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Siyanürlü Altın Madenciliğine İlişkin Bir Vaka Çalışması: İliç Heyelanı Ekokırım ve Uluslararası Hukuk Perspektifinden Analizler

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 19 - 32, 27.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.59886/tsbder.1594498

Öz

Bu çalışmada siyanürlü altın madenciliği ve madencilik faaliyeti
sırasında meydana gelen kaza ve bu kazaya bağlı olarak oluşan ve/veya
oluşabilecek ekolojik felaketlerin uluslararası hukuk açısından ve
sınıraşan düzenlemeler bakımından değerlendirilmesinin yapılması
amaçlanmaktadır. Elbette bu değerlendirme yapılırken son yıllarda
ekokırımın uluslararası ve evrensel bir suç olması yönünde veya
evrensel bir suç olarak tanımlanması hususunda uluslararası
kamuoyunda oluşan eğilimin de göz önünde bulundurulması hususu özel
olarak dikkate alınmaktadır. Bu perspektifte; ekokırım ve ekokırım
suçların (olası) bir uluslararası hukuk düzenlemesine dönüşmesi olgusu
gözetilerek, Erzincan, İliç/ Türkiye’de 2024 yılında siyanürlü altın
madencilik faaliyetinin yapıldığı madende gerçekleşen kaza sonucu
ortaya çıkan felaketin analizi ile siyanürlü altın madenciliği faaliyetinin
hem uluslararası hukuk hem de ekorkırım suçlar bakımından durumu
tartışılmaktadır. Bu tartışmaya bağlı olarak; agresif, riskli ve tehlikeli
madencilik faaliyetlerinden doğması muhtemel uluslararası sorumluluk
halleri de doğal olarak tartışılmaktadır.Siyanürlü altın madenciliğinin
yarattığı risk ve ekolojik felaketlerin gezegeni ve ekosistemini tehdit
etmesinden ötürü, bu alanda etkili gezegen ve doğa dostu koruyucu
düzenlemelere ihtiyaç olduğu ve bu bağlamda ekokırımın evrensel bir
suç olarak tanımlanması ve kabul edilmesi hususlarının önemli bir olgu
olarak ortaya çıktığı görülmektedir.

Proje Numarası

Bulunmamaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Aarhus Convention Abdalla, O. A., Suliman, F. O., Al-Ajmi, H., Al-Hosni, T., & Rollinson, H. (2010). Cyanide from gold mining and its effect on groundwater in arid areas, Yanqul mine of Oman. Environmental Earth Sciences, 60, 885-892.
  • Acar, C. (2024). The sliding cyanide heap at the gold mine in Iliç had been proposed to be more than doubled”. https://yesilgazete.org/the-sliding-cyanide-heap-at-the-gold-mine-in-ilic-had-beenproposed- to-be-more-than-doubled/ (Accessed 23 March 2025).
  • Anning, C., Wang, J., Chen, P., Batmunkh, I., & Lyu, X. (2019). Determination and detoxification of cyanide in gold mine tailings: A review. Waste Management & Research, 37(11), 1117-1126.
  • Arpacık, C. (2022). Türkiye'nin taraf olmadığı Aarhus Sözleşmesi'ne farklı bir bakış: "'Maden, enerji ve nükleer söz konusu olduğunda çevreye bakmam' dersen sana Kovid ve kanser bakar" https://www.indyturk.com/node/518086/%C3%A7evre/t%C3%BCrkiyenin-tarafolmad% C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1-aarhus-s%C3%B6zle%C5%9Fmesine-farkl%C4%B1-birbak% C4%B1%C5%9F-maden-enerji-ve (Accessed 23 March 2025).
  • BBC News (2024). Erzincan’daki altın madeni: Toprak kayması ve göçük altında kalan 9 işçi ile ilgili ne biliniyor? BBC (13.02.2024). https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/ckveyyg5l25o (Accessed 07 November 2024).
  • Bocse, A.-M. (2021). Hybrid transnational advocacy networks in environmental protection: banning the use of cyanide in European gold mining, 21, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10784-020- 09492-6.
  • Bozkurt, K. (2023). Uluslararası hukuk ve ekokırım suçlar ekseninde Ukrayna-Rusya savaşına ilişkin değerlendirmeler, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 209-228.
  • Bozkurt, K. (2024). İklim Değişikliği ve Ekokırım Uluslararası Hukukun Entropisi, Legal Yayınları.
  • Bozkurt, K. and Çitköylü, A. (2024). Assessments on the Ukraine-RussiaWar in theAxis of International Law and Ecocide Crimes, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 505-523.
  • Bozkurt, K. And Nemec, E. N. (2024). Advancing ecocide in international law: A potential legal tool for safeguarding endangered species amidst climate change, Inonu University Law Review – In ULR 15(2): 350-357.
  • Case Öneryıldız v. Türkiye- Hudoc, an application (no. 48939/99). Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Makingand Access to Justice in Environmental Matters.
  • Çakır, M. (2024). Tıbbi Jeoloji Uzmanı Dr. Atabey bölgedeki altın, demir, bakır madenlerine dikkat çekti: Yukarı Fırat uyarısı! https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/tibbi-jeoloji-uzmani-dr-atabeybolgedeki- altin-demir-bakir-2177318 (Accessed 09 November 2024).
  • DW (2024). News and current affairs from Germany and around the World. Deutsche Welle. (Accessed 11 November 2024).
  • EUR-Lex Access to European Union law, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/ EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52010IP0145.
  • European Environment Agency. (2024). Cıva: çevre ve insan sağlığı için kalıcı bir tehdit: https://www.eea.europa.eu/tr/articles/civa-cevre-ve-insan-sagligi (Accessed 01 November 2024).
  • European Commission (EUROSTAT) (2010). Eurostat 50304.2009.001-2009.846 Information Hub Enquiry 2010-001 Impacts of Gold Extraction In the EU.
  • Freitas, J. and Horta, D. (2023). Impacts of cyanide in gold mining and cyanide removal methodologies in liquid waste from gold processing, Revista de Metalugia, 59 (3), e247-e247
  • Güneş, A. M. (2010). Aarhus Sözleşmesi Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 14, 298-333, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/articlefile/ 789557#:~:text=Bu%20nihai%20metin%2025%20Haziran,tarihinde%20Aarhus%20S%C3%B 6zle%C5%9Fmesi%20y%C3%BCr%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9Fe%20girmi%C5%9Ftir. https://cyanidecode.org/languages/turkish/ (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://cygm.csb.gov.tr/ulkemiz-civaya-iliskin-minamata-sozlesmesine-resmen-taraf-oldu-haberhttps:// civasizturkiye.com/belgeler/minamata-sozlesmesi-tr.pdf (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/tur#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-162089%22]} (Accessed 23 March 2025).
  • https://hukukbook.com/cevresel-konularda-bilgiye-erisim-karar-vermede-halkin-katilimi-ve-yargiyabasvuru- sozlesmesi-aarhus-sozlesmesi/ (Accessed 07 November 2024).
  • https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/41401/WHO_TRS_647.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed 06 November 2024).
  • https://rm.coe.int/168007f3f4#:~:text=the%20unlawful%20possession%2C%20taking%2C%20damaging, wild%20flora%20and%20fauna%20species.&text=by%20one%20of%20its%20nationals,fall%20 under%20any%20territorial%20jurisdiction. (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/chemicals/editordosya/Minamata%20En.pdf (Accessed 01 November 2024).
  • https://civasizturkiye.com/belgeler/minamata-sozlesmesi-tr.pdf (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cx0vw39gx87o (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://www.dw.com/tr/i%CC%87li%C3%A7te-5-i%C5%9F%C3%A7ig% C3%B6%C3%A7%C3%BCk-alt%C4%B1ndayken-yeni-maden-ruhsat%C4%B1/video- 69218226 (Accessed 06 November 2024).
  • https://www.eea.europa.eu/tr/articles/civa-cevre-ve-insan-sagligi (Accessed 06 November 2024). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/P-9-2023- 000296_EN.html#:~:text=On%20the%2010th%20anniversary%20of,water%20bodies%20and%20 ecosystems%20from (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://www.ttb.org.tr/kollar/halk_sagligi/haber_goster.php?Guid=fa64adc4-f61c-11ec-8f77- 41ecdd8d2c36 (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://www.undrr.org/hips-cluster/heavy-metals (Accessed 08 November 2024).
  • https://yesilgazete.org/256-yeni-ruhsat-verildi-ilicte-yeni-altin-madeni/ (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • International Cyanide Management Code for the Production, Transport and Use of Cyanide in Gold Production.
  • Kaya, M. (2024). “Maden kazası uluslararası hukukta sorun yaratabilir”, https://www.ekonomim.com/gundem/maden-kazasi-uluslararasi-hukukta-sorun-yaratabilir-haberi- 735285 (Accessed 02 November 2024).
  • Kayhan, A. K. (2022). Civa Tehlikesi ile Mücadelede Küresel Uzlaşı: Minamata Sözleşmesi, MÜHF-HAD, 28(2), 713-743, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2625726.
  • KSYÖ, Kimyasal Silahların Yasaklanması Örgütü, (2017). Kimyasal Savaş Yaralılarının Tıbbi Yönetimi İçin P ratik R ehber, T ürkçe Ç eviri E d.: K ENAR, L . & S EZİGEN, S . https://sbu.edu.tr/FileFolder/Dosyalar/eb408a43/2018_6/kimyasal_savas_yaralilarinin.pdf.
  • Laitos, J. G. (2013). Cyanide, Mining, and the Environment, Pace Environmental Law Review, 30(3), 869- 949.
  • Marauhn, T. (2016). Chemical Weapons and Warfare, Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law, https://moodle2.units.it/pluginfile.php/464019/mod_resource/content/1/CHEMICAL%20WEAPO NS.pdf
  • Metalurji ve Toplum (2024). Siyanür, Altın, İnsan ve Çevre, https://www.metalurji.org.tr/hurdaci/sayi_1/hurdaci1_1014.pdf (Accessed 08 November 2024). Minamata Convention and the Mercury Hazard.
  • Moribe, C. M., Pereira, F. D. L. B., and França, N. P. C. D. (2023). Ecocide: A new challenge for the international criminal law and for humanity, Journal of International Criminal Law, 4, 28-40.
  • Mudder, T. I. and Botz, M.M. (2004), Cyanide and society: a critical review, The European Journal of Mineral Processing and Environmental Protection 4(1), 62-74.
  • Özenbaş, N. (2013). Çevrenin Ceza Hukuku Yoluyla Korunması Kapsamında Çevrenin Kirletilmesi Suçları, International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Rome Satute. A Case Study of Cyanide Gold Mining: The İlı̇ç Landslide Analysis from The Perspective of Ecocide and International Law
  • TBB (2024). Statement of the Union of Turkish Bar Associations on Iliç Çöpler Gold Mine Disaster (Türkiye Barolar Birliği İliç Çöpler Altın Madeni Faciası Açıklaması): "Olası zararların önlenmesinin mümkün olduğu durumlarda hukuken kazadan söz edilemez”, https://www.barobirlik.org.tr/Haberler/ilic-copler-altin-madeni-faciasi-aciklamasi-olasi-zararlarinonlenmesinin- mumkun-oldugu-durumlarda-84596 (Accessed 02 November 2024).
  • The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), officially the Convention on theProhibition of the Development, Production, Stock piling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. The Convention on theProtection of the Environment through Criminal Law. The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol.
  • TEMA (2024). (The Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the Protection of Natural Habitats), https://www.tema.org.tr/basin-odasi/basin-bultenleri/tema-vakfindan-ilicaciklamasi- ulkemizde-vahsi-madencilik-yapilmasini-istemiyoruz (Accessed 02 November 2024).
  • TTB (2024). (Turkish Medical Association Public Health Section), Opinion on Cyanide Gold Mining (Türk Tabipler Birliği Halk Sağlığı Kolu, Siyanürlü Altın Madenciliği ile İlgili Görüş), https://www.ttb.org.tr/kollar/halk_sagligi/haber_goster.php?Guid=fa64adc4-f61c-11ec-8f77- 41ecdd8d2c36 (Accessed 03 November 2024).
  • Tucker, J. B. (2012). The Role of the Chemical Weapons Convention in Countering Chemical Terrorism, DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2011.611839105
  • Türk Toraks Derneği (2024). Opinion of the Turkish Thoracic Society on the Gold Mine Accident in İliç, Erzincan (Türk Toraks Derneği’nin Erzincan İliç’te Yaşanan Altın Madeni Kazası ile İlgili Görüşü), https://toraks.org.tr/files/mf/site/turk-toraks-dernegi-nin-erzincan-ilicte-yasanan-alt-7a29b01c.pdf (Accessed 04 November 2024).
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  • Uhm, D. P. V. (2020). The Diversification of Organized Crime into Gold Mining: Domination, Crime Convergence, and Ecocide in Darién, Colombia.
  • Ülker, P. (2024). Altı soruda siyanürlü altın madenciliği. Deutsche Welle. (16.02.2024) https://www.dw.com/tr/alt%.4%B1-soruda-siyan%C3%BCrl%C3%BC-alt%C4%B1nmadencili% C4%9Fi/a-68279548 https://www.dwturkce1.com/tr/erzincani% CC%87li%C3%A7teki-tehlikeli-y%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n-ne-olacak/a-68387268 (Accessed 05 November 2024).

A Case Study of Cyanide Gold Mining: The İliç Landslide Analysis from the Perspective of Ecocide and International Law

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 19 - 32, 27.03.2025
https://doi.org/10.59886/tsbder.1594498

Öz

This study evaluates the incident associated with cyanide gold mining,
and the ecological disasters that have occurred and/or may arise as a
consequence, analyzed through the lens of international law and in terms
of cross-border regulations. This evaluation will consider the inclination
of international public opinion to characterize ecocide as an international
and universal crime, particularly in recent years. This perspective
examines the potential for preventing cyanide gold mining activities
through international legal regulations concerning ecocide and ecocide
crimes. It analyzes the disaster resulting from the 2024 inicdent at the
cyanide gold mining site in İliç, Erzincan/Türkiye. This discussion explores
the potential for international liability arising from aggressive, risky, and
hazardous mining activities. Cyanide gold mining poses significant risks to
the planet and its ecosystems, underscoring the necessity for robust
environmental protection regulations. The definition and acceptance of
ecocide as a universal crime has emerged as a significant phenomenon in
this context.

Proje Numarası

Bulunmamaktadır

Kaynakça

  • Aarhus Convention Abdalla, O. A., Suliman, F. O., Al-Ajmi, H., Al-Hosni, T., & Rollinson, H. (2010). Cyanide from gold mining and its effect on groundwater in arid areas, Yanqul mine of Oman. Environmental Earth Sciences, 60, 885-892.
  • Acar, C. (2024). The sliding cyanide heap at the gold mine in Iliç had been proposed to be more than doubled”. https://yesilgazete.org/the-sliding-cyanide-heap-at-the-gold-mine-in-ilic-had-beenproposed- to-be-more-than-doubled/ (Accessed 23 March 2025).
  • Anning, C., Wang, J., Chen, P., Batmunkh, I., & Lyu, X. (2019). Determination and detoxification of cyanide in gold mine tailings: A review. Waste Management & Research, 37(11), 1117-1126.
  • Arpacık, C. (2022). Türkiye'nin taraf olmadığı Aarhus Sözleşmesi'ne farklı bir bakış: "'Maden, enerji ve nükleer söz konusu olduğunda çevreye bakmam' dersen sana Kovid ve kanser bakar" https://www.indyturk.com/node/518086/%C3%A7evre/t%C3%BCrkiyenin-tarafolmad% C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1-aarhus-s%C3%B6zle%C5%9Fmesine-farkl%C4%B1-birbak% C4%B1%C5%9F-maden-enerji-ve (Accessed 23 March 2025).
  • BBC News (2024). Erzincan’daki altın madeni: Toprak kayması ve göçük altında kalan 9 işçi ile ilgili ne biliniyor? BBC (13.02.2024). https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/ckveyyg5l25o (Accessed 07 November 2024).
  • Bocse, A.-M. (2021). Hybrid transnational advocacy networks in environmental protection: banning the use of cyanide in European gold mining, 21, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10784-020- 09492-6.
  • Bozkurt, K. (2023). Uluslararası hukuk ve ekokırım suçlar ekseninde Ukrayna-Rusya savaşına ilişkin değerlendirmeler, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 209-228.
  • Bozkurt, K. (2024). İklim Değişikliği ve Ekokırım Uluslararası Hukukun Entropisi, Legal Yayınları.
  • Bozkurt, K. and Çitköylü, A. (2024). Assessments on the Ukraine-RussiaWar in theAxis of International Law and Ecocide Crimes, Yeditepe Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(1), 505-523.
  • Bozkurt, K. And Nemec, E. N. (2024). Advancing ecocide in international law: A potential legal tool for safeguarding endangered species amidst climate change, Inonu University Law Review – In ULR 15(2): 350-357.
  • Case Öneryıldız v. Türkiye- Hudoc, an application (no. 48939/99). Convention on Access to Information, Public Participation in Decision-Makingand Access to Justice in Environmental Matters.
  • Çakır, M. (2024). Tıbbi Jeoloji Uzmanı Dr. Atabey bölgedeki altın, demir, bakır madenlerine dikkat çekti: Yukarı Fırat uyarısı! https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/turkiye/tibbi-jeoloji-uzmani-dr-atabeybolgedeki- altin-demir-bakir-2177318 (Accessed 09 November 2024).
  • DW (2024). News and current affairs from Germany and around the World. Deutsche Welle. (Accessed 11 November 2024).
  • EUR-Lex Access to European Union law, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legalcontent/ EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A52010IP0145.
  • European Environment Agency. (2024). Cıva: çevre ve insan sağlığı için kalıcı bir tehdit: https://www.eea.europa.eu/tr/articles/civa-cevre-ve-insan-sagligi (Accessed 01 November 2024).
  • European Commission (EUROSTAT) (2010). Eurostat 50304.2009.001-2009.846 Information Hub Enquiry 2010-001 Impacts of Gold Extraction In the EU.
  • Freitas, J. and Horta, D. (2023). Impacts of cyanide in gold mining and cyanide removal methodologies in liquid waste from gold processing, Revista de Metalugia, 59 (3), e247-e247
  • Güneş, A. M. (2010). Aarhus Sözleşmesi Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Gazi Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 14, 298-333, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/articlefile/ 789557#:~:text=Bu%20nihai%20metin%2025%20Haziran,tarihinde%20Aarhus%20S%C3%B 6zle%C5%9Fmesi%20y%C3%BCr%C3%BCrl%C3%BC%C4%9Fe%20girmi%C5%9Ftir. https://cyanidecode.org/languages/turkish/ (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://cygm.csb.gov.tr/ulkemiz-civaya-iliskin-minamata-sozlesmesine-resmen-taraf-oldu-haberhttps:// civasizturkiye.com/belgeler/minamata-sozlesmesi-tr.pdf (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/tur#{%22itemid%22:[%22001-162089%22]} (Accessed 23 March 2025).
  • https://hukukbook.com/cevresel-konularda-bilgiye-erisim-karar-vermede-halkin-katilimi-ve-yargiyabasvuru- sozlesmesi-aarhus-sozlesmesi/ (Accessed 07 November 2024).
  • https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/41401/WHO_TRS_647.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed 06 November 2024).
  • https://rm.coe.int/168007f3f4#:~:text=the%20unlawful%20possession%2C%20taking%2C%20damaging, wild%20flora%20and%20fauna%20species.&text=by%20one%20of%20its%20nationals,fall%20 under%20any%20territorial%20jurisdiction. (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/chemicals/editordosya/Minamata%20En.pdf (Accessed 01 November 2024).
  • https://civasizturkiye.com/belgeler/minamata-sozlesmesi-tr.pdf (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cx0vw39gx87o (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://www.dw.com/tr/i%CC%87li%C3%A7te-5-i%C5%9F%C3%A7ig% C3%B6%C3%A7%C3%BCk-alt%C4%B1ndayken-yeni-maden-ruhsat%C4%B1/video- 69218226 (Accessed 06 November 2024).
  • https://www.eea.europa.eu/tr/articles/civa-cevre-ve-insan-sagligi (Accessed 06 November 2024). https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/P-9-2023- 000296_EN.html#:~:text=On%20the%2010th%20anniversary%20of,water%20bodies%20and%20 ecosystems%20from (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://www.ttb.org.tr/kollar/halk_sagligi/haber_goster.php?Guid=fa64adc4-f61c-11ec-8f77- 41ecdd8d2c36 (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • https://www.undrr.org/hips-cluster/heavy-metals (Accessed 08 November 2024).
  • https://yesilgazete.org/256-yeni-ruhsat-verildi-ilicte-yeni-altin-madeni/ (Accessed 05 November 2024).
  • International Cyanide Management Code for the Production, Transport and Use of Cyanide in Gold Production.
  • Kaya, M. (2024). “Maden kazası uluslararası hukukta sorun yaratabilir”, https://www.ekonomim.com/gundem/maden-kazasi-uluslararasi-hukukta-sorun-yaratabilir-haberi- 735285 (Accessed 02 November 2024).
  • Kayhan, A. K. (2022). Civa Tehlikesi ile Mücadelede Küresel Uzlaşı: Minamata Sözleşmesi, MÜHF-HAD, 28(2), 713-743, https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2625726.
  • KSYÖ, Kimyasal Silahların Yasaklanması Örgütü, (2017). Kimyasal Savaş Yaralılarının Tıbbi Yönetimi İçin P ratik R ehber, T ürkçe Ç eviri E d.: K ENAR, L . & S EZİGEN, S . https://sbu.edu.tr/FileFolder/Dosyalar/eb408a43/2018_6/kimyasal_savas_yaralilarinin.pdf.
  • Laitos, J. G. (2013). Cyanide, Mining, and the Environment, Pace Environmental Law Review, 30(3), 869- 949.
  • Marauhn, T. (2016). Chemical Weapons and Warfare, Max Planck Encyclopedias of International Law, https://moodle2.units.it/pluginfile.php/464019/mod_resource/content/1/CHEMICAL%20WEAPO NS.pdf
  • Metalurji ve Toplum (2024). Siyanür, Altın, İnsan ve Çevre, https://www.metalurji.org.tr/hurdaci/sayi_1/hurdaci1_1014.pdf (Accessed 08 November 2024). Minamata Convention and the Mercury Hazard.
  • Moribe, C. M., Pereira, F. D. L. B., and França, N. P. C. D. (2023). Ecocide: A new challenge for the international criminal law and for humanity, Journal of International Criminal Law, 4, 28-40.
  • Mudder, T. I. and Botz, M.M. (2004), Cyanide and society: a critical review, The European Journal of Mineral Processing and Environmental Protection 4(1), 62-74.
  • Özenbaş, N. (2013). Çevrenin Ceza Hukuku Yoluyla Korunması Kapsamında Çevrenin Kirletilmesi Suçları, International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Rome Satute. A Case Study of Cyanide Gold Mining: The İlı̇ç Landslide Analysis from The Perspective of Ecocide and International Law
  • TBB (2024). Statement of the Union of Turkish Bar Associations on Iliç Çöpler Gold Mine Disaster (Türkiye Barolar Birliği İliç Çöpler Altın Madeni Faciası Açıklaması): "Olası zararların önlenmesinin mümkün olduğu durumlarda hukuken kazadan söz edilemez”, https://www.barobirlik.org.tr/Haberler/ilic-copler-altin-madeni-faciasi-aciklamasi-olasi-zararlarinonlenmesinin- mumkun-oldugu-durumlarda-84596 (Accessed 02 November 2024).
  • The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), officially the Convention on theProhibition of the Development, Production, Stock piling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction. The Convention on theProtection of the Environment through Criminal Law. The Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare, usually called the Geneva Protocol.
  • TEMA (2024). (The Turkish Foundation for Combating Soil Erosion, for Reforestation and the Protection of Natural Habitats), https://www.tema.org.tr/basin-odasi/basin-bultenleri/tema-vakfindan-ilicaciklamasi- ulkemizde-vahsi-madencilik-yapilmasini-istemiyoruz (Accessed 02 November 2024).
  • TTB (2024). (Turkish Medical Association Public Health Section), Opinion on Cyanide Gold Mining (Türk Tabipler Birliği Halk Sağlığı Kolu, Siyanürlü Altın Madenciliği ile İlgili Görüş), https://www.ttb.org.tr/kollar/halk_sagligi/haber_goster.php?Guid=fa64adc4-f61c-11ec-8f77- 41ecdd8d2c36 (Accessed 03 November 2024).
  • Tucker, J. B. (2012). The Role of the Chemical Weapons Convention in Countering Chemical Terrorism, DOI: 10.1080/09546553.2011.611839105
  • Türk Toraks Derneği (2024). Opinion of the Turkish Thoracic Society on the Gold Mine Accident in İliç, Erzincan (Türk Toraks Derneği’nin Erzincan İliç’te Yaşanan Altın Madeni Kazası ile İlgili Görüşü), https://toraks.org.tr/files/mf/site/turk-toraks-dernegi-nin-erzincan-ilicte-yasanan-alt-7a29b01c.pdf (Accessed 04 November 2024).
  • UN Environment Progmamme (2024), Minamata Convention Ratification Map, https://minamataconvention.org/en/parties/overview (Accessed 23 March 2025).
  • Uhm, D. P. V. (2020). The Diversification of Organized Crime into Gold Mining: Domination, Crime Convergence, and Ecocide in Darién, Colombia.
  • Ülker, P. (2024). Altı soruda siyanürlü altın madenciliği. Deutsche Welle. (16.02.2024) https://www.dw.com/tr/alt%.4%B1-soruda-siyan%C3%BCrl%C3%BC-alt%C4%B1nmadencili% C4%9Fi/a-68279548 https://www.dwturkce1.com/tr/erzincani% CC%87li%C3%A7teki-tehlikeli-y%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1n-ne-olacak/a-68387268 (Accessed 05 November 2024).
Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yurtiçi İnsan Hakları Hukuku, Kamu Hukuku (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Kutluhan Bozkurt 0000-0001-7489-9029

Proje Numarası Bulunmamaktadır
Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2024
Kabul Tarihi 23 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Bozkurt, K. (2025). A Case Study of Cyanide Gold Mining: The İliç Landslide Analysis from the Perspective of Ecocide and International Law. Türkiye Siyaset Bilimi Dergisi, 8(1), 19-32. https://doi.org/10.59886/tsbder.1594498

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