TR
EN
The Profiles of Narcissism and Self-Esteem Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users in the Sport of Bodybuilding: A Cross-Sectional Study
Öz
Background: Contrary to common assumptions, bodybuilders who abstain from anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) may exhibit higher levels of narcissism and self-esteem compared to AAS users. This study aimed to compare these psychological traits between AAS users and non-users to construct a distinct psychometric profile. Methods: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted across 16 gyms in Turkey. Data were collected from 25 AAS users and 41 non-users using the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16) and the Two-Dimensional Self-Esteem Scale (self-liking/self-competence). Logistic regression analyzed the predictive effects of narcissism and self-esteem on AAS use. Results: Non-users scored significantly higher on narcissism (OR = 1.48), global self-esteem (OR = 1.11), self-competence (OR = 1.18), and self-liking (OR = 1.21) than users. These findings suggest that natural training may reinforce self-enhancement tendencies, reducing reliance on AAS. Conclusion: Bodybuilders who refrain from AAS display stronger narcissistic traits and elevated self-esteem, including its sub-dimensions. This paradoxical profile highlights the potential psychological benefits of natural training, challenging stereotypes about AAS users.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Destekleyen Kurum
Funding information: The authors of this paper received no financial support for research and / or authorship of this article.
Etik Beyan
Institutional Review Board Statement: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Selcuk University research Ethics Committee for studies involving humans.
Kaynakça
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- 2. Montuori P, Loperto I, Paolo C, et al. Bodybuilding, Dietary Supplements And Hormones Use: Behaviour And Determinant Analysis İn Young Bodybuilders. BMC Sports Science, Medicine And Rehabilitation. 2021; 13, 1-11.
- 3. Dakanalis A, Timko A, Madeddu F, et al. Are the male body dissatisfaction and drive for muscularity scales reliable and valid instruments? Journal of Health Psychology. 2015; 20(1), 48–59.
- 4. Çağlayan D, Koz M. Vücut geliştirme sporu ile ilgilenen kişilerde kas yoksunluğu belirtilerinin incelenmesi: Samsun ili örneği. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2020;18(4), 180-192. 10.
- 5. Gök R, Yalçın AD, Tural Ü. Anabolik Steroidlerin Kötüye Kullanımı. Bağımlılık Dergisi. 2016; 17(4), 172-180.
- 6. Bahrke MS, Yesalis CE. Abuse Of Anabolic Androgenic Steroids And Related Substances in Sport And Exercise. Current Opinion in Pharmacology. 2004; 4(6), 614-620.
- 7. Gümüş B, Dinç N, Güzel P. Sporda Hormonal Etkileşim ve Cinsel Davranış. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri ve Eğitim Dergisi. 2020; 2(2), 107-117.
- 8. Powers SK, Howley, ET. Exercise Physiology: Theory And Application To Fitness And Performance (10. Edition). New York, NJ: Mcgraw-Hill Higher Education; 2018.
Ayrıntılar
Birincil Dil
İngilizce
Konular
Fiziksel Aktivite ve Sağlık
Bölüm
Araştırma Makalesi
Yayımlanma Tarihi
31 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi
20 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi
11 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı
Yıl 2025 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 2
APA
Şanal Karahan, F., Taşkın, M., & Can, M. (2025). The Profiles of Narcissism and Self-Esteem Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users in the Sport of Bodybuilding: A Cross-Sectional Study. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 27(2), 290-298. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1703192
AMA
1.Şanal Karahan F, Taşkın M, Can M. The Profiles of Narcissism and Self-Esteem Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users in the Sport of Bodybuilding: A Cross-Sectional Study. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. 2025;27(2):290-298. doi:10.15314/tsed.1703192
Chicago
Şanal Karahan, Faika, Mine Taşkın, ve Mustafa Can. 2025. “The Profiles of Narcissism and Self-Esteem Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users in the Sport of Bodybuilding: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27 (2): 290-98. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1703192.
EndNote
Şanal Karahan F, Taşkın M, Can M (01 Ağustos 2025) The Profiles of Narcissism and Self-Esteem Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users in the Sport of Bodybuilding: A Cross-Sectional Study. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27 2 290–298.
IEEE
[1]F. Şanal Karahan, M. Taşkın, ve M. Can, “The Profiles of Narcissism and Self-Esteem Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users in the Sport of Bodybuilding: A Cross-Sectional Study”, Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, c. 27, sy 2, ss. 290–298, Ağu. 2025, doi: 10.15314/tsed.1703192.
ISNAD
Şanal Karahan, Faika - Taşkın, Mine - Can, Mustafa. “The Profiles of Narcissism and Self-Esteem Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users in the Sport of Bodybuilding: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27/2 (01 Ağustos 2025): 290-298. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1703192.
JAMA
1.Şanal Karahan F, Taşkın M, Can M. The Profiles of Narcissism and Self-Esteem Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users in the Sport of Bodybuilding: A Cross-Sectional Study. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. 2025;27:290–298.
MLA
Şanal Karahan, Faika, vd. “The Profiles of Narcissism and Self-Esteem Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users in the Sport of Bodybuilding: A Cross-Sectional Study”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, c. 27, sy 2, Ağustos 2025, ss. 290-8, doi:10.15314/tsed.1703192.
Vancouver
1.Faika Şanal Karahan, Mine Taşkın, Mustafa Can. The Profiles of Narcissism and Self-Esteem Among Anabolic Androgenic Steroid Users in the Sport of Bodybuilding: A Cross-Sectional Study. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. 01 Ağustos 2025;27(2):290-8. doi:10.15314/tsed.1703192
Türk Spor ve Egzersiz Dergisi (TJSE)