Araştırma Makalesi
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Yunanistan’ın I. Dünya Savaşı Deneyimine Postyapısalcı Bir Bakış: Söylem-Tarihsel Yaklaşım

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 23, 223 - 258, 27.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1023568

Öz

Eleştirel Söylem Çözümlemesi (ESÇ), çeşitli türde sözlü, yazılı ve görsel metinlerdeki anlamın açığa çıkarılması için metinsel ve bağlamsal düzeylerde bir çözümleme yapmanın yanı sıra, her düzeyde otorite, güç, ideoloji ve kimlik kavramları ekseninde eleştirel bir duruş sergileyerek söylemdeki sosyal pratiği ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bununla birlikte Eleştirel Söylem Çalışmalarında öne çıkan yaklaşımlardan Söylem-Tarihsel Yaklaşım (STY), güçlü bir tarihsel araştırma eğilimi taşımakta ve söylemin üretildiği tarihsel ve sosyopolitik artalanı da kapsayan bir alt yapı sunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, STY ile araştırma yöntemi geliştirmeyi ve Yunanistan hakkında yapılan çalışmalara nasıl uygulanabileceğini göstermeyi hedeflemektedir.
Çalışma, söz konusu amacını yerine getirirken Yunanistan’ın I. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında deneyimlediği ve “Ulusal Ayrışma” adı verilen dönemi irdelemektedir. Bu adlandırma, dönemdeki başbakanlardan Eleftherios Venizelos ve Yunanistan Kralı Konstantinos’un savaş esnasında izlemek istedikleri politikanın çatışmasından kaynaklanmaktadır. Nitekim İtilaf ve İttifak Devletleri’nin de müdahaleleriyle keskinleşen süreçte (1915-1917), iki hükümetli bir Yunanistan ortaya çıkmış ve Kral Konstantinos tahttan dahi uzaklaştırılmıştır. Venizelos ve karşıtı olan politikacılardan Metaksas’ın döneme ilişkin 1934 yılında kaleme aldıkları makaleler, çalışmanın veri örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Barındırdıkları söylemler ise hem STY’nin araştırma basamaklarının örneklendirilmesi hem de 20. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Yunanistan’daki siyasi dinamiklere ve dile yönelik farklı bir bakış açısı sunulması maksadıyla ele alınmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • ANDERSON, R. Dean, Jr. (2000), Glossary of Greek Rhetorical Terms: Connected to Methods of Argumentation, Figures and Tropes from Anaximenes to Quintilian, Peeters, Leuven.
  • ALIVIZATOS, Nikos (2017), Το Σύνταγμα και οι Εχθροί του στην Νεοελληνική Ιστορία 1800-2010, Εκδόσεις Πόλις, Αtina.
  • BARTHES, Roland (2012), How to Live Together: Novelistic Simulations of Some Everyday Spaces, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • BÜYÜKKANTARCIOĞLU, Nalan (2006), Toplumsal Gerçeklik ve Dil, Multilingual, İstanbul.
  • CLOGG, Richard (1992), A Concise History of Greece, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • COPI, Irving M., COHEN, Carl, MCMAHON, Kenneth (2014), Introduction to Logic, 14th Edition, Pearson, USA.
  • FAIRCLOUGH, Norman ve WODAK, Ruth (2000), “Critical Discourse Analysis”, Ed. Teun A. VAN DIJK, Discourse as Social Interaction, Vol. 2, Sage, London, 258-284.
  • FAIRCLOUGH, Norman (2009), “A Dialectical-Relational Approach to Critical Discourse Analysis in Social Research”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 2nd Edition, Sage, Great Britain, 162-187.
  • GRAUMANN, Carl F. ve KALLMEYER, Werner (2002), “Perspective and Perspectivation in Discourse: An Introduction”, Ed. Carl F. GRAUMANN ve Werner KALLMEYER, Perspective and Perspectivation in Discourse, John Benjamins, Amsterdam-Philadephia.
  • GÜNAY, Doğan (2013), Söylem Çözümlemesi, Papatya Yayıncılık Eğitim, İstanbul.
  • HAMBLIN, Charles Leonard (1970), Fallacies, Methuen, London.
  • HERING, Gunnar (2004), Τα Πολιτικά Κόμματα στην Ελλάδα 1821-1936, Τόμος B, ΜΙΕΤ, Αθήνα.
  • JELAVICH, Charles ve JELAVICH, Barbara (2000), The Establishment of the Balkan National States: 1804-1920, 4. B., University of Washington Press, Seattle.
  • KARAAĞAÇ, Günay (2013), Dil Bilimi Terimleri Sözlüğü, Türk Dil Kurumu, Ankara.
  • LANHAM, Richard A. (1991), A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms, 2nd Edition, University of California Press, Berkeley - Los Angeles.
  • MAVROGORDATOS, George Th. (2015), 1915 Εθνικός Διχασμός, Εκδόσεις Πατάκη, Αθήνα.
  • METAKSAS, İoannis (1934, 13 Kasım), “Ο Ελ. Βενιζέλος Χειροκροτεί την Κατάλυσιν της Ελληνικής Ανεξαρτησίας”, Καθημερινή.
  • MILES, Bart (2010), “Discourse Analysis”, Ed. Neil J. SALKIND, Encyclopedia of Research Design, Sage, Kansas, 368-370.
  • NIKOLAKOPOULOS, İlias (2003), “Οι Εκλογές 1910-1920 Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος από το Θρίαμβο στην Ήττα”, Ed. Vasilis PANAGIOTOPOULOS, Ιστορία του Νέου Ελληνισμού 1770-2000, Τόμος 6, Ελληνικά Γράμματα, Αtina, 31-40.
  • OPPENHEIM, Lassa (2018), International Law: A Treatise, Vol. 2., Outlook, Frankfurt am Main.
  • PALTRIDGE, Brian (2012), Discourse Analysis, Bloomsbury, London.
  • REISIGL, Martin ve WODAK, Ruth (2000), Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetorics of Racism and Antisemitism, Routledge, London.
  • REISIGL, Martin (2008), “Analyzing Political Rhetoric”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michal KRZYZANOWSKI, Qualitative Discourse Analysis in the Social Sciences, Palgrave Macmillan, China, 96-120.
  • REISIGL, Martin ve WODAK, Ruth (2009), “The Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA)”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 2nd Edition, Sage, London, 87-121.
  • REISIGL, Martin ve WODAK, Ruth (2016), “The Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA)”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 3rd Edition, Sage, London, 23-61.
  • REISIGL, Martin (2018), “The Discourse-Historical Approach”, Ed. John FLOWERDEW ve John E. RICHARDSON, The Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies, Routledge, New York, 44-59.
  • RENÇBERLER, Özgür (2021), Yunanistan’da “Ulusal Ayrışma” Söylemlerinin Eleştirel Çözümlemesi: Venizelos ve Metaksas Hesaplaşması, Doktora Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi, Edirne.
  • SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur (2018), Eristik Diyalektik: Haklı Çıkma Sanatı, 3. B., Sel Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • SMITH, Michael Llewellyn (2002), Yunan Düşü, Ayraç Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • SÖZEN, Edibe (2017), Söylem: Belirsizlik, Mübadele, Bilgi/Güç ve Refleksivite, Profil Kitap, İstanbul.
  • TDK (2019), Türkçe Sözlük, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
  • TOULMIN, Stephen, RIEKE, Richard, JANIK, Allan (1984), An Introduction to Reasoning, 2nd Edition, Macmillan Publishing, New York.
  • VAN DIJK, Teun A. (1997), Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction, Sage, London.
  • VAN DIJK, Teun A. (2001), “Critical Discourse Analysis”, Ed. Deborah SCHIFFRIN vd., The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Blackwell, Oxford, 352-371.
  • VAN DIJK, Teun A. (2009), “Critical Discourse Studies: A Sociocognitive Approach”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 2nd Edition, Sage, London, 62-86.
  • VAN EEMEREN, Frans ve GROOTENDORST, Rob (2004), A Systematic Theory of Argumentation: The Pragma-Dialectical Approach, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • VAN LEEUWEN, Theo (1996), “The Representation of Social Actors”, Ed. Carmen Rosa CALDAS COULTHARD ve Malcolm COULTHARD, Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis, Routledge, London, 32-70. VARDAR, Berke (2002), Açıklamalı Dilbilim Terimleri Sözlüğü, Multilingual, İstanbul.
  • VENİZELOS, Eleftherios (1934, 7 Kasım), “Η Παράφρων Βασιλική Πολιτική Ηπείλει τας Μεγαλυτέρας Καταστροφάς”, Πατρίς.
  • WODAK, Ruth (2001a), “What CDA is About - A Summary of Its History, Important Concepts and Its Developments”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 1st Edition, Sage, London, 1-13.
  • WODAK, Ruth (2001b), “The Discourse-Historical Approach”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 1st Edition, Sage, London, 63-94.
  • WODAK, Ruth (2008), “Introduction: Discourse Studies - Important Concepts and Terms”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michal KRZYZANOWSKI, Qualitative Discourse Analysis in the Social Sciences, Palgrave Macmillan, China, 1-29.
  • WODAK, Ruth, DE CILLIA, Rudolf, REISIGL, Martin, LIEBHART, Karin (2009), The Discoursive Construction of National Identity, 2nd Edition, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • WODAK, Ruth (2010), “The Discoursive Construction of History: Brief Considerations”, Mots. Les Langages du politique, 94, 57-65.
  • WODAK, Ruth (2011), The Discourse of Politics in Action: Politics as Usual, Palgrave Macmillan, Great Britain.
  • WODAK, Ruth ve MEYER, Michael (2016), “Critical Discourse Analysis: History, Agenda, Theory and Methodology”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 3rd Edition, Sage, Great Britain, 1-22.
  • YANNOULOPOULOS, Yannis (2003), Η Ευγενής μας Τύφλωσις: Η Εξωτερική Πολιτική και Εθνικά Θέματα από την Ήττα του 1897 εώς τη Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή, Βιβλιόραμα, Τετάρτη Έκδοση, Atina.
  • YÜCEL, Tahsin (2014), Söylemlerin İçinden, Alakarga, İstanbul.

A Post-Structural Perspective to the Greece’s “Great War” Experience: The Discourse-Historical Approach

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 12 Sayı: 23, 223 - 258, 27.01.2022
https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1023568

Öz

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) aims at analyzing textual and contextual levels to reveal the meaning in various kinds of oral, written and visual texts. Correspondingly, it intends to unbare the social practice in discourse with a critical approach on the axis of the concepts of authority, power, ideology and identity at all levels. All the same, the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA), one of the salient approaches in Critical Discourse Studies, has an intense historical research tendency and offers an infrastructure that includes the historical and sociopolitical background in which the discourse is developed. This study aims to promote a research method with DHA and indicate how it can be applied to studies about Greece.
The study focuses on the period “National Schism”, which Greece encountered during World War I. This naming originated from the conflicted policies of Eleftherios Venizelos, one of the prime ministers at the time, and of Constantine, the King of Greece, about how Greece must act during the war. Such that through the process (1915-1917) which became harder with the interventions of the Entente and Central Powers, a parallel administration was emerged and King Constantine was even dethroned. The articles written by Venizelos and one of his political opponents, Metaxas, in 1934 on the very period, are the research sample. The discourses they comprise are probed into to exemplify the research steps of DHA and to present a distinct perspective on the political dynamics and language in Greece in the first half of the 20th century.

Kaynakça

  • ANDERSON, R. Dean, Jr. (2000), Glossary of Greek Rhetorical Terms: Connected to Methods of Argumentation, Figures and Tropes from Anaximenes to Quintilian, Peeters, Leuven.
  • ALIVIZATOS, Nikos (2017), Το Σύνταγμα και οι Εχθροί του στην Νεοελληνική Ιστορία 1800-2010, Εκδόσεις Πόλις, Αtina.
  • BARTHES, Roland (2012), How to Live Together: Novelistic Simulations of Some Everyday Spaces, Columbia University Press, New York.
  • BÜYÜKKANTARCIOĞLU, Nalan (2006), Toplumsal Gerçeklik ve Dil, Multilingual, İstanbul.
  • CLOGG, Richard (1992), A Concise History of Greece, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • COPI, Irving M., COHEN, Carl, MCMAHON, Kenneth (2014), Introduction to Logic, 14th Edition, Pearson, USA.
  • FAIRCLOUGH, Norman ve WODAK, Ruth (2000), “Critical Discourse Analysis”, Ed. Teun A. VAN DIJK, Discourse as Social Interaction, Vol. 2, Sage, London, 258-284.
  • FAIRCLOUGH, Norman (2009), “A Dialectical-Relational Approach to Critical Discourse Analysis in Social Research”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 2nd Edition, Sage, Great Britain, 162-187.
  • GRAUMANN, Carl F. ve KALLMEYER, Werner (2002), “Perspective and Perspectivation in Discourse: An Introduction”, Ed. Carl F. GRAUMANN ve Werner KALLMEYER, Perspective and Perspectivation in Discourse, John Benjamins, Amsterdam-Philadephia.
  • GÜNAY, Doğan (2013), Söylem Çözümlemesi, Papatya Yayıncılık Eğitim, İstanbul.
  • HAMBLIN, Charles Leonard (1970), Fallacies, Methuen, London.
  • HERING, Gunnar (2004), Τα Πολιτικά Κόμματα στην Ελλάδα 1821-1936, Τόμος B, ΜΙΕΤ, Αθήνα.
  • JELAVICH, Charles ve JELAVICH, Barbara (2000), The Establishment of the Balkan National States: 1804-1920, 4. B., University of Washington Press, Seattle.
  • KARAAĞAÇ, Günay (2013), Dil Bilimi Terimleri Sözlüğü, Türk Dil Kurumu, Ankara.
  • LANHAM, Richard A. (1991), A Handlist of Rhetorical Terms, 2nd Edition, University of California Press, Berkeley - Los Angeles.
  • MAVROGORDATOS, George Th. (2015), 1915 Εθνικός Διχασμός, Εκδόσεις Πατάκη, Αθήνα.
  • METAKSAS, İoannis (1934, 13 Kasım), “Ο Ελ. Βενιζέλος Χειροκροτεί την Κατάλυσιν της Ελληνικής Ανεξαρτησίας”, Καθημερινή.
  • MILES, Bart (2010), “Discourse Analysis”, Ed. Neil J. SALKIND, Encyclopedia of Research Design, Sage, Kansas, 368-370.
  • NIKOLAKOPOULOS, İlias (2003), “Οι Εκλογές 1910-1920 Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος από το Θρίαμβο στην Ήττα”, Ed. Vasilis PANAGIOTOPOULOS, Ιστορία του Νέου Ελληνισμού 1770-2000, Τόμος 6, Ελληνικά Γράμματα, Αtina, 31-40.
  • OPPENHEIM, Lassa (2018), International Law: A Treatise, Vol. 2., Outlook, Frankfurt am Main.
  • PALTRIDGE, Brian (2012), Discourse Analysis, Bloomsbury, London.
  • REISIGL, Martin ve WODAK, Ruth (2000), Discourse and Discrimination: Rhetorics of Racism and Antisemitism, Routledge, London.
  • REISIGL, Martin (2008), “Analyzing Political Rhetoric”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michal KRZYZANOWSKI, Qualitative Discourse Analysis in the Social Sciences, Palgrave Macmillan, China, 96-120.
  • REISIGL, Martin ve WODAK, Ruth (2009), “The Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA)”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 2nd Edition, Sage, London, 87-121.
  • REISIGL, Martin ve WODAK, Ruth (2016), “The Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA)”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 3rd Edition, Sage, London, 23-61.
  • REISIGL, Martin (2018), “The Discourse-Historical Approach”, Ed. John FLOWERDEW ve John E. RICHARDSON, The Routledge Handbook of Critical Discourse Studies, Routledge, New York, 44-59.
  • RENÇBERLER, Özgür (2021), Yunanistan’da “Ulusal Ayrışma” Söylemlerinin Eleştirel Çözümlemesi: Venizelos ve Metaksas Hesaplaşması, Doktora Tezi, Trakya Üniversitesi, Edirne.
  • SCHOPENHAUER, Arthur (2018), Eristik Diyalektik: Haklı Çıkma Sanatı, 3. B., Sel Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
  • SMITH, Michael Llewellyn (2002), Yunan Düşü, Ayraç Yayınevi, Ankara.
  • SÖZEN, Edibe (2017), Söylem: Belirsizlik, Mübadele, Bilgi/Güç ve Refleksivite, Profil Kitap, İstanbul.
  • TDK (2019), Türkçe Sözlük, Türk Dil Kurumu Yayınları, Ankara.
  • TOULMIN, Stephen, RIEKE, Richard, JANIK, Allan (1984), An Introduction to Reasoning, 2nd Edition, Macmillan Publishing, New York.
  • VAN DIJK, Teun A. (1997), Discourse Studies: A Multidisciplinary Introduction, Sage, London.
  • VAN DIJK, Teun A. (2001), “Critical Discourse Analysis”, Ed. Deborah SCHIFFRIN vd., The Handbook of Discourse Analysis, Blackwell, Oxford, 352-371.
  • VAN DIJK, Teun A. (2009), “Critical Discourse Studies: A Sociocognitive Approach”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 2nd Edition, Sage, London, 62-86.
  • VAN EEMEREN, Frans ve GROOTENDORST, Rob (2004), A Systematic Theory of Argumentation: The Pragma-Dialectical Approach, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • VAN LEEUWEN, Theo (1996), “The Representation of Social Actors”, Ed. Carmen Rosa CALDAS COULTHARD ve Malcolm COULTHARD, Texts and Practices: Readings in Critical Discourse Analysis, Routledge, London, 32-70. VARDAR, Berke (2002), Açıklamalı Dilbilim Terimleri Sözlüğü, Multilingual, İstanbul.
  • VENİZELOS, Eleftherios (1934, 7 Kasım), “Η Παράφρων Βασιλική Πολιτική Ηπείλει τας Μεγαλυτέρας Καταστροφάς”, Πατρίς.
  • WODAK, Ruth (2001a), “What CDA is About - A Summary of Its History, Important Concepts and Its Developments”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 1st Edition, Sage, London, 1-13.
  • WODAK, Ruth (2001b), “The Discourse-Historical Approach”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 1st Edition, Sage, London, 63-94.
  • WODAK, Ruth (2008), “Introduction: Discourse Studies - Important Concepts and Terms”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michal KRZYZANOWSKI, Qualitative Discourse Analysis in the Social Sciences, Palgrave Macmillan, China, 1-29.
  • WODAK, Ruth, DE CILLIA, Rudolf, REISIGL, Martin, LIEBHART, Karin (2009), The Discoursive Construction of National Identity, 2nd Edition, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh.
  • WODAK, Ruth (2010), “The Discoursive Construction of History: Brief Considerations”, Mots. Les Langages du politique, 94, 57-65.
  • WODAK, Ruth (2011), The Discourse of Politics in Action: Politics as Usual, Palgrave Macmillan, Great Britain.
  • WODAK, Ruth ve MEYER, Michael (2016), “Critical Discourse Analysis: History, Agenda, Theory and Methodology”, Ed. Ruth WODAK ve Michael MEYER, Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 3rd Edition, Sage, Great Britain, 1-22.
  • YANNOULOPOULOS, Yannis (2003), Η Ευγενής μας Τύφλωσις: Η Εξωτερική Πολιτική και Εθνικά Θέματα από την Ήττα του 1897 εώς τη Μικρασιατική Καταστροφή, Βιβλιόραμα, Τετάρτη Έκδοση, Atina.
  • YÜCEL, Tahsin (2014), Söylemlerin İçinden, Alakarga, İstanbul.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Özgür Rençberler 0000-0003-0850-8805

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Ocak 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 14 Kasım 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 12 Sayı: 23

Kaynak Göster

APA Rençberler, Ö. (2022). Yunanistan’ın I. Dünya Savaşı Deneyimine Postyapısalcı Bir Bakış: Söylem-Tarihsel Yaklaşım. Trakya Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(23), 223-258. https://doi.org/10.33207/trkede.1023568