An Investigation of Motor Development in 10-12 Year Old Children New to Wrestling: A Controlled Intervention Study

Öz

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of game-based wrestling training applied with an eight-week controlled intervention model on motor development. A total of 42 children (21 experimental, 21 control group) participated in the study. The mean age of the participants was 11.35 ± 0.72 years, mean height was 145.83 ± 5.40 cm, mean body weight was 39.35 ± 8.33 kg and mean body mass index was 18.37 ± 2.91 kg/m². Measurements of 10 m acceleration, 30 m sprint, agility (Illinois agility test), flexibility (sit and reach test), vertical jump and anaerobic power were taken from all participants as pretest and post-test. The data obtained were analyzed with SPSS 26.0 package program. In addition to descriptive statistical methods, Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test was used for intragroup comparisons and Mann-Whitney U test was used for intergroup comparisons according to the distribution of the data. Significance level was accepted as p<0.05. Results showed that there was a significant improvement in sprint times, agility, vertical jump and anaerobic power measurements in the experimental group (p<0.05), while there was a statistically insignificant increase in flexibility scores. The results reveal the positive effects of game-based wrestling training with an eight-week controlled intervention model on motor development. In this direction, it is recommended to use fun and structured programs that support motor development in the planning of training for children.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Agility
• Motor Development
• Power
• Sprinting
• Wrestling.

Güreşe Yeni Başlayan 10–12 Yaş Grubu Çocuklarda Motor Gelişimin İncelenmesi: Kontrollü Bir Müdahale Çalışması

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, sekiz haftalık kontrollü bir müdahale modeliyle uygulanan oyun temelli güreş antrenmanlarının motor gelişim üzerindeki etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Araştırmaya toplam 42 çocuk (21 deney, 21 kontrol grubu) katılmıştır. Katılımcıların yaş ortalaması 11,35 ± 0,72 yıl, boy ortalaması 145,83 ± 5,40 cm, vücut ağırlığı ortalaması 39,35 ± 8,33 kg ve vücut kütle indeksi ortalaması 18,37 ± 2,91 kg/m² olarak belirlenmiştir. Tüm katılımcılardan ön test ve son test olmak üzere 10 m ivmelenme, 30 m sprint, çeviklik (Illinois çeviklik testi), esneklik (otur ve uzan testi), dikey sıçrama ve anaerobik güç ölçümleri alınmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 26.0 paket programı ile analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistik yöntemlerine ek olarak verilerin dağılımına göre grup içi karşılaştırmalarda Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıralar testi, gruplar arası karşılaştırmalarda ise Mann-Whitney U testi uygulanmıştır. Anlamlılık düzeyi p<0,05 olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bulgular, deney grubunda sprint süreleri, çeviklik, dikey sıçrama ve anaerobik güç ölçümlerinde anlamlı gelişim olduğunu (p<0,05), esneklik skorlarında ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmayan bir artış olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuçlar sekiz haftalık kontrollü bir müdahale modeliyle uygulanan oyun temelli güreş antrenmanlarının motor gelişim üzerindeki olumlu etkilerini ortaya koymaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çocuklara yönelik antrenmanların planlanmasında motor gelişimi destekleyici, eğlenceli ve yapılandırılmış programların kullanılması önerilmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çeviklik
• Güç
• Güreş
• Motor Gelişim
• Sprint

Kaynakça

1. 1. Arsenovic D, Djokic B, Kovacevic Z, Stevanovic D, Janicijevic K, Janicijevic Petrovic MA, et al. Quality of life of children engaged in regular physical activities. Iran J Public Health. 2022;51(7):1629–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijph.v51i7.10097.
2. 2. Bai Y, Zheng Z, Gong B, Shen Y. Effects of different drop height training on lower limb explosive, anaerobic power, and change of direction performance in Chinese elite female wrestler. Heliyon. 2024;10(19):e38146. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e38146.
3. 3. Bayazit B, Keski̇n MC, Tahtali MH. Bireysel ve Takım Sporlarıyla Uğraşan 9-11 Yaş Grubu Sporcuların Motor Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi. Kocaeli Üniv sağlık bilim derg. 2020;6(2):162–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30934/kusbed.702419.
4. 4. Bayraktar I. Agility and speed standards for student teenager wrestlers. Univers J Educ Res. 2017;5(4):557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2017.050405.
5. 5. Bean WJ Jr. The effect of motivational general-mastery imagery on reaction time performance and heart rate. Georgia Southern University; 2021.
6. 6. Bektaş, M., Demir, O, Müniroğlu, R. S. 12-16 Yaş Aralığındaki Kız Atletlerin Vücut Kompozisyonu ile Çeviklik Testleri Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi. 2022;16(3):269–77.
7. 7. Bizzini M, Dvorak J. FIFA 11+: an effective programme to prevent football injuries in various player groups worldwide-a narrative review. Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(9):577–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-094765.
8. 8. Breton CV, Landon R, Kahn LG, Enlow MB, Peterson AK, Bastain T, et al. Exploring the evidence for epigenetic regulation of environmental influences on child health across generations. Commun Biol. 2021;4(1):769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-02316-6.

9. 9. Cengizel, Ç. Ö., Cengizel, E., Öz, E. Somatotype and body composition profiles of children and adolescent male basketball players. HOMO. 2024;75(1):41–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/homo/2024/1829.
10. 10. Chen Z, Chi G, Wang L, Chen S, Yan J, Li S. The combinations of physical activity, screen time, and sleep, and their associations with self-reported physical fitness in children and adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(10):5783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19105783.
11. 11. Civan O, Civan A, Erkan A, Ozenci AM. Evaluation of glenohumeral range of motion and humeral retroversion at ages after major change and differences in wrestlers. J Orthop Surg (Hong Kong). 2021;29(1):2309499020985149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2309499020985149.
12. 12. Çağlar EÇ, Kutlu M, Taşkıran C. Comparison of some physical characteristics of young judoka and wrestlers. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences. 2024;7(3):615–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1441502.
13. 13. Esmailnezhad S, Daneshmandi H, Samami N, Mirzaei B. The effect of Wrestling+ warm-up program on balance and proprioception of adolescent wrestlers. Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences. 2024;34(106):1–8. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.6754.
14. 14. Francino L, Villarroel B, Valdés-Badilla P, Ramirez-Campillo R, Báez-San Martín E, Ojeda-Aravena A, et al. Effect of a six week in-season training program on wrestling-specific competitive performance. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(15):9325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159325.
15. 15. Hoseini A, Zarei M, Nobari H, Hovanloo F, Abbasi H, Pérez-Gómez J. Isokinetic muscle strength cannot be related to the odds ratio of musculoskeletal injuries in young elite wrestlers. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil. 2022;14(1):29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13102-022-00423-3.
16. 16. Karademir G, Atalar AC. Pure elbow dislocation in a child wrestler with underlying hyperlaxity: What is the optimal time to return to competition? Ulus Travma Acil Cerrahi Derg. 2022;28(4):545–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14744/tjtes.2020.95623.
17. 17. Karavelioglu MB, Harmanci H, Caliskan G. Gender differences in hand grip strength of the child athletes by using absolute, ratio and allometric scaling methods. Biomed Res. 2017;28(4):1533–7.
18. 18. Krolo A, Gilic B, Foretic N, Pojskic H, Hammami R, Spasic M, et al. Agility testing in youth football (soccer)players; Evaluating reliability, validity, and correlates of newly developed testing protocols. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(1):294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17010294.
19. 19. Kurnaz M, Flôres F, Altınkök M, Esen HT, Silva AF. A 10-week play-based after-school program to improve coordinative abilities and physical fitness capabilities among adolescents: a randomized trial. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):13531. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61275-0.
20. 20. Lesinski M, Prieske O, Granacher U. Effects and dose-response relationships of resistance training on physical performance in youth athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2016;50(13):781–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095497.
21. 21. Markovic, G., Dizdar, D., Jukic, I., & Cardinale, M. Reliability and factorial validity of squat and countermovement jump tests. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research,. 2024;18(3):551–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/1533-4287.
22. 22. Maulder P, Cronin J. Horizontal and vertical jump assessment: reliability, symmetry, discriminative and predictive ability. Phys Ther Sport. 2005;6(2):74–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ptsp.2005.01.001.
23. 23. McDonald C, Deitch J, Bush C. Early sports specialization in elite wrestlers. Sports Health. 2019;11(5):397–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738119835180.
24. 24. Mor H, Abdioğlu M, Acar K, Yurtseven R, Kargın Z, Karakaş F, et al. 12-13 yaş grubu futbolcularda beslenme ve egzersiz stratejileri: FIFA 11+ Çocuklar ısınma programı ve çikolatalı süt üzerine bir çalışma. Journal of ROL Sport Sciences; 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.10876895.
25. 25. Morán-Navarro R, Valverde-Conesa A, López-Gullón JM, De La Cruz-Sanchez E, Pallarés JG. Can balance skills predict Olympic wrestling performance? Journal of Sport & Health Research. 2015;7(1).
26. 26. Myer GD, Jayanthi N, DiFiori JP, Faigenbaum AD, Kiefer AW, Logerstedt D, et al. Sports specialization, part II: Alternative solutions to early sport specialization in youth athletes: Alternative solutions to early sport specialization in youth athletes. Sports Health. 2016;8(1):65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738115614811.
27. 27. Nobari H, Badicu G, Akyildiz Z, Clemente FM. Relationships between training load and wellbeing measures across a full season: a study of Turkish national youth wrestlers. Biol Sport. 2023;40(2):399–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/biolsport.2023.116009.
28. 28. Pate RR, Davis MG, Robinson TN, Stone EJ, McKenzie TL, Young JC. Promoting physical activity in children and youth: A leadership role for schools: A scientific statement from the American heart association council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism (physical activity committee) in collaboration with the councils on cardiovascular disease in the young and cardiovascular nursing. Circulation. 2006;114(11):1214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.106.177052.
29. 29. Polat SC, Cetin E, Yarim I, Bulgay C, Cicioglu HI. Effect of ballistic warm-up on isokinetic strength, balance, agility, flexibility and speed in elite freestyle wrestlers. Sport Mont. 2018;16(3):85–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.26773/smj.181015
30. 30. Sadowski J, Gierczuk D. Correlations between selected coordination motor abilities and technical skills of Greco-Roman wrestlers aged 14-15. Archives of Budo. 2009;5:35–9.
31. 31. Sands WA. Measurement issues with elite athletes. Sports Technol. 2008;1(2–3):101–4: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19346182.2008.9648459.
32. 32. Sammoud S, Negra Y, Chaabene H, Bouguezzi R, Moran J, Granacher U. The effects of plyometric jump training on jumping and swimming performances in prepubertal male swimmers. J Sports Sci Med. 2019;18(4):805–11.
33. 33. Škugor K, Gilić B, Karninčić H, Jokai M, Babszky G, Ranisavljev M, et al. What determines the competitive success of young Croatian wrestlers: Anthropometric indices, generic or specific fitness performance? J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2023;8(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jfmk8030090.
34. 34. Snyder EM, Obana KK, Abdelaziz A, Parisien RL, Ahmad CS, Popkin CA, et al. Decreasing incidence of youth wrestling injuries: A 10-year analysis of national injury data. Orthop J Sports Med. 2024;12(12):23259671241297988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671241297988.
35. 35. Starosta W, Baić M, Sertić H, Rynkiewicz T. Comparison of the motor abilities level of classical and free style wrestlers of Polish Junior National Team. J Combat Sports Martial Arts. 2010;2(1):77–83.
36. 36. Tosun MI, Demirkan E, Kaplan A, Ari Yilmaz Y, Eker Arici I, Favre M, et al. Respiratory muscle training improves aerobic capacity and respiratory muscle strength in youth wrestlers. Front Physiol. 2025;16:1492446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1492446.
37. 37. Urbano-Mairena J, Mendoza-Muñoz M, Carlos-Vivas J, Pastor-Cisneros R, Castillo-Paredes A, Rodal M, et al. Role of satisfaction with life, sex and body mass index in physical literacy of Spanish children. Children (Basel). 2024;11(2):181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children11020181.
38. 38. Xu Y, Zhang W, Zhang H, Wang L, Luo Y, Ni G. Association between tennis training experience and executive function in children aged 8-12. Front Hum Neurosci .2022;16:924809. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2022.924809.
39. 39. Yildirim Y. The effects of Core Training on speed, anaerobic power and agility in 11-14 age wrestlers. Ido Movement for Culture. Journal of Martial Arts Anthropology. 2022;(5).
40. 40. Zribi A, Chaari H, Masmoudi L, Dardouri W, Khanfir MA, Bouajina E, et al. Volleyball practice increases bone mass in prepubescent boys during growth: A 1-yr longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2022;17(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266257.