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Effects of Dietary Cottonseed and/or Canola Oil Inclusion on the Growth Performance, FA Composition and Organ Histology of the Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, - , 01.06.2013

Mustafa Yıldız O. Tufan Eroldoğan Kenan Engin Ahmet Gülçubuk M. Ali Baltacı

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_08

Öz

This study aimed at demonstrating the effects of total and 50% dietary fish oil replacement by cotton seed and canola oils and a mixture of these vegetable oils (VOs) on growth, tissue fatty acid composition and histology of digestive organs in the juvenile rainbow trout for 84 days. Five iso-nitrogenous and lipidic diets were formulated to replace dietary fish oil (FO) totally by cotton seed oil (CSO), canola oil (CO) and an equal or 50% FO/ 50% VO mixture. Duplicate groups of 50 fish (~15 g) were fed two times daily to apparent satiation. Growth performance, feed efficiency and viscerosomatic index were not influenced by dietary treatments (P>0.05). However, hepatosomatic index was significantly higher (P<0.05) in fish fed with CSO and CSO50/CO50 diets. Fish fed CSO or CO diets had significantly lower levels of n-3 highly unsaturated FAs and increased levels of 18:2n-6 in the whole body FA composition (P<0.05). Furthermore, liver had significantly higher levels of docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid than those in the fish whole body. Results suggest that the 50% replacement of dietary fish oil by cotton seed oil and canola oils in equal amounts could be possible without compromising growth and overall well-being in the juvenile rainbow trout.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rainbow trout nutrition vegetable oils FAs growth. Diyetlerde Kullanılan Pamuk Tohumu ve Kanola Yağlarının Jüvenil Gökkuşağı Alabalıklarında (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Büyüme Performansı Yağ Asidi Kompozisyonu ve Organ Histolojisine Etkile

Kaynakça

  • Alexis, M.N. 1997. Fish meal and fish oil replacers in Mediterranean marine fish diets. In: Feeding tomorrow’s fish Proc. workshop Cahier Options
  • Mediterr, A. Tacon, B. Basurco (eds.), June 24–26, 1996, Mazarron, Spain:183–204.
  • AOAC, 1995. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, 16th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
  • Bell, M.V. and Dick, J.R. 2005. Distribution of 22:6n-3 Newly Synthesized from 18:3n-3 into Glycerolipid Classes from Tissues of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Lipids, 40: 703-708.
  • Bell, J.G., Henderson, R.J., Tocher, D.R., McGhee, F., Dick, J.R., Porter, A., Smullen, R. and Sargent, J.R. 200 Substituting fish oil with crude palm oil in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects tissue FA compositions and hepatic FA metabolism. J. Nutr., 132: 222–230. Bell, J.G., Tocher, D.R., MacDonald, F.M. and Sargent, J.R. 19 Effects of dietary borage oil (enriched in glinoleic acid, 18:3(n-6) or marine fish oil (enriched in eicopentaenoic acid, 20:5 (n-3) on growth, mortalities, liver histopathology and lipid composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Fish Physiol. Biochem., 14: 373–383. Bell, M.V., Dick, J.R. and Porter, A.E.A. 2001. Biosynthesis and tissue deposition of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Lipids, 36: 1153–1159.
  • Bell, M.V. and Dick, J.R. 2004. Changes in capacity to synthesise 22:6n-3 during early development in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 235: 393–409.
  • Bentley, G. 2006. The health effects of dietary unsaturated fatty acids. Br. Nutr. Found. Nutr. Bull., 32: 82-84. doi: 1111/j.1467-3010.2006.00571.x.
  • Bracco, U. 1994. Effect of triglyceride structure on fat absorption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 60: 1002-1009.
  • Caballero, M.J., Izquierdo, M.S., Kjİrsvik, E., Fernández, A.J., Rosenlund, G. 2004. Histological alterations in the liver of sea bream, Sparus aurata L., caused by shortor long-term feeding with vegetable oils. Recovery of normal morphology after feeding fish oil as the sole lipid source. J. Fish Dis., 27: 531–541. doi: 1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00572.x.
  • Caballero, M.J., Obach, A., Rosenlund, G., Montero, D., Gisvold, M. and Izquierdo, M.S. 2002. Impact of different dietary lipid sources on growth, lipid digestibility, tissue FA composition and histology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 214: 253-271.
  • Canola Council of Canada, 2007. Canadian Canola Industry; Market Statistics. http://www.canolacouncil.org/canolaprices.html.
  • Drew, M.D., Ogunkoya, A.E., Janz, D.M., Van Kessel, A.G. 2007. Dietary influence of replacing fish meal and oil with canola protein concentrate and vegetable oils on growth performance, fatty acid composition and organochlorine residues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 267: 260-268.
  • Figueiredo-Silva, A., Rocha, E., Dias, J., Silva, P., Rema, P., Gomes, E. and Valente, L.M.P. 2005. Partial replacement of fish oil by soybean oil on lipid distribution and liver histology in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. Aquacult. Nutr., 11: 147–155. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00337.x.
  • Folch, J., Lees, M. and Sloane Stanley, G.H. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chemist., 226: 497-509.
  • FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization), 2006. State of world aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 500. FAO, Rome, Italy 134 pp.
  • FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization), 2007. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, FAO, Rome, Italy, 37 pp.
  • Goddard, S. 1996. Feed Management in Intensive Aquaculture. Chapman & Hall, New York, 194 pp.
  • Grant, A.A.M. 2006. Growth, fatty acid composition and Na + /K + - ATPase isoform physiology of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fed diets supplemented with anchovy or blends of anchovy and canola oil. MSc. thesis, University of British Columbia. Vancouver: 35-61.
  • Guler, M. and Yildiz, M. 2009. Effects of dietary fish oil replacement by cottonseed oil on growth performance and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Abstract Books, Symposium of European Aquaculture 2009, poster 12, Trondheim, Norway: 661-662.
  • Halver, J.E. 1972. Fish nutrition. Academic Press, London 713 pp.
  • Higgs, D.A., Balfry, S.K., Oakes, J.D., Rowshandeli, M., Skura, B.J. and Deacon, G. 2006. Efficacy of an equal blend of canola oil and poultry fat as an alternate dietary lipid source of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in sea water. I: effects on growth performance, and whole body and fillet proximate and lipid composition. Aquacult. Res., 37: 180–191. doi: 1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01420.x.
  • Higgs, D.A., Dong, F.M. 2000. Lipids and fatty acids. In: R.R. Stickney (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Aquaculture, John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA: 476–496.
  • Huang, S.S.Y., Fu, C.H.L., Higgs, D.A., Balfry, S.K., Schulte, P.M. and Brauner, C.J. 2008. Effects of dietary canola oil level on growth performance, fatty acid composition and ion regulatory development of spring chinook salmon parr, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Aquaculture, 274: 109–117. doi: 1016/ j.aquaculture.2007.11.011.
  • Huang, S.S.Y., Oo, A.N., Higgs, D.A., Brauner, C.J. and Satoh, S. 2007. Effect of dietary canola oil level on the growth performance and fatty acid composition of juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major. Aquaculture, 271: 420–431. doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2007.06.004.
  • Ichihara, K., Shibahara, A., Yamamoto, K. and Nakayama, T. 1996. An improved method for rapid 304 analysis of the fatty acids of glycerolipids. Lipids, 31: 5355
  • Kaushik, S.J. 2004. Fish oil replacement in aquafeeds. Aquafeeds Formulation Beyond Mag 1, 3–6.
  • Ng, W.K., Tocher, D.R. and Bell, J.G. 2007. The use of palm oil in aquaculture feeds for salmonid species. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 109: 394–399. doi: 1002/ejlt.200600209.
  • Ng, W.K., Campbell, P.J., Dick, J.R. and Bell, J.G. 2003. Interactive effects of dietary palm oil level and water temperature on FA digestibility in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Lipids, 38: 1031–1038.
  • Olsen, R.E., Myklebust, R., Kaino, T. and Ringİ, E. 1999. Lipid digestibility and ultrastructural changes in the enterocytes of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) fed linseed oil and soybean lecithin. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 21: 35–44.
  • Olsen, R.E., Myklebust, R., Ringİ, E. and Mayhew, T.W. 2000. The influences of dietary linseed oil and saturated fatty acids on caecal enterocytes in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.): a quantitative ultrastructural study. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 22: 207–216.
  • Oo, A.N., Satoh, S. and Tsuchida, N. 2007. Effect of replacements of fishmeal and fish oil on growth and dioxin contents of rainbow trout. Fisher. Sci., 73: 750–759. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01393.x.
  • Pickova, J. 2009. Importance of Knowledge on Lipid Composition of Foods to Support Development towards Consumption of Higher Levels of n-3 Fatty Acids via Freshwater. Fish. Physiol. Res., 58: 39-45.
  • Pike, I.H. and Barlow, S.M. 2002. Impact of fish farming on fish stocks. Proceedings of the Bordeaux Aquaculture and Environment Symposium, Bordeaux, France. http://www.iffo.org.uk/tech/bordeaux.htm.
  • Ricker, W.E. 1979. Growth Rates and Models. In: W.S. Hoar, D.J. Randall, J.R. Brett (Eds.), Fish Physiology, Academic Press, New York, 786 pp.
  • Rinchard, J., Czesny, S. and Dabrowski, K. 2007. Influence of lipid class and fatty acid deficiency on survival, growth, and fatty acid composition in rainbow trout juveniles. Aquaculture, 264: 363-3 doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.024.
  • Robin, J.H., Regost, C., Arzel, J. and Kaushik, S.J. 2003. Fatty acid profile of fish following a change in dietary fatty acid source: model of fatty acid composition with a dilution hypothesis. Aquaculture, 225: 2832 doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00296-5.
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Effects of Dietary Cottonseed and/or Canola Oil Inclusion on the Growth Performance, FA Composition and Organ Histology of the Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3, - , 01.06.2013

Mustafa Yıldız O. Tufan Eroldoğan Kenan Engin Ahmet Gülçubuk M. Ali Baltacı

https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_08

Öz

Bu araştırmada, diyetlerde balık yağı yerine %50 oranında kullanılan pamuk tohumu yağı (PTY) ve kanola yağı (KY) ya da bu yağların eşit karışımlarının jüvenil gökkuşağı alabalığının büyümesine, yağ asidi kompozisyonuna ve sindirim sistemi histolojisine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Araştırmada, farklı 5 adet izonitrojenik ve izolipidik diyetler hazırlandı. Kontrol diyetinde sadece balık yağı (BY) ve hazırlanan diğer diyetlerde sırasıyla sadece PTY, sadece KY, %50 PTY/%50 KY ve %50 BY/%50 belirtilen bitkisel yağların eşit karışımı kullanılmıştır. Deneyde ortalama ağırlıkları yaklaşık olarak 15 g olan gökkuşağı alabalığı yavruları kullanılmıştır. Deney paralelli ve her deney tankında 50 adet balık olacak şekilde 84 gün süreyle yürütülmüştür. Balıklara günlük olarak doyuncaya kadar ve elle yem verilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçlarına göre balıkların büyüme performansı, yem kullanımı ve viserosomatik indeks değerleri kullanılan diyetlerden etkilenmemiştir (P>0.05). Ancak PTY ve PTY50/KY50 diyetleriyle beslenen balıkların hepatosomatik indeks değerleri diğer gruplardan daha yüksek bulunmuştur (P<0.05). PTY ya da KY içeren diyetlerle beslenen balıkların tüm vücudundaki n-3 serisindeki çok doymamış yağ asitlerinin düzeyi düşük ve 18:2n-6 yağ asitlerinin düzeyi ise yüksek bulunmuştur (P<0.05). Ayrıca balıkların karaciğerlerindeki dokosaheksaenoik asit ve araşidonik asit düzeyleri balığın tüm vücudundaki düzeylerden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak jüvenil gökkuşağı alabalığı diyetlerinde balık yağı yerine %50 oranında kullanılan pamuk tohumu yağı ile kanola yağının balıkların büyüme performansında herhangi bir olumsuz etki göstermediği görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gökkuşağı alabalığı besleme bitkisel yağlar yağ asitleri büyüme.

Kaynakça

  • Alexis, M.N. 1997. Fish meal and fish oil replacers in Mediterranean marine fish diets. In: Feeding tomorrow’s fish Proc. workshop Cahier Options
  • Mediterr, A. Tacon, B. Basurco (eds.), June 24–26, 1996, Mazarron, Spain:183–204.
  • AOAC, 1995. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, 16th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA.
  • Bell, M.V. and Dick, J.R. 2005. Distribution of 22:6n-3 Newly Synthesized from 18:3n-3 into Glycerolipid Classes from Tissues of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Lipids, 40: 703-708.
  • Bell, J.G., Henderson, R.J., Tocher, D.R., McGhee, F., Dick, J.R., Porter, A., Smullen, R. and Sargent, J.R. 200 Substituting fish oil with crude palm oil in the diet of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affects tissue FA compositions and hepatic FA metabolism. J. Nutr., 132: 222–230. Bell, J.G., Tocher, D.R., MacDonald, F.M. and Sargent, J.R. 19 Effects of dietary borage oil (enriched in glinoleic acid, 18:3(n-6) or marine fish oil (enriched in eicopentaenoic acid, 20:5 (n-3) on growth, mortalities, liver histopathology and lipid composition of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus). Fish Physiol. Biochem., 14: 373–383. Bell, M.V., Dick, J.R. and Porter, A.E.A. 2001. Biosynthesis and tissue deposition of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3) in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Lipids, 36: 1153–1159.
  • Bell, M.V. and Dick, J.R. 2004. Changes in capacity to synthesise 22:6n-3 during early development in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 235: 393–409.
  • Bentley, G. 2006. The health effects of dietary unsaturated fatty acids. Br. Nutr. Found. Nutr. Bull., 32: 82-84. doi: 1111/j.1467-3010.2006.00571.x.
  • Bracco, U. 1994. Effect of triglyceride structure on fat absorption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 60: 1002-1009.
  • Caballero, M.J., Izquierdo, M.S., Kjİrsvik, E., Fernández, A.J., Rosenlund, G. 2004. Histological alterations in the liver of sea bream, Sparus aurata L., caused by shortor long-term feeding with vegetable oils. Recovery of normal morphology after feeding fish oil as the sole lipid source. J. Fish Dis., 27: 531–541. doi: 1111/j.1365-2761.2004.00572.x.
  • Caballero, M.J., Obach, A., Rosenlund, G., Montero, D., Gisvold, M. and Izquierdo, M.S. 2002. Impact of different dietary lipid sources on growth, lipid digestibility, tissue FA composition and histology of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquaculture, 214: 253-271.
  • Canola Council of Canada, 2007. Canadian Canola Industry; Market Statistics. http://www.canolacouncil.org/canolaprices.html.
  • Drew, M.D., Ogunkoya, A.E., Janz, D.M., Van Kessel, A.G. 2007. Dietary influence of replacing fish meal and oil with canola protein concentrate and vegetable oils on growth performance, fatty acid composition and organochlorine residues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture, 267: 260-268.
  • Figueiredo-Silva, A., Rocha, E., Dias, J., Silva, P., Rema, P., Gomes, E. and Valente, L.M.P. 2005. Partial replacement of fish oil by soybean oil on lipid distribution and liver histology in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) juveniles. Aquacult. Nutr., 11: 147–155. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2095.2004.00337.x.
  • Folch, J., Lees, M. and Sloane Stanley, G.H. 1957. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J. Biol. Chemist., 226: 497-509.
  • FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization), 2006. State of world aquaculture. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 500. FAO, Rome, Italy 134 pp.
  • FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization), 2007. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department, Food and Agriculture Organization of The United Nations, FAO, Rome, Italy, 37 pp.
  • Goddard, S. 1996. Feed Management in Intensive Aquaculture. Chapman & Hall, New York, 194 pp.
  • Grant, A.A.M. 2006. Growth, fatty acid composition and Na + /K + - ATPase isoform physiology of juvenile chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fed diets supplemented with anchovy or blends of anchovy and canola oil. MSc. thesis, University of British Columbia. Vancouver: 35-61.
  • Guler, M. and Yildiz, M. 2009. Effects of dietary fish oil replacement by cottonseed oil on growth performance and fatty acid composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Abstract Books, Symposium of European Aquaculture 2009, poster 12, Trondheim, Norway: 661-662.
  • Halver, J.E. 1972. Fish nutrition. Academic Press, London 713 pp.
  • Higgs, D.A., Balfry, S.K., Oakes, J.D., Rowshandeli, M., Skura, B.J. and Deacon, G. 2006. Efficacy of an equal blend of canola oil and poultry fat as an alternate dietary lipid source of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in sea water. I: effects on growth performance, and whole body and fillet proximate and lipid composition. Aquacult. Res., 37: 180–191. doi: 1111/j.1365-2109.2005.01420.x.
  • Higgs, D.A., Dong, F.M. 2000. Lipids and fatty acids. In: R.R. Stickney (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Aquaculture, John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA: 476–496.
  • Huang, S.S.Y., Fu, C.H.L., Higgs, D.A., Balfry, S.K., Schulte, P.M. and Brauner, C.J. 2008. Effects of dietary canola oil level on growth performance, fatty acid composition and ion regulatory development of spring chinook salmon parr, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Aquaculture, 274: 109–117. doi: 1016/ j.aquaculture.2007.11.011.
  • Huang, S.S.Y., Oo, A.N., Higgs, D.A., Brauner, C.J. and Satoh, S. 2007. Effect of dietary canola oil level on the growth performance and fatty acid composition of juvenile red sea bream, Pagrus major. Aquaculture, 271: 420–431. doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2007.06.004.
  • Ichihara, K., Shibahara, A., Yamamoto, K. and Nakayama, T. 1996. An improved method for rapid 304 analysis of the fatty acids of glycerolipids. Lipids, 31: 5355
  • Kaushik, S.J. 2004. Fish oil replacement in aquafeeds. Aquafeeds Formulation Beyond Mag 1, 3–6.
  • Ng, W.K., Tocher, D.R. and Bell, J.G. 2007. The use of palm oil in aquaculture feeds for salmonid species. Eur. J. Lipid Sci. Technol., 109: 394–399. doi: 1002/ejlt.200600209.
  • Ng, W.K., Campbell, P.J., Dick, J.R. and Bell, J.G. 2003. Interactive effects of dietary palm oil level and water temperature on FA digestibility in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Lipids, 38: 1031–1038.
  • Olsen, R.E., Myklebust, R., Kaino, T. and Ringİ, E. 1999. Lipid digestibility and ultrastructural changes in the enterocytes of Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) fed linseed oil and soybean lecithin. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 21: 35–44.
  • Olsen, R.E., Myklebust, R., Ringİ, E. and Mayhew, T.W. 2000. The influences of dietary linseed oil and saturated fatty acids on caecal enterocytes in Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.): a quantitative ultrastructural study. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 22: 207–216.
  • Oo, A.N., Satoh, S. and Tsuchida, N. 2007. Effect of replacements of fishmeal and fish oil on growth and dioxin contents of rainbow trout. Fisher. Sci., 73: 750–759. doi: 10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01393.x.
  • Pickova, J. 2009. Importance of Knowledge on Lipid Composition of Foods to Support Development towards Consumption of Higher Levels of n-3 Fatty Acids via Freshwater. Fish. Physiol. Res., 58: 39-45.
  • Pike, I.H. and Barlow, S.M. 2002. Impact of fish farming on fish stocks. Proceedings of the Bordeaux Aquaculture and Environment Symposium, Bordeaux, France. http://www.iffo.org.uk/tech/bordeaux.htm.
  • Ricker, W.E. 1979. Growth Rates and Models. In: W.S. Hoar, D.J. Randall, J.R. Brett (Eds.), Fish Physiology, Academic Press, New York, 786 pp.
  • Rinchard, J., Czesny, S. and Dabrowski, K. 2007. Influence of lipid class and fatty acid deficiency on survival, growth, and fatty acid composition in rainbow trout juveniles. Aquaculture, 264: 363-3 doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2006.11.024.
  • Robin, J.H., Regost, C., Arzel, J. and Kaushik, S.J. 2003. Fatty acid profile of fish following a change in dietary fatty acid source: model of fatty acid composition with a dilution hypothesis. Aquaculture, 225: 2832 doi: 10.1016/S0044-8486(03)00296-5.
  • Rosenlund, G., Obach, A., Sandberg, M.G., Standal, H. and Tveit, K. 2001. Effect of alternative lipid sources on long-term growth performance and quality of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Aquacult. Res., 32: 323– 3 doi: 10.1046/j.1355-557x.2001.00025.x.
  • Sargent, J.R., Tocher, D.R. and Bell, J.G. 2002. The lipids. In: J.E. Halver, R.W. Hardy (Eds.), Fish nutrition, 3nd.edition, Elsevier, USA: 181–257.
  • Sargent, J., Bell, G., McEvoy, L., Tocher, D., Estevez, A. 19 Recent developments in the essential fatty acid nutrition of fish. Aquaculture, 177: 191-199. doi: 1016/S0044-8486(99)00083-6.
  • Segner, H., Braunbeck, T. 1988. Hepatocellular adaptation to extreme nutritional conditions in ide, Leuciscus idus melanotus L. (Cyprinidae). A morphofunctional analysis. Fish Physiol. Biochem., 5: 79–97.
  • Sener, E. and Yildiz, M. 2003. Effect of the different oil on growth performance and body composition of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss W., 1792) juveniles. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 3: 111-116.
  • Subhadra, B., Lochmann, R., Rawles, S. and Chen, R.G. 200 Effect of dietary lipid source on the growth, tissue composition and hematological parameters of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Aquaculture, 255: 210–222. doi: 1016/j.aquaculture.2005.11.043.
  • Tacon, A.G.J. 2008. State of information on salmon aquaculture feed and the environment. Report prepared for the WWF US Initiated Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue, 80 pp. http://www.westcoastaquatic.ca/Aquaculture_feed_en vironment.pdf (Accessed March 2008).
  • Tacon, A.G.J. and Metian, M. 2008. Global overview on the use of fish meal and fish oil in industrially compounded aquafeeds: Trends and future prospects. Aquaculture, 285: 146-1 doi: 1016/ j.aquaculture.2008.08.015.
  • Tocher, D.R. 2010. Fatty acid requirements in ontogeny of marine and freshwater fish. Aquacult. Res., 41: 717– 7 doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02150.x.
  • Tocher, D.R. 2003. Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish. Rev. Fish. Sci., 11: 107– 1 doi: 10.1080/713610925.
  • Torstensen, B., Bell, J.G., Rosenlund, G., Henderson, R.J., Graff, I., Tocher, D.R., Lie, Ø. and Sargent, J.R. 2005. Tailoring of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) flesh lipid composition and sensory quality by replacing fish oil with a vegetable oil blend. J. Agric. Food Chem., 53: 10166–10178. doi: 10.1021/jf051308i.
  • Torstensen, B.E., Frİyland, L. and Lie, Ø. 2004. Replacing dietary fish oil with increasing levels of rapeseed oil and olive oils-effects on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) tissue and lipoprotein composition and lipogenic enzyme activities. Aquacult. Nutr., 10: 175– 1
  • Tucker, J.W., Llellis, W.A., Vermeer, G.K., Roberts, D.E. and Woodward, P.N. 1997. The effects of experimental started diets with different levels of soybean or menhaden oil on red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture, 149: 323– 339.
  • USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 2006. Oilseeds: world markets and trade. Foreign Agricultural Service Circular Series, 8-06. August.
  • Wassef, E.A., Saleh, N.E. and El-Abd El-Hady, H.A. 2009. Vegetable oil blend as alternative lipid resources in diets for gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata. Aquacult. Int., 17: 421-435. doi: 10.1007/s10499-008-9213-7.
  • Wassef, E.A., Wahby, O.M. and Sakr, E.M. 2007. Effect of dietary vegetable oils on health and liver histology of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) growers. Aquacult. Res., 38: 852–861. doi: 1111/j.136522007.01738.x.
  • Wonnacott, E.J., Lane, R.L. and Kohler, C.C. 2004. Influence of dietary replacement of menhaden oil with canola oil on fatty acid composition of sunshine bass. N. Am. J. Aquac., 66: 243–250. doi: 10.1577/A030
  • Yildiz, M. and Sener, E. 2004. The Effect of Dietary Oils of Vegetable Origin on the Performance, Body Composition and Fatty Acid Profiles of Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L., 1758) Juveniles. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 28: 553-562.
  • Zar, J.H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ., 718 pp.
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mustafa Yıldız Bu kişi benim

O. Tufan Eroldoğan Bu kişi benim

Kenan Engin Bu kişi benim

Ahmet Gülçubuk Bu kişi benim

M. Ali Baltacı Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Haziran 2013
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Yıldız, M., Eroldoğan, O. T., Engin, K., Gülçubuk, A., vd. (2013). Effects of Dietary Cottonseed and/or Canola Oil Inclusion on the Growth Performance, FA Composition and Organ Histology of the Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 13(3). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_08
AMA Yıldız M, Eroldoğan OT, Engin K, Gülçubuk A, Baltacı MA. Effects of Dietary Cottonseed and/or Canola Oil Inclusion on the Growth Performance, FA Composition and Organ Histology of the Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. Haziran 2013;13(3). doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_08
Chicago Yıldız, Mustafa, O. Tufan Eroldoğan, Kenan Engin, Ahmet Gülçubuk, ve M. Ali Baltacı. “Effects of Dietary Cottonseed and/Or Canola Oil Inclusion on the Growth Performance, FA Composition and Organ Histology of the Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13, sy. 3 (Haziran 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_08.
EndNote Yıldız M, Eroldoğan OT, Engin K, Gülçubuk A, Baltacı MA (01 Haziran 2013) Effects of Dietary Cottonseed and/or Canola Oil Inclusion on the Growth Performance, FA Composition and Organ Histology of the Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13 3
IEEE M. Yıldız, O. T. Eroldoğan, K. Engin, A. Gülçubuk, ve M. A. Baltacı, “Effects of Dietary Cottonseed and/or Canola Oil Inclusion on the Growth Performance, FA Composition and Organ Histology of the Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss”, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, c. 13, sy. 3, 2013, doi: 10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_08.
ISNAD Yıldız, Mustafa vd. “Effects of Dietary Cottonseed and/Or Canola Oil Inclusion on the Growth Performance, FA Composition and Organ Histology of the Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 13/3 (Haziran 2013). https://doi.org/10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_08.
JAMA Yıldız M, Eroldoğan OT, Engin K, Gülçubuk A, Baltacı MA. Effects of Dietary Cottonseed and/or Canola Oil Inclusion on the Growth Performance, FA Composition and Organ Histology of the Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13. doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_08.
MLA Yıldız, Mustafa vd. “Effects of Dietary Cottonseed and/Or Canola Oil Inclusion on the Growth Performance, FA Composition and Organ Histology of the Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus Mykiss”. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, c. 13, sy. 3, 2013, doi:10.4194/1303-2712-v13_3_08.
Vancouver Yıldız M, Eroldoğan OT, Engin K, Gülçubuk A, Baltacı MA. Effects of Dietary Cottonseed and/or Canola Oil Inclusion on the Growth Performance, FA Composition and Organ Histology of the Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 2013;13(3).