Araştırma Makalesi
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Etnik Temelli Çatışmalara BM Müdahalesi: Ruanda ve Bosna

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 227 - 240, 30.09.2022

Öz

Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) barış operasyonlarının yirmi birinci
yüzyıldaki en büyük imtihanı Ruanda ve Bosna soykırımlarıdır. Bunun
nedeni, BM’nin her iki ülkede de yaşanan soykırımı önlemede yetersiz
kalmasıdır. Bu yüzden, bu iki vaka çalışması tesadüfen seçilmemiştir. İki
vaka çalışmasında etnik nefretin doğurduğu soykırım sonucunun
yanında BM barış operasyonlarının Ruanda ve Bosna’daki rolüne
değinilecektir. Böylelikle, bu çalışma üç ana soruya cevap verecektir.
İlki, Ruanda ve Bosna’daki etnik nefretin kaynağı ve soykırımdaki rolü
nedir? İkincisi, Ruanda ve Bosna gibi etnik savaşlarda BM’nin rolü
nedir? Son olarak, Ruanda ve Bosna soykırımının etnik nedenlere dayalı
benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları nelerdir? Bu bağlamda etnik ve ırksal
farklılıkların her iki ülkede de soykırımına yol açtığı ve BM
müdahalesinin etnik nefret seviyesinin çok yüksek olmasından dolayı
Ruanda ve Bosna’daki müdahalesinin etkili olamadığını sonucuna
varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Attinà, F. (Ed.). (2012). The Politics and Policies of Relief, Aid and Reconstruction. doi:10.1057/9781137026736
  • Anderson, D. (1995). The UN’s role in the Former Yugoslavia: the Failure Of The Middle Way. Foreign Affairs Defence and Trade Group, Research Paper no. 15.
  • Balorda, J. (2013). Genocide and Modernity: A Comparative Study of Bosnia, Rwanda and the Holocaust, Degree of Doctor of Philosophy,The University of Leeds School of Sociology and Social Policy, 271.
  • Barria, L. & Roper, S. (2005). How Effective are International Criminal Tribunals? An Analysis of the ICTY and the ICTR. The International Journal of Human Rights, 9, 3, 349–68.
  • Bayraktar, F. (2021). Ethnic Conflict Movements: The Case Study of Bonia and Herzegovina. ABAD, 4, 7 , 113-132.
  • Çakmak, C. (2014). 20. Yüzyılda Soykırım ve Etnik Temizlik. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Carmichael, C. (2002). Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans, Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition. London: Routledge 2002, 33.
  • Cutts, M. (1999). The humanitarian operation in Bosnia, 1992-95: dilemmas of negotiating humanitarian access. New issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper No. 8
  • Dimjian, G.G. (2010). Warfare, genocide, and ethnic conflict: Darwinian approach. Proc(Bayl Univ Med Cent). 23(3), 292-300.
  • Doyle, M. W. and Sambanis N. (2006). Making war and building peace: United nations peace operations. Princeton University Press.
  • Elizabeth, S. (2011). Genocide, Nuptiality, and Fertility in Rwanda and Bosnia-Herzegovina. University of California. Retrieved from https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/etd/ucb/text/Staveteig_berkeley_0028E_11856.pdf (Accessed Date: 16.05.2022).
  • Eknes, A. (1995). The United Nations' predicament in the former Yugoslavia. In Weiss, T.G. (Eds.), The United Nations and Civil Wars. Colorado: Lynne kenner, Boulder.
  • Fenton, S.F. (2010). Etnicity. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Hintjens, H. M.(2001). When identity becomes a knife: Reflecting on the genocide in Rwanda. Etnicities, 1, 1, 25-55.
  • Huntington S. P. (1997). The Clash Of Civilizations And Remaking Of World Order. Simon& Schuster Ltd: London.
  • Jean, M. (N.d). The Rwandan Genocide: True motivation for mass killings Retrieved from http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume1/Moises.pdf (Accessed Date: 15.04.2022).
  • Jenkins, B. & Sofos, S.A. (1996). Nation and Identity in Contemporary Europe. Routledge:London.
  • Kaufman, S. J. (2001). Modern Hatreds The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. The United States of America: Cornell University Press.
  • Kaufman, S. J. (2006). Symbolic Politics or Rational Choice? Testing Theories of Extreme Ethnic Violence. International Security.
  • Lejla, M., Alma, J., Selvira, D. (2014). Psycho-social Aspects of Trauma and its transmission in Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina. Electronic Journal of Political Science Studies, 5,1,42.
  • Naimark N. M. (2002). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Newbury,C.(1978). Etnicity in Rwanda: The case of Kinyaga. International African Institute, 48, 1.
  • Newbury, C. (1988). The cohesion of oppression: Clientship and ethnicity in Rwanda 1860-1960. New York. Columbia University Press.
  • Regmi, R. (n.d). Enicity and Identity. Occasional Papers.1-11. Retrived https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/229166/OPSA_08_01.pdf?sequence=2 (Accessed Date: 05.05.2022).
  • Santos, S., Palomares, B., Normando, D., & Quintao, A. (2010). Race versus ethnicity: Differing from better application. Dental Press J Othod. 15(3),121-124.
  • Security Council. (1999). Report of the Independent Inquiry into the actions of the United Nations During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda.
  • Sotiropoulou, A. (2004). The role of ethnicity in ethnic conflicts: The case of Yugoslavia.Retrieved from https://pdfslide.net/documents/the-role-of-ethnicity-in-ethnic-conflicts-the-case-the-role-of-ethnicity-in.html (Accessed Date: 05.05.2022).
  • Suhrke, A., & Adelma, H. (2004). The Security Council and the Rwanda Genocide.In D. Malone, From the Cold War to the 21st Century. The UN Security Council.
  • Wohlgemuth, T. S. L. (n.d.). Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors. Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, study 1, 20.

UN Intervention in Ethnic Based Conflicts: Rwanda and Bosnia

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2, 227 - 240, 30.09.2022

Öz

The biggest test of UN peacekeeping operations in the 21st century is the genocides in Rwanda and Bosnia. This is because the UN was incapable of preventing the genocide that took place in both countries. Therefore, these two case studies were not chosen by chance. In two case studies, the role of UN peacekeeping operations in Rwanda and Bosnia, as well as the outcome of genocide caused by ethnic hatred, will be addressed. Thus, this study will answer three main questions. Firstly, what is the origin of ethnic hatred in Rwanda and Bosnia and its role in the genocide? Secondly, What is the role of UN in ethnic wars such as Rwanda and Bosnia? Lastly, What are the similarities and differences between Rwanda and Bosnia genocide based on ethnic reasons? In this context, it was concluded that ethnic and racial differences caused genocide in both countries and the UN intervention in Rwanda and Bosnia could not be effective due to the high level of ethnic hatred.

Kaynakça

  • Attinà, F. (Ed.). (2012). The Politics and Policies of Relief, Aid and Reconstruction. doi:10.1057/9781137026736
  • Anderson, D. (1995). The UN’s role in the Former Yugoslavia: the Failure Of The Middle Way. Foreign Affairs Defence and Trade Group, Research Paper no. 15.
  • Balorda, J. (2013). Genocide and Modernity: A Comparative Study of Bosnia, Rwanda and the Holocaust, Degree of Doctor of Philosophy,The University of Leeds School of Sociology and Social Policy, 271.
  • Barria, L. & Roper, S. (2005). How Effective are International Criminal Tribunals? An Analysis of the ICTY and the ICTR. The International Journal of Human Rights, 9, 3, 349–68.
  • Bayraktar, F. (2021). Ethnic Conflict Movements: The Case Study of Bonia and Herzegovina. ABAD, 4, 7 , 113-132.
  • Çakmak, C. (2014). 20. Yüzyılda Soykırım ve Etnik Temizlik. İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Carmichael, C. (2002). Ethnic Cleansing in the Balkans, Nationalism and the Destruction of Tradition. London: Routledge 2002, 33.
  • Cutts, M. (1999). The humanitarian operation in Bosnia, 1992-95: dilemmas of negotiating humanitarian access. New issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper No. 8
  • Dimjian, G.G. (2010). Warfare, genocide, and ethnic conflict: Darwinian approach. Proc(Bayl Univ Med Cent). 23(3), 292-300.
  • Doyle, M. W. and Sambanis N. (2006). Making war and building peace: United nations peace operations. Princeton University Press.
  • Elizabeth, S. (2011). Genocide, Nuptiality, and Fertility in Rwanda and Bosnia-Herzegovina. University of California. Retrieved from https://digitalassets.lib.berkeley.edu/etd/ucb/text/Staveteig_berkeley_0028E_11856.pdf (Accessed Date: 16.05.2022).
  • Eknes, A. (1995). The United Nations' predicament in the former Yugoslavia. In Weiss, T.G. (Eds.), The United Nations and Civil Wars. Colorado: Lynne kenner, Boulder.
  • Fenton, S.F. (2010). Etnicity. Cambridge: Polity.
  • Hintjens, H. M.(2001). When identity becomes a knife: Reflecting on the genocide in Rwanda. Etnicities, 1, 1, 25-55.
  • Huntington S. P. (1997). The Clash Of Civilizations And Remaking Of World Order. Simon& Schuster Ltd: London.
  • Jean, M. (N.d). The Rwandan Genocide: True motivation for mass killings Retrieved from http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume1/Moises.pdf (Accessed Date: 15.04.2022).
  • Jenkins, B. & Sofos, S.A. (1996). Nation and Identity in Contemporary Europe. Routledge:London.
  • Kaufman, S. J. (2001). Modern Hatreds The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. The United States of America: Cornell University Press.
  • Kaufman, S. J. (2006). Symbolic Politics or Rational Choice? Testing Theories of Extreme Ethnic Violence. International Security.
  • Lejla, M., Alma, J., Selvira, D. (2014). Psycho-social Aspects of Trauma and its transmission in Postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina. Electronic Journal of Political Science Studies, 5,1,42.
  • Naimark N. M. (2002). Fires of Hatred: Ethnic Cleansing in Twentieth-Century Europe. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Newbury,C.(1978). Etnicity in Rwanda: The case of Kinyaga. International African Institute, 48, 1.
  • Newbury, C. (1988). The cohesion of oppression: Clientship and ethnicity in Rwanda 1860-1960. New York. Columbia University Press.
  • Regmi, R. (n.d). Enicity and Identity. Occasional Papers.1-11. Retrived https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1810/229166/OPSA_08_01.pdf?sequence=2 (Accessed Date: 05.05.2022).
  • Santos, S., Palomares, B., Normando, D., & Quintao, A. (2010). Race versus ethnicity: Differing from better application. Dental Press J Othod. 15(3),121-124.
  • Security Council. (1999). Report of the Independent Inquiry into the actions of the United Nations During the 1994 Genocide in Rwanda.
  • Sotiropoulou, A. (2004). The role of ethnicity in ethnic conflicts: The case of Yugoslavia.Retrieved from https://pdfslide.net/documents/the-role-of-ethnicity-in-ethnic-conflicts-the-case-the-role-of-ethnicity-in.html (Accessed Date: 05.05.2022).
  • Suhrke, A., & Adelma, H. (2004). The Security Council and the Rwanda Genocide.In D. Malone, From the Cold War to the 21st Century. The UN Security Council.
  • Wohlgemuth, T. S. L. (n.d.). Historical Perspective: Some Explanatory Factors. Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, study 1, 20.
Toplam 29 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uluslararası İlişkiler
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

İrem Güldem Karar

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Eylül 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Haziran 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 5 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Karar, İ. G. (2022). UN Intervention in Ethnic Based Conflicts: Rwanda and Bosnia. Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi, 5(2), 227-240.

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