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The Instrumental Role of Forgiving In The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Decision-Making and Happiness In Athletes

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1 , 34 - 50 , 30.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1695334
https://izlik.org/JA67NE64SS

Öz

This study intended to reveal the mediating relationship of forgiveness in the relationship between cognitive flexibility, decision-making, and happiness of athletes aged 18 and over through structural equation modeling. A total of 618 licensed athletes participated in the study, and the data were collected from volunteer participants using the "Forgiveness Decision Scale", "Cognitive Flexibility Scale", "Natural Decision-Making Scale" and "Happiness Scale". The results indicated that athletes’ forgiveness was the full mediator in the relationship between decision-making and happiness, and the partial mediator in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and happiness. The mediation study carried out offers clues to identify and eliminate the negativities on the way to the success of the athletes.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Sheldon KM, Lyubomirsky S. Achieving sustainable new happiness: Prospects, practices, and prescriptions. Positive Psychology in Practice, 2004; 127-145.
  • 2. Crossley A, Langdridge D. Perceived sources of happiness: A network analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2005; 6, 107-135.
  • 3. Schiffrin HH, Nelson SK. Stressed and happy? Investigating the relationship between happiness and perceived stress. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2010; 11, 33-39.
  • 4. Lyubomirsky S. Why are some people happier than others? The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American Psycho-logist, 2001, 56, 239-249.
  • 5. Seligman MEP. Real happiness. (Translated by Semra Kunt Akbas). Ankara: HYB Publishing. 2002.
  • 6. Edwards JK. Relationship satisfaction: The role of attachment, conflict, empathy, & forgiveness (Doctoral dissertation) Purdue University, United States of America. 2007.
  • 7. Fitzgibbons R, Enright R, O Brien T. F. Learning to forgive. American School Board Journal, 2004; 191, 24-26.
  • 8. Worthington, jun, E. L. An empathy‐humility‐commitment model of forgiveness applied within family dyads. Journal of Family Therapy, 1998; 20(1), 59-76.
  • 9. Maltby J, Day L, Barber L. Forgiveness and happiness, the differing contexts of forgiveness using the distinction betweeen hedonic and eudai-monic happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2005; 6, 1-13.
  • 10. Chan DW. Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers: The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to happiness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 2013; 32, 22-30.
  • 11. Kara M, Özsari A, Kara NS, Çetin MC. Sportmenlik ve affetme esnekliği: Genç karate sporcuları araştırması. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2023; 11(29), 56-68. (In Turkısh)
  • 12. Karremans JC, Van Lange PA, Ouwerkerk JW, Kluwer ES. When forgiving enhances psychological well-being: the role of interpersonal commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003; 84(5), 1011.
  • 13. Kaya ÖS, Orçan F. Mutluluğun empati, affetme ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki aracı rolü: Bir yol analizi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2019; 19(2), 540-554. (In Turkısh).
  • 14. Adam-Karduz FF, Sarıcam H. The relationships between positivity, forgiveness, happiness, and revenge. Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 2018; 10(4).
  • 15. Tsaur SH, Yen CH, Hsiao SL. Transcendent experience, flow and happiness for mountain climbers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2013; 15(4),360-374.
  • 16. Stevens AD. Social problem-solving and cognitive flexibility: Relations to social skills and problem behavior of at-risk young children. Seattle Pacific University. 2009.
  • 17. Cox KS. The effects of second-language study on the cognitive flexibility of freshman university students. The Ohio State University. 1980.
  • 18. Kara M, Kara NS, Çetin MC. The relationship between karate trainers' continuous angry and angry expressions and levels of cognitive flexibility. International Journal of Bozok Sports Sciences, 2021; 2(3), 1-12.
  • 19. Asıcı E, Ikiz FE. A path to happiness: Cognitive flexibility. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Faculty of Education, 2015; 1(35),191-211.
  • 20. Yıldız F. Examining the mediating role of difficulty in emotion regulation in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and psychological symptoms in adolescents (Published Master's Thesis). Mersin University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Mersin. 2018.
  • 21. Satan AA. The effect of religious belief and cognitive flexibility levels on subjective well-being. Education and Society in the 21st Century, 2014; 3(7), 56-74.
  • 22. Demirtaş AS. Optimism and happiness in undergraduate students: Cognitive flexibility and adjustment to university life as mediators. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 2020; 36(2), 320-329.
  • 23. Asıcı E, Sarı H. The mediating role of coping strategies in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and well-being. International Journal of Scholars in Education, 2021; 4(1), 38-56.
  • 24. Tekin M, Ozmutlu I, Erhan S. Examination of decision making and thinking styles of students who participated in special talent exams. Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 2009; 11 (3), 42-56.
  • 25. Sánchez ACJ, Calvo AL, Buñuel P SL, Godoy SJI. Decision-making of spanish female basketball team players while they are competing. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 2009; 18(3), 369-373.
  • 26. Dilmaç B, Bozgeyikli H. Investigation of subjective well-being and decision-making styles of teacher candidates. Journal of Erzincan University Faculty of Education, 2009; 11(1), 171-187.
  • 27. Tekkurşun-Demir G, Namlı S, Hazar Z, Turkeli A, Cicioglu HI. Decision-making styles and mental well-being levels of individual and team athletes. CBU Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 2018; 13(1), 176-191.
  • 28. Yıldız M, Eldeleklioglu J. The relationship between decision-making and ıntolerance to uncertainty, cognitive flexibility and happiness. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 2021; 91, 39-60.
  • 29. Bubic A, Erceg N. The role of decision making styles in explaining happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2018; 19(1), 213-229.
  • 30. Veenhoven R. Theutility of happiness. Socialindicators research, 1988; 20, 333-354.
  • 31. Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. Recent advances in social psychology: An International Perspective, 1989; 189-203.
  • 32. Myers DG, Diener E. Who is happy?. Psychologicalscience, 1995; 6(1), 10-19.
  • 33. Farabi ENM. Fusulu'l-madani. (trans. H. Ozcan). Dokuz Eylul University Press, Izmir. 1987.
  • 34. Tsang JA, McCullough ME, Fincham FD. The longitudinal association between forgiveness and relationship closeness and commitment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2006; 25(4), 448-472.
  • 35. Çolak T, Koç M. Forgiveness flexibility. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 2016; 3(1), 14-30.
  • 36. Kuru E. Personality traits of physical education department students in different status. Gazi University Journal of Gazi Education Faculty, 2003; 23(1).
  • 37. Martin MM, Anderson CM. The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies. Communication Reports, 1998; 11(1), 1-9.
  • 38. Silver JA, Hughes JD, Bornstein RA, Beversdorf DQ. Effect of anxiolytics on cognitiveflexibility in problem solving. Cog. Behav. Neurol, 2004; 17(2), 93 -97.
  • 39. Kloo D, Perner J, Aichhorn M, Schmidhuber N. Perspective taking and cognitive flexibility in the Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) task. Cognitive Development, 2010; 25(3), 208-217.
  • 40. Kurt U. The effects of the personality structures of the managers in the decision making process. (Published Master's Thesis). Baskent University, Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara. 2003.
  • 41. McMorris T, MacGillivary WW. An investigation into the relationship between field independence and decision making in soccer. In Science and Football (Routledge Revivals) (pp. 552-557). Routledge. 2013.
  • 42. Akpınar O, Temel V, Birol SS, Akpınar S, Nas K. Determination of decision making styles of hockey players studying at university. Kastamonu University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Journal, 2015; 9(3), 92-99.
  • 43. Saraiva AC, Marshall L. Dorsolateral–ventromedialprefrontalcor- texinteractionsduringvalue-guidedchoice: a function of contextordiffi- culty?. Journal of Neuroscience, 2015; 35(13), 5087-5088.
  • 44. Dolu N, Bahür S, Demirer F, Kulak E, Cam A. The effect of physical activity on cognitive functions. Izmir University Medical Journal, 2016; D(5),7-8.
  • 45. Frankel RJ, Wallen EN, Hyun HH. How to design and evaluate research in education. (Eighth Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.
  • 46. Comrey AL. Factor-analytic methods of scale development in personality and clinical psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1988; 56(5), 754.
  • 47. Ekşi H, Parlak S, Demir-Celayir G. Adaptation of the forgiveness order scale into Turkish. paper presented at the. 1st International Congress of New Searches in Education, Istanbul. 2018.
  • 48. Bilgin M. Developing a cognitive flexibility scale: Validity and reliability studies. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 2009; 37(3), 343-353.
  • 49. Sundu M, Yaşar O. Natural decision making scale: Conceptual definition and scale development study. Doğuş University Journal, 2020; 21(1), 101-115.
  • 50. Demirci İ, Ekşi H. Keep calm and be happy: A mixed method study from character strengths to well-being. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 2018; 18(2).
  • 51. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. New York: Allyn & Bacon, 2007.
  • 52. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis: Global edition perspective. (7th Edition). Pearson Education. 2010.
  • 53. Fornell C, Larcker DF. Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Sage Publications Sage CA. 1981.
  • 54. Huang CC, Wang YM, Wu TW, Wang PA. An empirical analysis of the antecedents and performance consequences of using the moodle platform. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 2013; 3(2), 217.
  • 55. Reisinger Y, Turner L. Structural equation modeling with Lisrel: application in tourism. Tourism Management, 1999; 20(1), 71-88.
  • 56. Simsek ÖF. Introduction to structural equation modeling, basic principles and LISREL applications. Ankara: Ekinoks Publications, 2007.
  • 57. Wothke W. Introduction to structural equation modeling course notes. Carolina del Norte: SAS Institute Inc, 2010.
  • 58. Yılmaz V. Structural equation models with Lisrel: Application to consumer complaints. Journal of Social Sciences, 2004; 1,77-90.
  • 59. Hoyle RH. (Ed.). Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Sage, 1995.
  • 60. Leech NL, Barrett KC, Morgan GA. SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. Psychology Press, 2005.
  • 61. Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural equation modeling, 2002; 9(2), 233-255.
  • 62. Raykov T, Marcoulides GA. On multilevel model reliability estimation from the perspective of structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 2006; 13(1), 130-141.
  • 63. Schumacker RE, Lomax RG. A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004.
  • 64. Hair JF, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC. Examining your data. In Multivariate data analysis with readings (pp.32-75). Indianapolis, IN: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc, 1995.
  • 65. Kalaycı S. (Ed.). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 2005. (In Turkish).
  • 66. Çokluk O, Sekercioğlu G, Büyüköztürk Ş. Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and LISREL applications (2). Ankara: Pegem Academy, 2012. (In Turkish)
  • 67. Byrne BM. Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, 1998.
  • 68. Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1999; 6(1), 1- 55.
  • 69. Hooper C, Killick R, Lovestone S. The GSK3 hypothesis of alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neurochemistry, 2008; 104(6), 1433-1439.
  • 70. Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th Edn.). London: The Guilford Press, 2016.
  • 71. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986; 51(6), 1173.
  • 72. Gurbuz S, Sahin F. Research methods in social sciences. Ankara: Seckin Press, 2018.
  • 73. Yasar K. The relationship between the subjective well-being levels of education faculty students and their psychological resilience and forgiveness levels (PhD Thesis), Bursa Uludag University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Bursa, 2015.
  • 74. Eke A. The effect of family environment perception and forgiveness characteristics on subjective well-being in emerging adults (Published Master's Thesis). Maltepe University, Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul. 2018.
  • 75. Demirtas AS. Resilience and forgiveness in emerging adulthood: Parallel multiple mediation of cognitive control/resilience. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 2021; 17(35), 1968-1989.
  • 76. Balta SN. Investigation of the effects of cognitive flexibility levels of young adults on death anxiety levels and happiness levels (Published Master's Thesis). Istanbul Gelisim University, Institute of Social Sciences. Istanbul, 2020.
  • 77. Sagar ME. Predictors of subjective well-being at school in adolescents: Emotion regulation, coping and cognitive flexibility. Aegean Education Journal, 2022; 23(2), 133-149.
  • 78. Kara NS. Examination of the meaning of life, forgiveness flexibility, cognitive flexibility and psychological symptoms in terms of various variables in individuals who do and do not do sports. Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Graduate School of Education, Sakarya, 2020.
  • 79. Akın G. Examining the relationship between cognitive flexibility, forgiveness and perfectionism in adolescents (Published Master's Thesis). Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Istanbul, 2021.

Sporcularda Bilişsel Esneklik ve Karar Verme ile Mutluluk Arasındaki İlişkide Affetmenin Aracı Rolü

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1 , 34 - 50 , 30.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1695334
https://izlik.org/JA67NE64SS

Öz

Bu çalışma, 18 yaş ve üzeri sporcuların bilişsel esneklik, karar verme ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişkide affetmenin aracılık ilişkisini yapısal eşitlik modellemesi yoluyla ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. Çalışmaya toplam 618 lisanslı sporcu katılmış ve veriler gönüllü katılımcılardan “Affetme Karar Ölçeği”, “Bilişsel Esneklik Ölçeği”, “Doğal Karar Verme Ölçeği” ve “Mutluluk Ölçeği” kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Sonuçlar, sporcuların affediciliğinin karar verme ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişkide tam aracı, bilişsel esneklik ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişkide ise kısmi aracı olduğunu göstermiştir. Gerçekleştirilen aracılık çalışması, sporcuların başarıya giden yolda olumsuzlukların tespit edilmesi ve giderilmesi için ipuçları sunmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Sheldon KM, Lyubomirsky S. Achieving sustainable new happiness: Prospects, practices, and prescriptions. Positive Psychology in Practice, 2004; 127-145.
  • 2. Crossley A, Langdridge D. Perceived sources of happiness: A network analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2005; 6, 107-135.
  • 3. Schiffrin HH, Nelson SK. Stressed and happy? Investigating the relationship between happiness and perceived stress. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2010; 11, 33-39.
  • 4. Lyubomirsky S. Why are some people happier than others? The role of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American Psycho-logist, 2001, 56, 239-249.
  • 5. Seligman MEP. Real happiness. (Translated by Semra Kunt Akbas). Ankara: HYB Publishing. 2002.
  • 6. Edwards JK. Relationship satisfaction: The role of attachment, conflict, empathy, & forgiveness (Doctoral dissertation) Purdue University, United States of America. 2007.
  • 7. Fitzgibbons R, Enright R, O Brien T. F. Learning to forgive. American School Board Journal, 2004; 191, 24-26.
  • 8. Worthington, jun, E. L. An empathy‐humility‐commitment model of forgiveness applied within family dyads. Journal of Family Therapy, 1998; 20(1), 59-76.
  • 9. Maltby J, Day L, Barber L. Forgiveness and happiness, the differing contexts of forgiveness using the distinction betweeen hedonic and eudai-monic happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2005; 6, 1-13.
  • 10. Chan DW. Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers: The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to happiness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 2013; 32, 22-30.
  • 11. Kara M, Özsari A, Kara NS, Çetin MC. Sportmenlik ve affetme esnekliği: Genç karate sporcuları araştırması. Gençlik Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2023; 11(29), 56-68. (In Turkısh)
  • 12. Karremans JC, Van Lange PA, Ouwerkerk JW, Kluwer ES. When forgiving enhances psychological well-being: the role of interpersonal commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003; 84(5), 1011.
  • 13. Kaya ÖS, Orçan F. Mutluluğun empati, affetme ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki aracı rolü: Bir yol analizi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2019; 19(2), 540-554. (In Turkısh).
  • 14. Adam-Karduz FF, Sarıcam H. The relationships between positivity, forgiveness, happiness, and revenge. Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 2018; 10(4).
  • 15. Tsaur SH, Yen CH, Hsiao SL. Transcendent experience, flow and happiness for mountain climbers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 2013; 15(4),360-374.
  • 16. Stevens AD. Social problem-solving and cognitive flexibility: Relations to social skills and problem behavior of at-risk young children. Seattle Pacific University. 2009.
  • 17. Cox KS. The effects of second-language study on the cognitive flexibility of freshman university students. The Ohio State University. 1980.
  • 18. Kara M, Kara NS, Çetin MC. The relationship between karate trainers' continuous angry and angry expressions and levels of cognitive flexibility. International Journal of Bozok Sports Sciences, 2021; 2(3), 1-12.
  • 19. Asıcı E, Ikiz FE. A path to happiness: Cognitive flexibility. Journal of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Faculty of Education, 2015; 1(35),191-211.
  • 20. Yıldız F. Examining the mediating role of difficulty in emotion regulation in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and psychological symptoms in adolescents (Published Master's Thesis). Mersin University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Mersin. 2018.
  • 21. Satan AA. The effect of religious belief and cognitive flexibility levels on subjective well-being. Education and Society in the 21st Century, 2014; 3(7), 56-74.
  • 22. Demirtaş AS. Optimism and happiness in undergraduate students: Cognitive flexibility and adjustment to university life as mediators. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 2020; 36(2), 320-329.
  • 23. Asıcı E, Sarı H. The mediating role of coping strategies in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and well-being. International Journal of Scholars in Education, 2021; 4(1), 38-56.
  • 24. Tekin M, Ozmutlu I, Erhan S. Examination of decision making and thinking styles of students who participated in special talent exams. Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 2009; 11 (3), 42-56.
  • 25. Sánchez ACJ, Calvo AL, Buñuel P SL, Godoy SJI. Decision-making of spanish female basketball team players while they are competing. Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 2009; 18(3), 369-373.
  • 26. Dilmaç B, Bozgeyikli H. Investigation of subjective well-being and decision-making styles of teacher candidates. Journal of Erzincan University Faculty of Education, 2009; 11(1), 171-187.
  • 27. Tekkurşun-Demir G, Namlı S, Hazar Z, Turkeli A, Cicioglu HI. Decision-making styles and mental well-being levels of individual and team athletes. CBU Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 2018; 13(1), 176-191.
  • 28. Yıldız M, Eldeleklioglu J. The relationship between decision-making and ıntolerance to uncertainty, cognitive flexibility and happiness. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 2021; 91, 39-60.
  • 29. Bubic A, Erceg N. The role of decision making styles in explaining happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2018; 19(1), 213-229.
  • 30. Veenhoven R. Theutility of happiness. Socialindicators research, 1988; 20, 333-354.
  • 31. Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of personality and social encounters. Recent advances in social psychology: An International Perspective, 1989; 189-203.
  • 32. Myers DG, Diener E. Who is happy?. Psychologicalscience, 1995; 6(1), 10-19.
  • 33. Farabi ENM. Fusulu'l-madani. (trans. H. Ozcan). Dokuz Eylul University Press, Izmir. 1987.
  • 34. Tsang JA, McCullough ME, Fincham FD. The longitudinal association between forgiveness and relationship closeness and commitment. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2006; 25(4), 448-472.
  • 35. Çolak T, Koç M. Forgiveness flexibility. International Journal of Psychology and Educational Studies, 2016; 3(1), 14-30.
  • 36. Kuru E. Personality traits of physical education department students in different status. Gazi University Journal of Gazi Education Faculty, 2003; 23(1).
  • 37. Martin MM, Anderson CM. The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies. Communication Reports, 1998; 11(1), 1-9.
  • 38. Silver JA, Hughes JD, Bornstein RA, Beversdorf DQ. Effect of anxiolytics on cognitiveflexibility in problem solving. Cog. Behav. Neurol, 2004; 17(2), 93 -97.
  • 39. Kloo D, Perner J, Aichhorn M, Schmidhuber N. Perspective taking and cognitive flexibility in the Dimensional Change Card Sorting (DCCS) task. Cognitive Development, 2010; 25(3), 208-217.
  • 40. Kurt U. The effects of the personality structures of the managers in the decision making process. (Published Master's Thesis). Baskent University, Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara. 2003.
  • 41. McMorris T, MacGillivary WW. An investigation into the relationship between field independence and decision making in soccer. In Science and Football (Routledge Revivals) (pp. 552-557). Routledge. 2013.
  • 42. Akpınar O, Temel V, Birol SS, Akpınar S, Nas K. Determination of decision making styles of hockey players studying at university. Kastamonu University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences Journal, 2015; 9(3), 92-99.
  • 43. Saraiva AC, Marshall L. Dorsolateral–ventromedialprefrontalcor- texinteractionsduringvalue-guidedchoice: a function of contextordiffi- culty?. Journal of Neuroscience, 2015; 35(13), 5087-5088.
  • 44. Dolu N, Bahür S, Demirer F, Kulak E, Cam A. The effect of physical activity on cognitive functions. Izmir University Medical Journal, 2016; D(5),7-8.
  • 45. Frankel RJ, Wallen EN, Hyun HH. How to design and evaluate research in education. (Eighth Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.
  • 46. Comrey AL. Factor-analytic methods of scale development in personality and clinical psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1988; 56(5), 754.
  • 47. Ekşi H, Parlak S, Demir-Celayir G. Adaptation of the forgiveness order scale into Turkish. paper presented at the. 1st International Congress of New Searches in Education, Istanbul. 2018.
  • 48. Bilgin M. Developing a cognitive flexibility scale: Validity and reliability studies. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 2009; 37(3), 343-353.
  • 49. Sundu M, Yaşar O. Natural decision making scale: Conceptual definition and scale development study. Doğuş University Journal, 2020; 21(1), 101-115.
  • 50. Demirci İ, Ekşi H. Keep calm and be happy: A mixed method study from character strengths to well-being. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 2018; 18(2).
  • 51. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. New York: Allyn & Bacon, 2007.
  • 52. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis: Global edition perspective. (7th Edition). Pearson Education. 2010.
  • 53. Fornell C, Larcker DF. Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Sage Publications Sage CA. 1981.
  • 54. Huang CC, Wang YM, Wu TW, Wang PA. An empirical analysis of the antecedents and performance consequences of using the moodle platform. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 2013; 3(2), 217.
  • 55. Reisinger Y, Turner L. Structural equation modeling with Lisrel: application in tourism. Tourism Management, 1999; 20(1), 71-88.
  • 56. Simsek ÖF. Introduction to structural equation modeling, basic principles and LISREL applications. Ankara: Ekinoks Publications, 2007.
  • 57. Wothke W. Introduction to structural equation modeling course notes. Carolina del Norte: SAS Institute Inc, 2010.
  • 58. Yılmaz V. Structural equation models with Lisrel: Application to consumer complaints. Journal of Social Sciences, 2004; 1,77-90.
  • 59. Hoyle RH. (Ed.). Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications. Sage, 1995.
  • 60. Leech NL, Barrett KC, Morgan GA. SPSS for intermediate statistics: Use and interpretation. Psychology Press, 2005.
  • 61. Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural equation modeling, 2002; 9(2), 233-255.
  • 62. Raykov T, Marcoulides GA. On multilevel model reliability estimation from the perspective of structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 2006; 13(1), 130-141.
  • 63. Schumacker RE, Lomax RG. A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004.
  • 64. Hair JF, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC. Examining your data. In Multivariate data analysis with readings (pp.32-75). Indianapolis, IN: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc, 1995.
  • 65. Kalaycı S. (Ed.). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 2005. (In Turkish).
  • 66. Çokluk O, Sekercioğlu G, Büyüköztürk Ş. Multivariate statistics for social sciences: SPSS and LISREL applications (2). Ankara: Pegem Academy, 2012. (In Turkish)
  • 67. Byrne BM. Structural equation modeling with LISREL, PRELIS, and SIMPLIS: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Erlbaum, Mahwah, NJ, 1998.
  • 68. Hu LT, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 1999; 6(1), 1- 55.
  • 69. Hooper C, Killick R, Lovestone S. The GSK3 hypothesis of alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Neurochemistry, 2008; 104(6), 1433-1439.
  • 70. Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th Edn.). London: The Guilford Press, 2016.
  • 71. Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986; 51(6), 1173.
  • 72. Gurbuz S, Sahin F. Research methods in social sciences. Ankara: Seckin Press, 2018.
  • 73. Yasar K. The relationship between the subjective well-being levels of education faculty students and their psychological resilience and forgiveness levels (PhD Thesis), Bursa Uludag University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Bursa, 2015.
  • 74. Eke A. The effect of family environment perception and forgiveness characteristics on subjective well-being in emerging adults (Published Master's Thesis). Maltepe University, Institute of Social Sciences, Istanbul. 2018.
  • 75. Demirtas AS. Resilience and forgiveness in emerging adulthood: Parallel multiple mediation of cognitive control/resilience. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 2021; 17(35), 1968-1989.
  • 76. Balta SN. Investigation of the effects of cognitive flexibility levels of young adults on death anxiety levels and happiness levels (Published Master's Thesis). Istanbul Gelisim University, Institute of Social Sciences. Istanbul, 2020.
  • 77. Sagar ME. Predictors of subjective well-being at school in adolescents: Emotion regulation, coping and cognitive flexibility. Aegean Education Journal, 2022; 23(2), 133-149.
  • 78. Kara NS. Examination of the meaning of life, forgiveness flexibility, cognitive flexibility and psychological symptoms in terms of various variables in individuals who do and do not do sports. Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Graduate School of Education, Sakarya, 2020.
  • 79. Akın G. Examining the relationship between cognitive flexibility, forgiveness and perfectionism in adolescents (Published Master's Thesis). Istanbul Sabahattin Zaim University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Istanbul, 2021.
Toplam 79 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Egzersiz ve Spor Bilimleri (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mehmet Kara 0000-0001-9454-5164

Nuriye Şeyma Kara 0000-0003-0460-2263

Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 17 Kasım 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1695334
IZ https://izlik.org/JA67NE64SS
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kara, M., & Kara, N. Ş. (2026). The Instrumental Role of Forgiving In The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Decision-Making and Happiness In Athletes. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 28(1), 34-50. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1695334
AMA 1.Kara M, Kara NŞ. The Instrumental Role of Forgiving In The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Decision-Making and Happiness In Athletes. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. 2026;28(1):34-50. doi:10.15314/tsed.1695334
Chicago Kara, Mehmet, ve Nuriye Şeyma Kara. 2026. “The Instrumental Role of Forgiving In The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Decision-Making and Happiness In Athletes”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 28 (1): 34-50. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1695334.
EndNote Kara M, Kara NŞ (01 Nisan 2026) The Instrumental Role of Forgiving In The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Decision-Making and Happiness In Athletes. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 28 1 34–50.
IEEE [1]M. Kara ve N. Ş. Kara, “The Instrumental Role of Forgiving In The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Decision-Making and Happiness In Athletes”, Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, c. 28, sy 1, ss. 34–50, Nis. 2026, doi: 10.15314/tsed.1695334.
ISNAD Kara, Mehmet - Kara, Nuriye Şeyma. “The Instrumental Role of Forgiving In The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Decision-Making and Happiness In Athletes”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 28/1 (01 Nisan 2026): 34-50. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1695334.
JAMA 1.Kara M, Kara NŞ. The Instrumental Role of Forgiving In The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Decision-Making and Happiness In Athletes. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. 2026;28:34–50.
MLA Kara, Mehmet, ve Nuriye Şeyma Kara. “The Instrumental Role of Forgiving In The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Decision-Making and Happiness In Athletes”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, c. 28, sy 1, Nisan 2026, ss. 34-50, doi:10.15314/tsed.1695334.
Vancouver 1.Mehmet Kara, Nuriye Şeyma Kara. The Instrumental Role of Forgiving In The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Decision-Making and Happiness In Athletes. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. 01 Nisan 2026;28(1):34-50. doi:10.15314/tsed.1695334
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