The Instrumental Role of Forgiving In The Relationship Between Cognitive Flexibility and Decision-Making and Happiness In Athletes
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1
,
34
-
50
,
30.04.2026
Mehmet Kara
,
Nuriye Şeyma Kara
Öz
This study intended to reveal the mediating relationship of forgiveness in the relationship between cognitive flexibility, decision-making, and happiness of athletes aged 18 and over through structural equation modeling. A total of 618 licensed athletes participated in the study, and the data were collected from volunteer participants using the "Forgiveness Decision Scale", "Cognitive Flexibility Scale", "Natural Decision-Making Scale" and "Happiness Scale". The results indicated that athletes’ forgiveness was the full mediator in the relationship between decision-making and happiness, and the partial mediator in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and happiness. The mediation study carried out offers clues to identify and eliminate the negativities on the way to the success of the athletes.
Kaynakça
-
1. Sheldon KM, Lyubomirsky S. Achieving sustainable new happiness: Prospects, practices, and prescriptions. Positive Psychology in Practice, 2004; 127-145.
-
2. Crossley A, Langdridge D. Perceived sources of happiness: A
network analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2005; 6, 107-135.
-
3. Schiffrin HH, Nelson SK. Stressed and happy? Investigating the
relationship between happiness and perceived stress. Journal of
Happiness Studies, 2010; 11, 33-39.
-
4. Lyubomirsky S. Why are some people happier than others? The role
of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American
Psycho-logist, 2001, 56, 239-249.
-
5. Seligman MEP. Real happiness. (Translated by Semra Kunt Akbas).
Ankara: HYB Publishing. 2002.
-
6. Edwards JK. Relationship satisfaction: The role of attachment,
conflict, empathy, & forgiveness (Doctoral dissertation) Purdue
University, United States of America. 2007.
-
7. Fitzgibbons R, Enright R, O Brien T. F. Learning to forgive. American
School Board Journal, 2004; 191, 24-26.
-
8. Worthington, jun, E. L. An empathy‐humility‐commitment model of
forgiveness applied within family dyads. Journal of Family Therapy,
1998; 20(1), 59-76.
-
9. Maltby J, Day L, Barber L. Forgiveness and happiness, the differing
contexts of forgiveness using the distinction betweeen hedonic and
eudai-monic happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2005; 6, 1-13.
-
10. Chan DW. Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers:
The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to
happiness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 2013; 32, 22-30.
-
11. Kara M, Özsari A, Kara NS, Çetin MC. Sportmenlik ve affetme
esnekliği: Genç karate sporcuları araştırması. Gençlik Araştırmaları
Dergisi, 2023; 11(29), 56-68. (In Turkısh)
-
12. Karremans JC, Van Lange PA, Ouwerkerk JW, Kluwer ES. When
forgiving enhances psychological well-being: the role of interpersonal
commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003;
84(5), 1011.
-
13. Kaya ÖS, Orçan F. Mutluluğun empati, affetme ve yaşam doyumu
arasındaki aracı rolü: Bir yol analizi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi
Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2019; 19(2), 540-554. (In Turkısh).
-
14. Adam-Karduz FF, Sarıcam H. The relationships between positivity,
forgiveness, happiness, and revenge. Revista Romaneasca pentru
Educatie Multidimensionala, 2018; 10(4).
-
15. Tsaur SH, Yen CH, Hsiao SL. Transcendent experience, flow and
happiness for mountain climbers. International Journal of Tourism
Research, 2013; 15(4),360-374.
-
16. Stevens AD. Social problem-solving and cognitive flexibility:
Relations to social skills and problem behavior of at-risk young
children. Seattle Pacific University. 2009.
-
17. Cox KS. The effects of second-language study on the cognitive
flexibility of freshman university students. The Ohio State University.
1980.
-
18. Kara M, Kara NS, Çetin MC. The relationship between karate
trainers' continuous angry and angry expressions and levels of
cognitive flexibility. International Journal of Bozok Sports Sciences, 2021;
2(3), 1-12.
-
19. Asıcı E, Ikiz FE. A path to happiness: Cognitive flexibility. Journal of
Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Faculty of Education, 2015; 1(35),191-211.
-
20. Yıldız F. Examining the mediating role of difficulty in emotion
regulation in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and
psychological symptoms in adolescents (Published Master's Thesis).
Mersin University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Mersin. 2018.
-
21. Satan AA. The effect of religious belief and cognitive flexibility levels
on subjective well-being. Education and Society in the 21st Century,
2014; 3(7), 56-74.
-
22. Demirtaş AS. Optimism and happiness in undergraduate students:
Cognitive flexibility and adjustment to university life as mediators.
Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 2020; 36(2), 320-329.
-
23. Asıcı E, Sarı H. The mediating role of coping strategies in the
relationship between cognitive flexibility and well-being. International
Journal of Scholars in Education, 2021; 4(1), 38-56.
-
24. Tekin M, Ozmutlu I, Erhan S. Examination of decision making and
thinking styles of students who participated in special talent exams.
Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 2009; 11 (3), 42-56.
-
25. Sánchez ACJ, Calvo AL, Buñuel P SL, Godoy SJI. Decision-making of
spanish female basketball team players while they are competing.
Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 2009; 18(3), 369-373.
-
26. Dilmaç B, Bozgeyikli H. Investigation of subjective well-being and
decision-making styles of teacher candidates. Journal of Erzincan
University Faculty of Education, 2009; 11(1), 171-187.
-
27. Tekkurşun-Demir G, Namlı S, Hazar Z, Turkeli A, Cicioglu HI.
Decision-making styles and mental well-being levels of individual and
team athletes. CBU Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences,
2018; 13(1), 176-191.
-
28. Yıldız M, Eldeleklioglu J. The relationship between decision-making
and ıntolerance to uncertainty, cognitive flexibility and happiness.
Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 2021; 91, 39-60.
-
29. Bubic A, Erceg N. The role of decision making styles in explaining
happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2018; 19(1), 213-229.
-
30. Veenhoven R. Theutility of happiness. Socialindicators research,
1988; 20, 333-354.
-
31. Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of
personality and social encounters. Recent advances in social
psychology: An International Perspective, 1989; 189-203.
-
32. Myers DG, Diener E. Who is happy?. Psychologicalscience, 1995; 6(1),
10-19.
-
33. Farabi ENM. Fusulu'l-madani. (trans. H. Ozcan). Dokuz Eylul
University Press, Izmir. 1987.
-
34. Tsang JA, McCullough ME, Fincham FD. The longitudinal association
between forgiveness and relationship closeness and commitment.
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2006; 25(4), 448-472.
-
35. Çolak T, Koç M. Forgiveness flexibility. International Journal of
Psychology and Educational Studies, 2016; 3(1), 14-30.
-
36. Kuru E. Personality traits of physical education department
students in different status. Gazi University Journal of Gazi Education
Faculty, 2003; 23(1).
-
37. Martin MM, Anderson CM. The cognitive flexibility scale: Three
validity studies. Communication Reports, 1998; 11(1), 1-9.
-
38. Silver JA, Hughes JD, Bornstein RA, Beversdorf DQ. Effect of
anxiolytics on cognitiveflexibility in problem solving. Cog. Behav. Neurol,
2004; 17(2), 93 -97.
-
39. Kloo D, Perner J, Aichhorn M, Schmidhuber N. Perspective taking
and cognitive flexibility in the Dimensional Change Card Sorting
(DCCS) task. Cognitive Development, 2010; 25(3), 208-217.
-
40. Kurt U. The effects of the personality structures of the managers in
the decision making process. (Published Master's Thesis). Baskent
University, Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara. 2003.
-
41. McMorris T, MacGillivary WW. An investigation into the relationship
between field independence and decision making in soccer. In Science
and Football (Routledge Revivals) (pp. 552-557). Routledge. 2013.
-
42. Akpınar O, Temel V, Birol SS, Akpınar S, Nas K. Determination of
decision making styles of hockey players studying at university.
Kastamonu University Faculty of Economics and Administrative
Sciences Journal, 2015; 9(3), 92-99.
-
43. Saraiva AC, Marshall L. Dorsolateral–ventromedialprefrontalcor-
texinteractionsduringvalue-guidedchoice: a function of contextordiffi-
culty?. Journal of Neuroscience, 2015; 35(13), 5087-5088.
-
44. Dolu N, Bahür S, Demirer F, Kulak E, Cam A. The effect of physical
activity on cognitive functions. Izmir University Medical Journal, 2016;
D(5),7-8.
-
45. Frankel RJ, Wallen EN, Hyun HH. How to design and evaluate
research in education. (Eighth Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.
-
46. Comrey AL. Factor-analytic methods of scale development in
personality and clinical psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 1988; 56(5), 754.
-
47. Ekşi H, Parlak S, Demir-Celayir G. Adaptation of the forgiveness
order scale into Turkish. paper presented at the. 1st International
Congress of New Searches in Education, Istanbul. 2018.
-
48. Bilgin M. Developing a cognitive flexibility scale: Validity and
reliability studies. Social Behavior and Personality: an International
Journal, 2009; 37(3), 343-353.
-
49. Sundu M, Yaşar O. Natural decision making scale: Conceptual
definition and scale development study. Doğuş University Journal,
2020; 21(1), 101-115.
-
50. Demirci İ, Ekşi H. Keep calm and be happy: A mixed method study
from character strengths to well-being. Educational Sciences: Theory &
Practice, 2018; 18(2).
-
51. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. New York:
Allyn & Bacon, 2007.
-
52. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis:
Global edition perspective. (7th Edition). Pearson Education. 2010.
-
53. Fornell C, Larcker DF. Structural equation models with
unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and
statistics. Sage Publications Sage CA. 1981.
-
54. Huang CC, Wang YM, Wu TW, Wang PA. An empirical analysis of the
antecedents and performance consequences of using the moodle
platform. International Journal of Information and Education
Technology, 2013; 3(2), 217.
-
55. Reisinger Y, Turner L. Structural equation modeling with Lisrel:
application in tourism. Tourism Management, 1999; 20(1), 71-88.
-
56. Simsek ÖF. Introduction to structural equation modeling, basic
principles and LISREL applications. Ankara: Ekinoks Publications, 2007.
-
57. Wothke W. Introduction to structural equation modeling course
notes. Carolina del Norte: SAS Institute Inc, 2010.
-
58. Yılmaz V. Structural equation models with Lisrel: Application to
consumer complaints. Journal of Social Sciences, 2004; 1,77-90.
-
59. Hoyle RH. (Ed.). Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues,
and applications. Sage, 1995.
-
60. Leech NL, Barrett KC, Morgan GA. SPSS for intermediate statistics:
Use and interpretation. Psychology Press, 2005.
-
61. Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for
testing measurement invariance. Structural equation modeling, 2002;
9(2), 233-255.
-
62. Raykov T, Marcoulides GA. On multilevel model reliability
estimation from the perspective of structural equation modeling.
Structural Equation Modeling, 2006; 13(1), 130-141.
-
63. Schumacker RE, Lomax RG. A beginner’s guide to structural
equation modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004.
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64. Hair JF, Anderson RE, Tatham RL, Black WC. Examining your data. In
Multivariate data analysis with readings (pp.32-75). Indianapolis, IN:
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75. Demirtas AS. Resilience and forgiveness in emerging adulthood:
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Sporcularda Bilişsel Esneklik ve Karar Verme ile Mutluluk Arasındaki İlişkide Affetmenin Aracı Rolü
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 28 Sayı: 1
,
34
-
50
,
30.04.2026
Mehmet Kara
,
Nuriye Şeyma Kara
Öz
Bu çalışma, 18 yaş ve üzeri sporcuların bilişsel esneklik, karar verme ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişkide affetmenin aracılık ilişkisini yapısal eşitlik modellemesi yoluyla ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. Çalışmaya toplam 618 lisanslı sporcu katılmış ve veriler gönüllü katılımcılardan “Affetme Karar Ölçeği”, “Bilişsel Esneklik Ölçeği”, “Doğal Karar Verme Ölçeği” ve “Mutluluk Ölçeği” kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Sonuçlar, sporcuların affediciliğinin karar verme ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişkide tam aracı, bilişsel esneklik ve mutluluk arasındaki ilişkide ise kısmi aracı olduğunu göstermiştir. Gerçekleştirilen aracılık çalışması, sporcuların başarıya giden yolda olumsuzlukların tespit edilmesi ve giderilmesi için ipuçları sunmaktadır.
Kaynakça
-
1. Sheldon KM, Lyubomirsky S. Achieving sustainable new happiness: Prospects, practices, and prescriptions. Positive Psychology in Practice, 2004; 127-145.
-
2. Crossley A, Langdridge D. Perceived sources of happiness: A
network analysis. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2005; 6, 107-135.
-
3. Schiffrin HH, Nelson SK. Stressed and happy? Investigating the
relationship between happiness and perceived stress. Journal of
Happiness Studies, 2010; 11, 33-39.
-
4. Lyubomirsky S. Why are some people happier than others? The role
of cognitive and motivational processes in well-being. American
Psycho-logist, 2001, 56, 239-249.
-
5. Seligman MEP. Real happiness. (Translated by Semra Kunt Akbas).
Ankara: HYB Publishing. 2002.
-
6. Edwards JK. Relationship satisfaction: The role of attachment,
conflict, empathy, & forgiveness (Doctoral dissertation) Purdue
University, United States of America. 2007.
-
7. Fitzgibbons R, Enright R, O Brien T. F. Learning to forgive. American
School Board Journal, 2004; 191, 24-26.
-
8. Worthington, jun, E. L. An empathy‐humility‐commitment model of
forgiveness applied within family dyads. Journal of Family Therapy,
1998; 20(1), 59-76.
-
9. Maltby J, Day L, Barber L. Forgiveness and happiness, the differing
contexts of forgiveness using the distinction betweeen hedonic and
eudai-monic happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2005; 6, 1-13.
-
10. Chan DW. Subjective well-being of Hong Kong Chinese teachers:
The contribution of gratitude, forgiveness, and the orientations to
happiness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 2013; 32, 22-30.
-
11. Kara M, Özsari A, Kara NS, Çetin MC. Sportmenlik ve affetme
esnekliği: Genç karate sporcuları araştırması. Gençlik Araştırmaları
Dergisi, 2023; 11(29), 56-68. (In Turkısh)
-
12. Karremans JC, Van Lange PA, Ouwerkerk JW, Kluwer ES. When
forgiving enhances psychological well-being: the role of interpersonal
commitment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2003;
84(5), 1011.
-
13. Kaya ÖS, Orçan F. Mutluluğun empati, affetme ve yaşam doyumu
arasındaki aracı rolü: Bir yol analizi. Abant İzzet Baysal Üniversitesi
Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 2019; 19(2), 540-554. (In Turkısh).
-
14. Adam-Karduz FF, Sarıcam H. The relationships between positivity,
forgiveness, happiness, and revenge. Revista Romaneasca pentru
Educatie Multidimensionala, 2018; 10(4).
-
15. Tsaur SH, Yen CH, Hsiao SL. Transcendent experience, flow and
happiness for mountain climbers. International Journal of Tourism
Research, 2013; 15(4),360-374.
-
16. Stevens AD. Social problem-solving and cognitive flexibility:
Relations to social skills and problem behavior of at-risk young
children. Seattle Pacific University. 2009.
-
17. Cox KS. The effects of second-language study on the cognitive
flexibility of freshman university students. The Ohio State University.
1980.
-
18. Kara M, Kara NS, Çetin MC. The relationship between karate
trainers' continuous angry and angry expressions and levels of
cognitive flexibility. International Journal of Bozok Sports Sciences, 2021;
2(3), 1-12.
-
19. Asıcı E, Ikiz FE. A path to happiness: Cognitive flexibility. Journal of
Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Faculty of Education, 2015; 1(35),191-211.
-
20. Yıldız F. Examining the mediating role of difficulty in emotion
regulation in the relationship between cognitive flexibility and
psychological symptoms in adolescents (Published Master's Thesis).
Mersin University, Institute of Educational Sciences, Mersin. 2018.
-
21. Satan AA. The effect of religious belief and cognitive flexibility levels
on subjective well-being. Education and Society in the 21st Century,
2014; 3(7), 56-74.
-
22. Demirtaş AS. Optimism and happiness in undergraduate students:
Cognitive flexibility and adjustment to university life as mediators.
Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 2020; 36(2), 320-329.
-
23. Asıcı E, Sarı H. The mediating role of coping strategies in the
relationship between cognitive flexibility and well-being. International
Journal of Scholars in Education, 2021; 4(1), 38-56.
-
24. Tekin M, Ozmutlu I, Erhan S. Examination of decision making and
thinking styles of students who participated in special talent exams.
Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 2009; 11 (3), 42-56.
-
25. Sánchez ACJ, Calvo AL, Buñuel P SL, Godoy SJI. Decision-making of
spanish female basketball team players while they are competing.
Revista de Psicología del Deporte, 2009; 18(3), 369-373.
-
26. Dilmaç B, Bozgeyikli H. Investigation of subjective well-being and
decision-making styles of teacher candidates. Journal of Erzincan
University Faculty of Education, 2009; 11(1), 171-187.
-
27. Tekkurşun-Demir G, Namlı S, Hazar Z, Turkeli A, Cicioglu HI.
Decision-making styles and mental well-being levels of individual and
team athletes. CBU Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences,
2018; 13(1), 176-191.
-
28. Yıldız M, Eldeleklioglu J. The relationship between decision-making
and ıntolerance to uncertainty, cognitive flexibility and happiness.
Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 2021; 91, 39-60.
-
29. Bubic A, Erceg N. The role of decision making styles in explaining
happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 2018; 19(1), 213-229.
-
30. Veenhoven R. Theutility of happiness. Socialindicators research,
1988; 20, 333-354.
-
31. Argyle M, Martin M, Crossland J. Happiness as a function of
personality and social encounters. Recent advances in social
psychology: An International Perspective, 1989; 189-203.
-
32. Myers DG, Diener E. Who is happy?. Psychologicalscience, 1995; 6(1),
10-19.
-
33. Farabi ENM. Fusulu'l-madani. (trans. H. Ozcan). Dokuz Eylul
University Press, Izmir. 1987.
-
34. Tsang JA, McCullough ME, Fincham FD. The longitudinal association
between forgiveness and relationship closeness and commitment.
Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 2006; 25(4), 448-472.
-
35. Çolak T, Koç M. Forgiveness flexibility. International Journal of
Psychology and Educational Studies, 2016; 3(1), 14-30.
-
36. Kuru E. Personality traits of physical education department
students in different status. Gazi University Journal of Gazi Education
Faculty, 2003; 23(1).
-
37. Martin MM, Anderson CM. The cognitive flexibility scale: Three
validity studies. Communication Reports, 1998; 11(1), 1-9.
-
38. Silver JA, Hughes JD, Bornstein RA, Beversdorf DQ. Effect of
anxiolytics on cognitiveflexibility in problem solving. Cog. Behav. Neurol,
2004; 17(2), 93 -97.
-
39. Kloo D, Perner J, Aichhorn M, Schmidhuber N. Perspective taking
and cognitive flexibility in the Dimensional Change Card Sorting
(DCCS) task. Cognitive Development, 2010; 25(3), 208-217.
-
40. Kurt U. The effects of the personality structures of the managers in
the decision making process. (Published Master's Thesis). Baskent
University, Institute of Social Sciences, Ankara. 2003.
-
41. McMorris T, MacGillivary WW. An investigation into the relationship
between field independence and decision making in soccer. In Science
and Football (Routledge Revivals) (pp. 552-557). Routledge. 2013.
-
42. Akpınar O, Temel V, Birol SS, Akpınar S, Nas K. Determination of
decision making styles of hockey players studying at university.
Kastamonu University Faculty of Economics and Administrative
Sciences Journal, 2015; 9(3), 92-99.
-
43. Saraiva AC, Marshall L. Dorsolateral–ventromedialprefrontalcor-
texinteractionsduringvalue-guidedchoice: a function of contextordiffi-
culty?. Journal of Neuroscience, 2015; 35(13), 5087-5088.
-
44. Dolu N, Bahür S, Demirer F, Kulak E, Cam A. The effect of physical
activity on cognitive functions. Izmir University Medical Journal, 2016;
D(5),7-8.
-
45. Frankel RJ, Wallen EN, Hyun HH. How to design and evaluate
research in education. (Eighth Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill, 2012.
-
46. Comrey AL. Factor-analytic methods of scale development in
personality and clinical psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 1988; 56(5), 754.
-
47. Ekşi H, Parlak S, Demir-Celayir G. Adaptation of the forgiveness
order scale into Turkish. paper presented at the. 1st International
Congress of New Searches in Education, Istanbul. 2018.
-
48. Bilgin M. Developing a cognitive flexibility scale: Validity and
reliability studies. Social Behavior and Personality: an International
Journal, 2009; 37(3), 343-353.
-
49. Sundu M, Yaşar O. Natural decision making scale: Conceptual
definition and scale development study. Doğuş University Journal,
2020; 21(1), 101-115.
-
50. Demirci İ, Ekşi H. Keep calm and be happy: A mixed method study
from character strengths to well-being. Educational Sciences: Theory &
Practice, 2018; 18(2).
-
51. Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS. Using multivariate statistics. New York:
Allyn & Bacon, 2007.
-
52. Hair JF, Black WC, Babin BJ, Anderson RE. Multivariate data analysis:
Global edition perspective. (7th Edition). Pearson Education. 2010.
-
53. Fornell C, Larcker DF. Structural equation models with
unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and
statistics. Sage Publications Sage CA. 1981.
-
54. Huang CC, Wang YM, Wu TW, Wang PA. An empirical analysis of the
antecedents and performance consequences of using the moodle
platform. International Journal of Information and Education
Technology, 2013; 3(2), 217.
-
55. Reisinger Y, Turner L. Structural equation modeling with Lisrel:
application in tourism. Tourism Management, 1999; 20(1), 71-88.
-
56. Simsek ÖF. Introduction to structural equation modeling, basic
principles and LISREL applications. Ankara: Ekinoks Publications, 2007.
-
57. Wothke W. Introduction to structural equation modeling course
notes. Carolina del Norte: SAS Institute Inc, 2010.
-
58. Yılmaz V. Structural equation models with Lisrel: Application to
consumer complaints. Journal of Social Sciences, 2004; 1,77-90.
-
59. Hoyle RH. (Ed.). Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues,
and applications. Sage, 1995.
-
60. Leech NL, Barrett KC, Morgan GA. SPSS for intermediate statistics:
Use and interpretation. Psychology Press, 2005.
-
61. Cheung GW, Rensvold RB. Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for
testing measurement invariance. Structural equation modeling, 2002;
9(2), 233-255.
-
62. Raykov T, Marcoulides GA. On multilevel model reliability
estimation from the perspective of structural equation modeling.
Structural Equation Modeling, 2006; 13(1), 130-141.
-
63. Schumacker RE, Lomax RG. A beginner’s guide to structural
equation modeling. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004.
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