodi, R.G. and Subramoniam, T. 1983. Oogenesis, oviposition and oosorption, Arthropoda-Crustacea. In: K.G. Adiyodi and R.G. Adiyodi (Eds.), Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Wiley Interscience, New York, USA: 443-495.
  • Anderson, D. 1982. Embryology. In: D. Bliss and L. Abele (Eds.), Embryology, morphology and genetics, The Biology of Crustacea 2, Academic Press, New York, USA: 1-42.
  • Babu, D.E. 1987. Observations on the embryonic development and energy source in the crab Xantho bidentatus. Marine Biology, 95: 123-1 doi: 1007/BF00447493
  • Chande, A.I. and Mgaya, Y.D. 2003. The fishery of Portunus pelagicus and species diversity of Portunid crabs along the coast of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 2: 75 doi: 10.4314/wiojms.v2i1.28431.
  • Davis, C.C. 1965. A study of the hatching process in aquatic invertebrates: XX. The blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, Rathbun. Chesapeake Science, 6: 201-208. doi: 2307/1350814.
  • Davis, J.A. 2003. Development of hatchery techniques for the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) in South Africa. PhD. thesis, Belgium, Ghent University.
  • Davis, J.A., Churchill, G.J., Heght, T. and Sorgeloos, P. 200 Spawning characteristics of the South African mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) in captivity. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 35: 121-133. doi: 1111/j.1749-7345.2004.tb01068.x.
  • Felder, D.L., Martin, J.W. and Goy, J.W. 1985. Patterns in early post-larval development of decapods, In: A.M. Wenner (Ed.), Larval growth, Crustacean Issues 2, Balkema Press, Rotterdam, Netherlands: 163-226.
  • García-Guerrero, M. and Hendrickx, M.E. 2004. Embryology of decapod crustaceans I: Complete embryonic development of the mangrove crabs Goniopsis pulchra and Aratus pisonii (Decapoda: Brachyura). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 24: 6666 doi: 10.1651/C-2497.
  • García-Guerrero, M., Villarreal, H. and Racotta, S. 2003. Effect of temperature on lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates levels during development from egg extrusion to juvenile stage of Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda: Parastacidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 135: 147-154. doi: 10.1016/S10956433(02)00354-9.
  • Giménez, L. and Anger, K. 2001. Relationships between initial egg and larval quality, and embryonic development at different salinities in the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata. Journal of Experiment Marine Biology and Ecology, 260: 241-257. doi: 1016/S0022-0981(01)00258-1.
  • Haddon, M. 1994. Size-fecundity relationships, mating behaviour and larval release in the New Zealand paddle crab, Ovalipes catharus (White 1843) (Brachyura: Portunidae). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 28: 329-334. doi: 1080/00288330.1994.9516622.
  • Hayakawa, M., Tanimoto, S., Kondo, A. and Nakazawa, T. 19 Changes in osmotic pressure and swelling in horseshoe crab embryos during development. Development, Growth and Differentiation, 27: 51-56. doi: 1111/j.1440-169X.1985.00051.x.
  • Hines, A.H. 1982. Allometric constraints and variables of reproductive effort in brachyuran crabs. Marine Biology, 69: 309-320. doi: 10.1007/BF00397496.
  • Jun-Zeng, X., Nan-Shan, D.U. and Wei, L.A.I. 2001. Morphology of egg-larvae of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) during embryonic development. Acta Zoologica, Sinica, 47: 447-452. doi: 0001-7302.0.200104-0
  • Kobayashi, S. and Matsuura, S. 1995. Egg development and variation of egg size in the Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonicus (de Hann). Benthos Research, 48: 29Lardies, M.A. and Wehrtmann, I.S. 1997. Egg production in Betaeus emarginatus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (Decapoda: Alpheidae): fecundity, reproductive output and chemical composition of eggs. Ophelia, 46: 1651 doi: 10.1080/00785326.1997.10432582.
  • Meagher, T.D. 1971. Ecology of the crab Portunus pelagicus (Crustacea: Portunidae) in South Western Australia. PhD. thesis, Australia, University of Western Australia.
  • Moriyasu, M. and Lanteigne, C. 1998. Embryo development and reproductive cycle in the snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio (Crustacea: Majidae), in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76: 2040-2048. doi: 10.1139/z98-147.
  • Nagao, J., Munehara, H. and Shimazaki, K. 1999. Embryonic development of the hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 19: 77-83.
  • Pandian, T.J. 1967. Changes in chemical composition and caloric content of developing eggs of the shrimp Crangon crangon. Helgolaender Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 16: 216-224. doi: 1007/BF01611705.
  • Pandian, T.J. 1970. Ecophysiological studies on the developing eggs and embryos of the European lobster Homarus gammarus. Marine Biology, 7: 249-254. doi: 1007/BF00352599.
  • Parimalam, K. 2001. Embryonic and larval development of the hermit crab, Clibanarius longitarsus (de Haan) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). MSc. thesis, India: Annamalai University.
  • Petersen, S. and Anger, K. 1997. Chemical and physiological changes during the embryonic development of the spider crab, Hyas araneus L. (Decapoda: Majidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 117: 299-306. doi.org/10.1016/S03050491(97)00091-6.
  • Pillai, K. and Nair, N.B. 1973. Observations on the breeding biology of some crabs from the southwest coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 15: 745-770.
  • Pinheiro, M.A.A. and Hattori, G.Y. 2003. Embryology of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Brachyura: Ocypodidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 23: 7297 doi: 10.1651/C-2334.
  • Rabalais, N.N. 1991. Egg production in crabs with abbreviated development. In: A. Wenner and A. Kuris (Eds.), Crustacean egg production, Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, Netherlands: 217-234.
  • Richter, C.J.J., Eding, E.H., Verreth, J.A.J. and Fleuren, W.L.G. 1995. The African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. In: N.R. Bromage and R.J. Roberts (Eds.), Broodstock management and egg and larval quality. Blackwell Science, London, UK: 242-2 doi: webquery/wurpubs/31242.
  • Robertson, W.D. and Kruger, A. 1994. Size at maturity, mating and spawning in the portunid crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) in Natal, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 39: 185-200. doi : 10.1006/ecss.1994.1057.
  • Sarker, M.M., Islam, M.S. and Uehara, T. 2009. Artificial insemination and early embryonic development of the mangrove crab Perisesarma bidens (de Haan) (Crustacea: Brachyura). Zoological Studies, 48: 6076
  • Shinkarenko, L. 1979. Development of the larval Stages of the blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus L. (Portunidae : Decapoda : Crustacea). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 30: 485-503. doi: 1071/MF9790485.
  • Sigana, D.A. 2002. Breeding cycle of Thalamita crenata (Latreille, 1829) Gazi Creek (Maftaha Bay), Kenya. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1: 145-1
  • Smith, G.S. and Sumpton, W.D. 1989. Behaviour of commercial sand crab Portunus pelagicus (L) at trap entrances. Asian Fisheries Science, 3: 101-113.
  • Sukumaran, K.K. and Neelakantan, B. 1997. Sex ratio, fecundity and reproductive potential in two marine portunid crabs, Portunus (Portunus) sanguinolentus (Herbst) and Portunus (Portunus) pelagicus (Linnaeus) along the Karnataka coast. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 26: 43-48.
  • Sumpton, W., Gaddes, S., McLennan, M., Campbell, M., Tonks, M., Good, N. and Hagedoorn, W. 2003. Fisheries biology and assessment of the Blue Swimmer Crab (Portunus pelagicus) in Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries and the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Project No. 98/ 170 pp.
  • Turra, A. and Leite, F.P.P. 2007. Embryonic development and duration of incubation period of tropical intertidal hermit crabs (Decapoda, Anomura). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 24: 677-686. doi: 1590/S0101-81752007000300020.
  • Wear, R.G. 1974. Incubation in British decapod Crustacea, and the effects of temperature on the rate and success of embryonic development. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United kingdom, 54: 7457 doi: 1017/S0025315400022918.
  • Yamaguchi, T. 2001. Incubation of eggs and embryonic development of the fiddler crab Uca lactea (Decapoda, Brachyura, Ocypodidae). Crustaceana, 74: 449-458. doi: 1163/156854001750243036.

Alterations in Size, Weight and Morphology of the Eggs of Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) during Incubation

Yıl 2013, , - , 01.06.2013

Raghunath Ravi Mary K. Manisseri

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_14

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

-

Kaynakça

  • Addison, J.T. and Bennett, D.B. 1992. Assessment of minimum landing sizes of the edible crab, Cancer pagurus L, on the East Coast of England. Fisheries Research, 13: 67doi: 1016/01657836(92)90034-Q pp.67-88.
  • Adiyodi, R.G. and Subramoniam, T. 1983. Oogenesis, oviposition and oosorption, Arthropoda-Crustacea. In: K.G. Adiyodi and R.G. Adiyodi (Eds.), Reproductive Biology of Invertebrates, Wiley Interscience, New York, USA: 443-495.
  • Anderson, D. 1982. Embryology. In: D. Bliss and L. Abele (Eds.), Embryology, morphology and genetics, The Biology of Crustacea 2, Academic Press, New York, USA: 1-42.
  • Babu, D.E. 1987. Observations on the embryonic development and energy source in the crab Xantho bidentatus. Marine Biology, 95: 123-1 doi: 1007/BF00447493
  • Chande, A.I. and Mgaya, Y.D. 2003. The fishery of Portunus pelagicus and species diversity of Portunid crabs along the coast of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 2: 75 doi: 10.4314/wiojms.v2i1.28431.
  • Davis, C.C. 1965. A study of the hatching process in aquatic invertebrates: XX. The blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, Rathbun. Chesapeake Science, 6: 201-208. doi: 2307/1350814.
  • Davis, J.A. 2003. Development of hatchery techniques for the mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) in South Africa. PhD. thesis, Belgium, Ghent University.
  • Davis, J.A., Churchill, G.J., Heght, T. and Sorgeloos, P. 200 Spawning characteristics of the South African mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) in captivity. Journal of World Aquaculture Society, 35: 121-133. doi: 1111/j.1749-7345.2004.tb01068.x.
  • Felder, D.L., Martin, J.W. and Goy, J.W. 1985. Patterns in early post-larval development of decapods, In: A.M. Wenner (Ed.), Larval growth, Crustacean Issues 2, Balkema Press, Rotterdam, Netherlands: 163-226.
  • García-Guerrero, M. and Hendrickx, M.E. 2004. Embryology of decapod crustaceans I: Complete embryonic development of the mangrove crabs Goniopsis pulchra and Aratus pisonii (Decapoda: Brachyura). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 24: 6666 doi: 10.1651/C-2497.
  • García-Guerrero, M., Villarreal, H. and Racotta, S. 2003. Effect of temperature on lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates levels during development from egg extrusion to juvenile stage of Cherax quadricarinatus (Decapoda: Parastacidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A, 135: 147-154. doi: 10.1016/S10956433(02)00354-9.
  • Giménez, L. and Anger, K. 2001. Relationships between initial egg and larval quality, and embryonic development at different salinities in the estuarine crab Chasmagnathus granulata. Journal of Experiment Marine Biology and Ecology, 260: 241-257. doi: 1016/S0022-0981(01)00258-1.
  • Haddon, M. 1994. Size-fecundity relationships, mating behaviour and larval release in the New Zealand paddle crab, Ovalipes catharus (White 1843) (Brachyura: Portunidae). New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 28: 329-334. doi: 1080/00288330.1994.9516622.
  • Hayakawa, M., Tanimoto, S., Kondo, A. and Nakazawa, T. 19 Changes in osmotic pressure and swelling in horseshoe crab embryos during development. Development, Growth and Differentiation, 27: 51-56. doi: 1111/j.1440-169X.1985.00051.x.
  • Hines, A.H. 1982. Allometric constraints and variables of reproductive effort in brachyuran crabs. Marine Biology, 69: 309-320. doi: 10.1007/BF00397496.
  • Jun-Zeng, X., Nan-Shan, D.U. and Wei, L.A.I. 2001. Morphology of egg-larvae of swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) during embryonic development. Acta Zoologica, Sinica, 47: 447-452. doi: 0001-7302.0.200104-0
  • Kobayashi, S. and Matsuura, S. 1995. Egg development and variation of egg size in the Japanese mitten crab Eriocheir japonicus (de Hann). Benthos Research, 48: 29Lardies, M.A. and Wehrtmann, I.S. 1997. Egg production in Betaeus emarginatus (H. Milne Edwards, 1837) (Decapoda: Alpheidae): fecundity, reproductive output and chemical composition of eggs. Ophelia, 46: 1651 doi: 10.1080/00785326.1997.10432582.
  • Meagher, T.D. 1971. Ecology of the crab Portunus pelagicus (Crustacea: Portunidae) in South Western Australia. PhD. thesis, Australia, University of Western Australia.
  • Moriyasu, M. and Lanteigne, C. 1998. Embryo development and reproductive cycle in the snow crab, Chionoecetes opilio (Crustacea: Majidae), in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76: 2040-2048. doi: 10.1139/z98-147.
  • Nagao, J., Munehara, H. and Shimazaki, K. 1999. Embryonic development of the hair crab Erimacrus isenbeckii. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 19: 77-83.
  • Pandian, T.J. 1967. Changes in chemical composition and caloric content of developing eggs of the shrimp Crangon crangon. Helgolaender Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 16: 216-224. doi: 1007/BF01611705.
  • Pandian, T.J. 1970. Ecophysiological studies on the developing eggs and embryos of the European lobster Homarus gammarus. Marine Biology, 7: 249-254. doi: 1007/BF00352599.
  • Parimalam, K. 2001. Embryonic and larval development of the hermit crab, Clibanarius longitarsus (de Haan) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Anomura). MSc. thesis, India: Annamalai University.
  • Petersen, S. and Anger, K. 1997. Chemical and physiological changes during the embryonic development of the spider crab, Hyas araneus L. (Decapoda: Majidae). Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B. 117: 299-306. doi.org/10.1016/S03050491(97)00091-6.
  • Pillai, K. and Nair, N.B. 1973. Observations on the breeding biology of some crabs from the southwest coast of India. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 15: 745-770.
  • Pinheiro, M.A.A. and Hattori, G.Y. 2003. Embryology of the mangrove crab Ucides cordatus (Brachyura: Ocypodidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 23: 7297 doi: 10.1651/C-2334.
  • Rabalais, N.N. 1991. Egg production in crabs with abbreviated development. In: A. Wenner and A. Kuris (Eds.), Crustacean egg production, Balkema Publishers, Rotterdam, Netherlands: 217-234.
  • Richter, C.J.J., Eding, E.H., Verreth, J.A.J. and Fleuren, W.L.G. 1995. The African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. In: N.R. Bromage and R.J. Roberts (Eds.), Broodstock management and egg and larval quality. Blackwell Science, London, UK: 242-2 doi: webquery/wurpubs/31242.
  • Robertson, W.D. and Kruger, A. 1994. Size at maturity, mating and spawning in the portunid crab Scylla serrata (Forskal) in Natal, South Africa. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 39: 185-200. doi : 10.1006/ecss.1994.1057.
  • Sarker, M.M., Islam, M.S. and Uehara, T. 2009. Artificial insemination and early embryonic development of the mangrove crab Perisesarma bidens (de Haan) (Crustacea: Brachyura). Zoological Studies, 48: 6076
  • Shinkarenko, L. 1979. Development of the larval Stages of the blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus L. (Portunidae : Decapoda : Crustacea). Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 30: 485-503. doi: 1071/MF9790485.
  • Sigana, D.A. 2002. Breeding cycle of Thalamita crenata (Latreille, 1829) Gazi Creek (Maftaha Bay), Kenya. Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science 1: 145-1
  • Smith, G.S. and Sumpton, W.D. 1989. Behaviour of commercial sand crab Portunus pelagicus (L) at trap entrances. Asian Fisheries Science, 3: 101-113.
  • Sukumaran, K.K. and Neelakantan, B. 1997. Sex ratio, fecundity and reproductive potential in two marine portunid crabs, Portunus (Portunus) sanguinolentus (Herbst) and Portunus (Portunus) pelagicus (Linnaeus) along the Karnataka coast. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 26: 43-48.
  • Sumpton, W., Gaddes, S., McLennan, M., Campbell, M., Tonks, M., Good, N. and Hagedoorn, W. 2003. Fisheries biology and assessment of the Blue Swimmer Crab (Portunus pelagicus) in Queensland. Queensland Department of Primary Industries and the Fisheries Research and Development Corporation, Project No. 98/ 170 pp.
  • Turra, A. and Leite, F.P.P. 2007. Embryonic development and duration of incubation period of tropical intertidal hermit crabs (Decapoda, Anomura). Revista Brasileira de Zoologia, 24: 677-686. doi: 1590/S0101-81752007000300020.
  • Wear, R.G. 1974. Incubation in British decapod Crustacea, and the effects of temperature on the rate and success of embryonic development. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United kingdom, 54: 7457 doi: 1017/S0025315400022918.
  • Yamaguchi, T. 2001. Incubation of eggs and embryonic development of the fiddler crab Uca lactea (Decapoda, Brachyura, Ocypodidae). Crustaceana, 74: 449-458. doi: 1163/156854001750243036.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Raghunath Ravi Bu kişi benim

Mary K. Manisseri Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013

Kaynak Göster

APA Ravi, R., & Manisseri, M. K. (2013). Alterations in Size, Weight and Morphology of the Eggs of Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) during Incubation. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_14
AMA Ravi R, Manisseri MK. Alterations in Size, Weight and Morphology of the Eggs of Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) during Incubation. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Haziran 2013;13(3). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_14
Chicago Ravi, Raghunath, ve Mary K. Manisseri. “Alterations in Size, Weight and Morphology of the Eggs of Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus Pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) During Incubation”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13, sy. 3 (Haziran 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_14.
EndNote Ravi R, Manisseri MK (01 Haziran 2013) Alterations in Size, Weight and Morphology of the Eggs of Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) during Incubation. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13 3
IEEE R. Ravi ve M. K. Manisseri, “Alterations in Size, Weight and Morphology of the Eggs of Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) during Incubation”, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, c. 13, sy. 3, 2013, doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_14.
ISNAD Ravi, Raghunath - Manisseri, Mary K. “Alterations in Size, Weight and Morphology of the Eggs of Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus Pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) During Incubation”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13/3 (Haziran 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_14.
JAMA Ravi R, Manisseri MK. Alterations in Size, Weight and Morphology of the Eggs of Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) during Incubation. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_14.
MLA Ravi, Raghunath ve Mary K. Manisseri. “Alterations in Size, Weight and Morphology of the Eggs of Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus Pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) During Incubation”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, c. 13, sy. 3, 2013, doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_14.
Vancouver Ravi R, Manisseri MK. Alterations in Size, Weight and Morphology of the Eggs of Blue Swimmer Crab, Portunus pelagicus Linnaeus, 1758 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Portunidae) during Incubation. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13(3).