LEGIONARIES IRAQI ARTISTS

Öz

This art history research aims to evaluate the positions and stances of Iraqi artists who migrated for various reasons before and after the war, considering the political and social conditions of Western art in Iraq since 1945. The research also examines the dynamics of being an artist in Iraq, along with the subjects and themes that developed during this process. Understanding the challenges of being an artist in Iraq, a country with a rich artistic heritage and significant political and social changes, is crucial. This study also explores the stances of artists who migrated abroad after enduring difficult periods. Given the number of artists in Iraqi contemporary art, the focus will be on prominent Iraqi artists who have lived abroad from 1945 to the present, in line with the time and geographical scope of the rese-arch. Additionally, the classification of artists across different styles and generations will be conside-red. The research is divided into two sections: the first, "A General View of Legionary Iraqi Artists," intro-duces artists living abroad; the second, "Examples of Legionary Artists," analyzes their lives and works in detail. This study uses a descriptive and analytical approach to evaluate the lives, works, and themes of Iraqi artists. Ultimately, the research aims to examine the artistic stances of Iraqi artists who migrated abroad.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Legionnaire Iraqi Artists
• Iraqi Contemporary Art
• Iraqi Art
• History of Iraqi Art
• Political and So-cial Influence on Iraqi Art

LEJYONER IRAKLI SANATÇILAR

Öz

Bir sanat tarihi araştırması olarak bu çalışmada, 1945'ten itibaren Irak’taki batılı anlamda sanatın siyasal ve toplumsal koşulları göz önünde bulundurularak, savaş öncesi ve sonrası çeşitli nedenlerle Irak dışına göç eden sanatçıların pozisyon ve duruşları değerlendirilmek amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırma ayrıca, Irak’ta sanatçı olmanın dinamikleri ve bu süreçte gelişen konu ve temaları incelemektedir. Irak gibi büyük bir sanatsal mirasa sahip ve siyasal ile sosyal değişimlerin etkisi altında bulunan bir ülkede sanatçı olmanın zorluklarını anlamak, oldukça zor dönemlerden geçip yurt dışına göç eden sanatçıların duruşlarını incelemek son derece önemlidir. Irak çağdaş sanatında birçok sanatçı bulunması nedeniyle, detaylı bir inceleme ve gözlem sonrası, araştırmanın zaman ve coğrafi sınırlarına uygun olarak 1945’ten günümüze kadar yurtdışında yaşayan önde gelen Iraklı sanatçılar üzerine yoğunlaşılacaktır. Ayrıca, farklı üsluplara sahip sanatçılar ve nesillerin sınıflandırılması da dikkate alınacaktır. Araştırma, "Lejyoner Iraklı Sanatçılar" konusunu incelemek için iki ana başlık altında toplanmıştır: Birincisi "Lejyoner Iraklı Sanatçılara Genel Bir Bakış," ikincisi ise "Lejyoner Sanatçı Örnekleri" başlığını altındadır. İlk bölümde yurt dışında yaşayan Iraklı sanatçılar tanıtılacak, ikinci bölümde ise bu sanatçıların hayatları ve eserleri detaylı bir şekilde analiz edilecektir. Çalışma, tanımlayıcı ve analitik bir yöntemle gerçekleştirilmekte olup, Iraklı sanatçıların yaşamları, eserleri ve temaları değerlendirilecektir. Sonuç olarak, bu araştırma, farklı nedenlerle yurt dışına göç eden Iraklı sanatçıların sanatsal duruşlarını derinlemesine incelemeyi hedeflemektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Lejyoner Iraklı Sanatçılar
• Irak Çağdaş sanatı
• Irak Sanatı
• Irak Sanat Tarihi
• Irak Sanatı Üzerindeki Politik ve Sosyal Etki.

Kaynakça

1. Achterberg, J. (1985). Imagery in healing. Shambhala Publications.
2. Adam, K. (2019). Khairy ''Solo Exhibition'', taken from artist's website, (Online), https://khairyadam.com/about/ 14 February 2023.
3. Al-Mifraji, A. (2021). Afifa Alieiby: Al-Mar'at Unsur Ghani Waqadir an Yamtalik kul Muasafat Al-Naqa'i, Almada Paper, Al-Adad: 4854, 2021.
4. Bernstein, D. A., & Borkovec, T. D. (1973). Progressive relaxation training: A manual for the helping professions. Research Press.
5. Crossing Art project. (2021). Serwan Baran, Erbil, catalog of exhibitions.
6. Dakhil Hassan, A. (2016). Al-Fikr Waltashkil fi Rusum Al-Fanaan Mahmud Sabri Min Al-Waqie'yat Al-Ta'biriyat İla Waqi'ia Al-Kam, Basrah, Jami'at Al-Bassra, Kuliya Al-Funun Al-Jamila/ Qism Al-Funun Al-Tashkiliat, Al-Adad: 14, Nabu Magazin Lildirasat Walbuhuthat.
7. Al-Azzawi, D. (2021). Hatwalt Mahmuod Sabri Wamaziq Waqie'yat Al-Kam, Mujala Makw, Majalat Muhtamat Bi Tarikh Al-Fani Al-İraqi Al-Hlidith, Adad: 2.
8. El-Tukmacı, H. (2013). Mahmud Sabri Hayatah Wafanah Wafikrahu, Amman, Dar Al-Adib.

9. Jacobson, E. (1938). Progressive relaxation (2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press.
10. Kahraman, H. (2015). “Collective Performance: Gendering Memories of Iraq”, Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies 11, no: I.
11. Kahraman, H. (2015). “Collective Performance: Gendering Memories of Iraq”, Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies 11, no: I.
12. Lange, S. (1982). A realistic look at guided fantasy [Paper presentation]. American Psychological Association 90th Annual Convention, Washington, DC.
13. Lebling, R. W. (2003). Flight of the Blackbird, Zahran, Saudi Aramco World.
14. McGuigan, F. J., & Lehrer, P. M. (2007). Progressive relaxation: Origins, principles, and clinical applications. In P. M. Lehrer, R. L. Woolfolk, & W. E. Sime (Eds.), Principles and practice of stress management (3rd ed., pp. 57–87). Guilford Press.
15. Ni'ma, H. (2002). Hijrat Al-İraqiin watathiratuha alaa albinyat alsakaaniati, Erbil, Majalat Al-Thaqafat Al-Jadidati, Al-Adad: 307-308, Mudiriyat Matbaeat Al-Thaqafati.
16. Ni'ma, H. (2002). Hijrat Al-İraqiin watathiratuha alaa albinyat alsakaaniat. Erbil: Majalat Al-Thaqafat Al-Jadidati, Mudiriyat Matbaeat Al-Thaqafati, Adad: 307-308.
17. Shabout, N. M. (2007). Modern Arab Art: Formation of Arab Aesthetics, Florida, University of Florida Press.
18. Taha, İ. Y. (2017). Al-Islub Al-Faniyu fi A'mal Al-Fanaan Khayri Adm, Maqalatan Mutaqadimatan fi Jami'at Duhok Kuliyat Al-'ulum Al-İnsaniati.
19. Tarawga. (2021). Her carey hunermendêkî Şêwekarî Kurd Xeyrî Adem, Amsterdam, Govarî Terawge, Jimare: 152.
20. Yalom, I. D. & Leszcz, M. (2005). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th ed.). Basic Books.
21. Yu, S. F. (2004). Effects of progressive muscle relaxation training on psychological and health-related quality of life outcomes in elderly patients with heart failure (Publication No. 3182156) [Doctoral dissertation, The Chinese University of Hong Kong]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global.
22. Yusif, F. (2018). Serwan Baran Sahir Al-Rasm Aladhi Yalhu Bimumtalakat Yadayhi, London, Al-Arab Newspaper.
23. Elektronik Kaynaklar
24. Aabdullah, H. (2021). Al-Tashkili Al-Iraqi Sirwan Baran: Bahath Dayim an Tajsid Al-Alam Walzulma, Beyrut, Taken from Al-Mayadin Media Network ''Art and Cultur''s website, (online) https://www.almayadeen.net/investigation/التشكيلي-العراقي-سيروان-باران:-بحث-دائم-عن-تجسيد-الألم-والظل 4 Nisan 2023.
25. Adab W. (2021). Afifa Aleybi fi "mhttat alghurbati": İstieadat khamsat euqudi, Cairo, Maqalat fi Al-Arabii Al-Jadid, (Online) https://www.alaraby.co.uk/culture/عفيفة-لعيبي-في-"محطّات-الغربة"-استعادة-خمسة- عقود 24 March 2023
26. Al-Arabi Al-Jadid. (2021). Afifa Al-lieby fi "Mahttat Al-Ghurbat": İsti'adat Khamsat Equd, Al-Qahire, Adab Wa-Funun min al Jaridat Al-Arabi Al-Jadid, (Online) https://www.alaraby.co.uk/culture/عفيفة-لعيبي-في-"محطّات-الغربة"-استعادة-خمسة-عقود 17 March 2023
27. Al-Kutoubi, M. (2013). Mahmoud Sabri (Iraqi, 1927-2012), Taken from Christie's Websites, (online) https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6061353 12 Mart 2023
28. Al-Muhsin, F. (2022). Mahmud Sabri Wa Taswir Al-Maree, Beyrut, Jarida ''Al-Modon'' Al-Aliktroniye Mustaqila, (Online) https://www.almodon.com/culture/2022/9/2/فاطمة-المحسن-محمود-صبري-تصوير-اللامرئي-كي-يصبح-مرئيا 8 Mart 2023.
29. Al-Sawa'iri, İ. (2013). Al-Tukmecı Yuqa' fi Al-Urfalii Kitaban An Al-Fanaan Mahmoud Sabri, Amman, Al-Raay Al-Thaqafii, (Online), https://alrai.com/article/569746/الرأي الثقافي/التكمجي-يوقع-في-الأورفلي-كتابا-عن-الفنان-محمود-صبري 15 Mart 2023.
30. Al-Sayid, A. (2021). "Mahataat Al-Ghurbati".. 18 Lawhat Tujasid Hayat Al-Tashkiliat Al-İraqiat Afifa Aieiby, Al-Qahira, (Online) https://asharq.com/ar/6GLLYsvOO6fdChIaMWgec3-محطات-الغربة-18-لوحة-تجسد-حياة-التشكيلية/ 22 March 2023.
31. Art Breath. (2020). Afifa Aleiby, İnterview With Artist Afifa Aleiby, Taken from Art Breath Websites, (Online) https://artbreath.org/interviews/afifa-aleiby 18 March 2023.
32. art21.(no date). Hiwa K., Taken frome art21 websites, (online) . 19 May 2023.
33. ArtReview. (2016). Hiwa K receives Documenta's 2016 Arnold Bode Prize, Taken from ''ArtReview'' website, (online) https://artreview.com/news-27-june-2016-hiwa-k-wins-arnoldbode-preis/ 22 May 2023.
34. Art Review. (2016). Hiwa K receives Documenta's 2016 Arnold Bode Prize. 2016. 22 May 2023. .
35. Assi, N. (2011). Afifa Aleiby, Taken From Nakhla Iraqiya Websites, (Online) https://iqpalmtree.wordpress.com/2011/04/10/عفيفة-لعيبي 20 March 2023.
36. Awêne. (2021). Gift u gôyekî hunerî le nêwan Dara Rasul (Darô) u Karani Cemîl, Slêmanî, Malperî Awêne, (online) https://www.awene.com/detail?article=60358 1May 2023.
37. Baider, L., Uziely, B. & Kaplan De-Nour, A. (1994). Progressive muscle relaxation and guided imagery in cancer.
38. Baran, S. (2021). Biography of artist, Taken from artist's website, (online) https://www.serwan.com/about 2 Nisan 2023.
39. Barjeel Art Foundation. (no date). The Hero, Taken from Barjeel Art Foundation Websites, (Online), https://www.barjeelartfoundation.org/collection/hero-mahmoud-sabri/ 11 Mart 2023.
40. Bulut, F. (2020). Endülüs toplumuna "Lale Devri"ni yaşatan Kürt müzik ve sanat adamı: Ziryab, Independent Türkçe'den alınmıştır, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.indyturk.com/node/272196/türki̇yeden-sesler/endülüs-toplumuna-lale-devrini-yaşatan-kürt-müzik-ve-sanat-adamı 16 May 2023
41. Chaves, A. (2023). Art Dubai 2021: These are some of the most eye-catching works at this year's fair, 2021, Taken From The National Art & Design Websites, (Onlıne) https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/art-dubai-2021-these-are-some-of-the-most-eye-catching-works-at-this-year-s-fair-1.1194728 24 March 2023.
42. Dalloul Art Foundation. (no date). Mahmoud Sabri, Iraq (1927 - 2012), Taken from Dalloul Art Foundation Websites, (Online) https://dafbeirut.org/en/MAHMOUD-SABRI 14 March 2023.
43. Daughtry, M. J. (2016). Audible Inaudible, Take from artists websites, (Online) https://hayvkahraman.com/2017/01/21/martin-daughtry/ 13 May 2023.
44. del Barco, M. (2019). Iraqi American Artist Hayv Kahraman Is 'Building An Army Of Fierce Women, Taken from ''npr'' websites, (Online) https://www.npr.org/2019/11/27/770452266/iraqi-american-artist-hayv-kahraman-is-building-an-army-of-fierce-women 03 May 2023.
45. Global Thinkers Forum. (2023). Hayv Kahraman, Taken from ''Global Thinkers Forum'' websites, (online) https://www.globalthinkersforum.org/people/hayv-kahraman/ 11 May 2023.
46. Hiwa K. (2017). View From Above, Taken frome ''Fluentum'' websites, (online) https://www.fluentum.org/en/collection/view_from_above/ 22 May 2023
47. Hjellegjerde, K. (2023). Afifa Aleiby, London, Taken from Kristin Hjellegjerde Gallery Websites, (Online) https://kristinhjellegjerde.com/artists/208-afifa-aleiby/overview/ 20 March 2023.
48. Honig, A. F. (2010). Pins and Needles, Taken from artist websites, (Online) https://hayvkahraman.com/2017/01/22/pins-and-needles-ana-finel-honig-2010/ 17 May 2023.
49. İbrahimi Collection. (2023). Serwan Baran (1968), Amman, taken from İbrahimi Collection's website, (online) http://ibrahimicollection.com/node/154 1 Nisan 2023.
50. Jalal, M. (2023). Iraqi artist Afifa Aleiby’s Dubai solo show reflects a distinctly female perspective, Taken from The Frontier Post websites, (Online) https://thefrontierpost.com/iraqi-artist-afifa-aleibys-dubai-solo-show-reflects-a-distinctly-female-perspective/ 22 March 2023.
51. Jalal, M. (2023). Iraqi artist Afifa Aleiby’s Dubai solo show reflects a distinctly female perspective, Taken from The National Art & Design websites, (Online) https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art-design/2023/03/14/iraqi-artist-afifa-aleibys-dubai-solo-show-reflects-a-distinctly-female-perspective/ 24 March 2023.
52. Jeha, M. (2017). Mahmoud Sabri (Iraqi, 1927-2012), Taken from Christie's Websites, (online) https://www.christies.com/en/lot/lot-6099011 11 Mart 2023
53. K, Hiwa. (2017). View From Above. (online). . 22 May 2023.
54. Kahraman, H. (2016). Audible Inaudibl, Taken from artists websites, (Online) https://hayvkahraman.com/project/audible-inaudible/ 13 May 2023.
55. Kahraman, H. (2017). Mnemonic Object, Taken from artist websites, (Online) https://hayvkahraman.com/project/mnemonic_object/ 18 May 2023
56. Lowry, V. (2016). Hayv Kahraman‘s Paintings Capture the Effects of Conflict, Taken from ''AD'' architectural digest websites, (online) https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/hayv-kahraman-artist 07 May 2023.
57. Mahmoud, S. (2021). Iraqi Artist Afifa Aleiby Fulfills a Life-Long Dream to Exhibit in Cairo, Taken From Al-Farnar Media Websites, (Online) https://www.al-fanarmedia.org/2021/11/afifa-aleiby/ 24 March 2023.
58. Rea, N. (2018). The Ghost of Iraq’s Lost Heritage Comes to Trafalgar Square as Michael Rakowitz Unveils His Fourth Plinth Sculpture, (Online), https://news.artnet.com/art-world/michael-rakowitz-fourth-plinth-1254095 24 May 2023.
59. Nova Grup. (2021). Hunermendî Şêwekar ''Sîrwan Baran'', Le Malperî ''Tablo Visual Art'' Wergîrawe, (online) https://www.glartent.com/IQ/Kurd/108202487261144/Tablo-Visual-Art 25 Nisan 2023
60. Parkes, O. (2016). The Artist Painting Memories of Iraq, Taken from ''Vice'' websites, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.vice.com/en/article/qkg7g7/hayv-kahraman-interview 15 Mayıs 2023.
61. Phaidon. (2017). Hayv Kahraman - Why I Paint, Interview taken from Phaidon websites, 2017, (Online) https://www.phaidon.com/agenda/art/articles/2017/march/22/hayv-kahraman-why-i-paint/ 04 May 2003.
62. Sabri, M. (1971). A Manifesto of the New Art of Quantum Realism - 1971, Taken from Quantum Realism Websites, (online), http://www.quantumrealism.co.uk/id1.html 8 Mart 2023.
63. Sabri, M. (no date). ''Quantum Realism'' An Art Of Process, Taken from Quantum Realism Websites (online), http://www.quantumrealism.co.uk/index.html 8 Mart 2023.
64. Sherwin, Skye. (no date). Hayv Kahraman: ‘I was brainwashed into thinking anything Euro-American-centric is the ideal’, Taken from ''The Guardian'' websites, 2022, (Online), https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2022/feb/21/hayv-kahraman-i-was-brainwashed-into-thinking-anything-euro-american-centric-is-the-ideal 18 May 2023.
65. Smith, S. (2016). Befriended by a king, arrested, then forced to fight... Artist Dia Azzawi on the destruction of his beloved Iraq, Taken from ''The Telegraph'' websites. (Online) https://www.telegraph.co.uk/art/artists/befriended-by-a-king-arrested-then-forced-to-fight-artist-dia-az/ 17 May 2023
66. Szylak, A. & Hiwa K. (2016). Nazhad and The Bell Project, Taken frome artists Websites, (online) http://www.hiwak.net/projects/nazhad/ 25 May 2023
67. The Third Line. (2023). Hayv Kahraman: Gut Feelings: Part II, (Online) https://thethirdline.com/exhibitions/65-hayv-kahraman-gut-feelings-part-ii/ 11 May 2023.
68. Vielmetter Los Angeles. (2016). Hayv Kahraman, Taken from ''Vielmetter Los Angeles'' websites, (online) https://vielmetter.com/artists/hayv-kahraman 07 May 2023.
69. Xelîl, C. (2021). Wanekanî Zeryab, Witarêk le rojnamey awêne, (Online) https://www.awene.com/detail?article=63834 16 May 2023 16 May 2023.
70. Zafiris, A. (2015). Hayv Kahraman: Inside / Outside, Taken from ''Guernica'' website, (Çevrimiçi) https://www.guernicamag.com/inside-outside/ 15 Mayıs 2023.
71. Zidan, İ. (2022). Galiri Misr Yunazim Maerid ''Al-Raayat Al-Baydha'' Lilfanaan Sirwan Baran Bilriyadh, Mısr, Taken from Al-Wattan's website, (online) https://www.elwatannews.com/aboutus/ 3 Nisan 2023.