The Effects of Two Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna and Azolla) as Biofilters of Nitrogen and Phosphate in Fish Ponds
Öz
Effects of different fish-edible floating aquatic macrophytes on water quality in aquaculture ponds through biofiltration of organic pollutants was studied for a period of four months from July to November 2001. Lemna sp. and Azolla sp. were used in treatment 1 and treatment 2 respectively, and treatment 3 was remained as control. The stocking density of Rohu (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Mrigal (Cirrhina mrigala), Thai sharpunti (Puntius gonionotus) and feeding regimes (rice bran and mustard oil) and fertilization rate were the same in all treatments. The values of dissolved oxygen, temperature, nitrate-nitrogen, phosphate-phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, alkalinity and plankton abundance varied among the treatments. It was observed that the lowest concentration of PO4-P (0.01 mg/L) and chlorophyll-a (26.99 µg/L) were found in treatment 1 and treatment 2 followed by treatment 3. This was probably due to the utilization of nutrients by the experimental aquatic macrophytes. Lowest concentration of NO3-N was found in treatment 2 during July, but the fortnightly average values of NO3-N were mostly found lower in treatment 1 followed by treatment 2 and treatment 3. The phytoplankton were composed of Euglenophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Throughout the experimental period the dominant genus were Euglena, Anabeana and Microcystis. These macrophytes also appeared as a nutrient filter for absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus and removed the excessive amount of nutrients from the waterbody in treatments 1 and 2 and the aquatic environment remained in a sustainable conditions.
Kaynakça
- Anderson, D.M. 1989. Toxic algal blooms and red tides: A global perspective. In: T. Okaichi, D.M. Anderson and T. Nemoto (Eds.), Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science and Toxicology, Elsevier Science Publishing Co. New York: 11-16.
- APHA, 1992. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition. Am. Publ. Hlth. Assoc., Washington, DC, USA.
- Banforth, S. 1958. Ecological studies on the planktonic Protozoa of a small artiŞcial pond. Limnol. Oceanogr., 3: 398-412.
- Bellinger E.G. 1992. A Key to common algae: Freshwater, estuarine and some coastal species. The Institute of Water and Environmental Management, London, UK.
- Boyd, C.E. 1990. Water quality in ponds for aquaculture. Auburn University. Alabama Agriculture Experiment Station .Pres 482 pp.
- Crutchfield, J.U., Schiller, Jr.D.H., Herlong, D.D. and Mallin, M.A. 1992. Establishment and impact of redbelly tilapia in a vegetated cooling reservoir. J. Aquat. Plant Manage, 30: 28-35.
- Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, AA. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2ud Edn. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. 680 pp.
- Hansson, L.A., Johansson, L. and Persson, L. 1987. Effects of Şsh grazing on nutrient release and succession of primary producers. Limnol. Oceanogr., 32: 723-29.
- Landolt, E. and Kandeler, R. 1987. The family of Lemnaceae— a monographic study. Veroffentlichungen Des Geobotanischen Instates der Edg. Tech. Hochschule, Stiftung Ruebel, Zuerich, 638 pp.
- Leslie, A.J.Jr., Nall, L.E. and Van Dyke, J.M. 1983. Effects of vegetation control by grass carp on selected water— quality variables in four Florida lakes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 112: 777—87.
- Mitzner, L. 1978. Evaluation of biological control of nuisance aquatic vegetation by grass carp. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 107: 135—45.
- Moore LB. 1986. Input of organic materials into aquaculture systems: emphasis on feeding in semi intensive systems. Aquaculture Engineering, 5: 123— 133.
- Ondok, J .P., Pokomy, J. and Kvet, J. 1984. Model of diurnal changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide and bicarbonate concentrations in stand of Elodea canadensis Michx. Aquat. Biot., 19: 293—305
- Pernial, M., Runa, R. and Martinez, B. 1998. Nutrient removal from a stormwater detention pond using duckweed. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 14(6): 605—609.
- Rakocy, 1E. and Allison, R. 1981. Evaluation of a closed recirculating system for the culture of Tilapia and aquatic macrophytes. In: L.] . Allen and E.C. Kinney (Eds.), Proc. Bio—Engineering Symposium for Fish Culture, American Fisheries Society, Publ. No. 1. Washington D.C.: 296—307.
- Smayda T.J. 1992. Global epidemic of noxious phytoplankton blooms and food chain consequences large ecosystems, In: K. Sherman, L.M. Alexander, B.D. Gold (Eds.), Proceedings of the Food Chains, Yields, Models and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems. Westview Press, Boulder: 275—307.
- Steward, K.K. 1970. Nutritional removal potentials of various aquatic plants. Hyacinth Contr. J., 9: 34—35.
- Stirling, H.P. 1985. Chemical and Biological methods of water analysis for Aquaculturists. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland, 119 pp.
- Sutton, D.L. and Ornes, W.H. 1975. Phosphorous removal from static sewage efşuent using duckweed. J. Environ. Qual., 4: 367—370.
The Effects of Two Aquatic Floating Macrophytes (Lemna and Azolla) as Biofilters of Nitrogen and Phosphate in Fish Ponds
Öz
Effects of different fish-edible floating aquatic macrophytes on water quality in aquaculture ponds through biofiltration of organic pollutants was studied for a period of four months from July to November 2001. Lemna sp. and Azolla sp. were used in treatment 1 and treatment 2 respectively, and treatment 3 was remained as control. The stocking density of Rohu (Labeo rohita), Catla (Catla catla), Mrigal (Cirrhina mrigala), Thai sharpunti (Puntius gonionotus) and feeding regimes (rice bran and mustard oil) and fertilization rate were the same in all treatments. The values of dissolved oxygen, temperature, nitrate-nitrogen, phosphate-phosphorus, chlorophyll-a, alkalinity and plankton abundance varied among the treatments. It was observed that the lowest concentration of PO4-P (0.01 mg/L) and chlorophyll-a (26.99 µg/L) were found in treatment 1 and treatment 2 followed by treatment 3. This was probably due to the utilization of nutrients by the experimental aquatic macrophytes. Lowest concentration of NO3-N was found in treatment 2 during July, but the fortnightly average values of NO3-N were mostly found lower in treatment 1 followed by treatment 2 and treatment 3. The phytoplankton were composed of Euglenophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Bacillariophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Throughout the experimental period the dominant genus were Euglena, Anabeana and Microcystis. These macrophytes also appeared as a nutrient filter for absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus and removed the excessive amount of nutrients from the waterbody in treatments 1 and 2 and the aquatic environment remained in a sustainable conditions.
Kaynakça
- Anderson, D.M. 1989. Toxic algal blooms and red tides: A global perspective. In: T. Okaichi, D.M. Anderson and T. Nemoto (Eds.), Red Tides: Biology, Environmental Science and Toxicology, Elsevier Science Publishing Co. New York: 11-16.
- APHA, 1992. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Edition. Am. Publ. Hlth. Assoc., Washington, DC, USA.
- Banforth, S. 1958. Ecological studies on the planktonic Protozoa of a small artiŞcial pond. Limnol. Oceanogr., 3: 398-412.
- Bellinger E.G. 1992. A Key to common algae: Freshwater, estuarine and some coastal species. The Institute of Water and Environmental Management, London, UK.
- Boyd, C.E. 1990. Water quality in ponds for aquaculture. Auburn University. Alabama Agriculture Experiment Station .Pres 482 pp.
- Crutchfield, J.U., Schiller, Jr.D.H., Herlong, D.D. and Mallin, M.A. 1992. Establishment and impact of redbelly tilapia in a vegetated cooling reservoir. J. Aquat. Plant Manage, 30: 28-35.
- Gomez, K.A. and Gomez, AA. 1984. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2ud Edn. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA. 680 pp.
- Hansson, L.A., Johansson, L. and Persson, L. 1987. Effects of Şsh grazing on nutrient release and succession of primary producers. Limnol. Oceanogr., 32: 723-29.
- Landolt, E. and Kandeler, R. 1987. The family of Lemnaceae— a monographic study. Veroffentlichungen Des Geobotanischen Instates der Edg. Tech. Hochschule, Stiftung Ruebel, Zuerich, 638 pp.
- Leslie, A.J.Jr., Nall, L.E. and Van Dyke, J.M. 1983. Effects of vegetation control by grass carp on selected water— quality variables in four Florida lakes. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 112: 777—87.
- Mitzner, L. 1978. Evaluation of biological control of nuisance aquatic vegetation by grass carp. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 107: 135—45.
- Moore LB. 1986. Input of organic materials into aquaculture systems: emphasis on feeding in semi intensive systems. Aquaculture Engineering, 5: 123— 133.
- Ondok, J .P., Pokomy, J. and Kvet, J. 1984. Model of diurnal changes in oxygen, carbon dioxide and bicarbonate concentrations in stand of Elodea canadensis Michx. Aquat. Biot., 19: 293—305
- Pernial, M., Runa, R. and Martinez, B. 1998. Nutrient removal from a stormwater detention pond using duckweed. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 14(6): 605—609.
- Rakocy, 1E. and Allison, R. 1981. Evaluation of a closed recirculating system for the culture of Tilapia and aquatic macrophytes. In: L.] . Allen and E.C. Kinney (Eds.), Proc. Bio—Engineering Symposium for Fish Culture, American Fisheries Society, Publ. No. 1. Washington D.C.: 296—307.
- Smayda T.J. 1992. Global epidemic of noxious phytoplankton blooms and food chain consequences large ecosystems, In: K. Sherman, L.M. Alexander, B.D. Gold (Eds.), Proceedings of the Food Chains, Yields, Models and Management of Large Marine Ecosystems. Westview Press, Boulder: 275—307.
- Steward, K.K. 1970. Nutritional removal potentials of various aquatic plants. Hyacinth Contr. J., 9: 34—35.
- Stirling, H.P. 1985. Chemical and Biological methods of water analysis for Aquaculturists. Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Scotland, 119 pp.
- Sutton, D.L. and Ornes, W.H. 1975. Phosphorous removal from static sewage efşuent using duckweed. J. Environ. Qual., 4: 367—370.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 1 Nisan 2008 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2008 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2 |