Araştırma Makalesi
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Premenarşeal ve Postmenarşeal Ergenler Arasındaki Fiziksel Uygunluk Düzeylerinin Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 555 - 564, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1805600

Öz

Menarş sonrası dönemde gözlemlenen kuvvet ve sürat kaybı gibi potansiyel riskleri önceden tespit edilmesi, bu döneme özgü güçlendirme ve sakatlıktan korunma stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi için biyolojik olgunlaşmanın fiziksel performans üzerindeki kritik etkisini anlaşılmasında araştırma bulgularının, antrenörler ve beden eğitimcilerin, ergen sporcuları kronolojik yaş yerine biyolojik olgunluk düzeylerine göre gruplandırmaları ve böylece daha adil, güvenli ve etkili antrenman programları tasarlamalarına olanak tanıyacaktır. Böylece bu çalışma, menarj olmanın adölesan kadın gruplarının fiziksel uygunluk düzeyine etkisinin araştırılmasını amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada farklı yaşlarda prepubertal sedanter 26 kız öğrencinin ön test ölçümlerinde vücut ağırlığı ile boy uzunluğu, BKİ, esneklik, dikey sıçrama, el kavrama kuvveti, dikey sıçrama, geriye top atma ile çeviklik ve sprint sürati testleri uygulanmıştır. Dokuz ay sonra bu gruptan ortalama yaşı 151,77 ay (12,65 yıl) olan menarj olmamış (premenarchial) ile adet görmeye başlayan (postmenarchial) ortalama yaşı 166,92 ay (13.91 yıl ve 26 adölesan katılımcının ön test sırasında fiziksel uygunluk testleri tekrarlanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde ön test ve son test sırasında iki grubun karşılaştırılmasında bağımsız t-testi ile her grupta fiziksel uygunluk bileşenlerindeki 9 aylık değişimi belirlemek için eşleştirilmiş örneklem t-testi kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, menarş olmanın ergen kızlarda fiziksel uygunluk parametreleri üzerinde karmaşık ve çok yönlü etkileri olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ön ve son testler sırasında sadece premenarşiyal düşük yaş grubunun ön test ortalama sürat değeri postmenarşiyal büyük yaş grubundan anlamlı düzeyde farklıdır. Son dokuz ayda premenarşiyal grupta boy uzunluğunda orta etki büyüklüğüne, vücut ağırlığı ve BKİ’de küçük etki büyüklüğüne yol açarken postmenarşiyal grupta boy uzunluğunda ve vücut ağırlığı ortalamaların küçük etki büyüklüğüne ve ortalama sprint süratinde büyük etki büyüklüğüne sahiptir. Küçük yaş grubunda esneklik, dikey sıçrama, sağlık topu atışta anlamlı olmayan artış varken sağ ve sol el kavrama kuvvetinde anlamlı olmayan düşüş vardır. postmenarşiyal büyük yaş grubunda BKİ ve esneklikte anlamlı olmayan artış, sağ ve sol el kavrama kuvveti ve çeviklikte anlamlı olmayan azalma gözlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, biyolojik olgunluk düzeyi ile fiziksel performans arasındaki kritik ilişkiyi vurgulayarak, antrenman programlarının kronolojik yaş yerine biyolojik olgunluğa göre planlanmasının gerekliliğini Özellikle menarş sonrası dönemde gözlemlenen el kavrama kuvvetindeki düşüşler ve sürat performansındaki değişkenlik, bu geçiş dönemine özgü risklere işaret etmektedir. Bu bulgular ışığında, antrenörler ve beden eğitimi uzmanları için en önemli pratik çıkarım, erken ve geç olgunlaşan bireyleri aynı gruplarda değerlendirmenin performansı ve muhtemelen sakatlık riskini olumsuz etkileyebileceğidir. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışma, özellikle menarş öncesi dönemindeki kız çocuklarının fiziksel uygunluk düzeylerinin izlenmesi ve bu döneme özgü güçlendirme, vücut kompozisyonunun takibi ile sakatlıktan korunma stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi için önemli bir bilimsel alt yapı sağlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Malina RM, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O. Growth, maturation, and physical activity. 2nd ed. Human Kinetics; 2004.
  • 2. Calthorpe L, Brage S, Ong KK. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between childhood physical activity and age at menarche. Acta Paediatr. 2019;108(6):1008-15.
  • 3. Hoch AZ, Pajewski NM, Moraski L, Carrera GF, Wilson CR, Hoffmann RG, et al. Prevalence of the Female Athlete Triad in High School Athletes and Sedentary Students. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19(5):421-8.
  • 4. He C, Kraft P, Chen C, Buring JE, Paré G, Hankinson SE, et al. Genome-wide association studies identify loci associated with age at menarche and age at natural menopause. Nat Genet. 2009;41(6):724-8.
  • 5. Zhu J, Kusa TO, Chan YM. Genetics of pubertal timing. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2018;30(4):532-40.
  • 6. Yermachenko A, Dvornyk V. Nongenetic Determinants of Age at Menarche: A Systematic Review. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:371583.
  • 7. Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Faigenbaum AD, Howard R, De Ste Croix MB, Williams CA, et al. Long-term athletic development- part 1: A pathway for all youth. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;29(5):1439-50.
  • 8. Philippaerts RM, Vaeyens R, Janssens M, Van Renterghem B, Matthys D, Craen R, et al. The relationship between peak height velocity and physical performance in youth soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(3):221-30.
  • 9. Ravi S, Kujala UM, Tammelin TH, Hirvensalo M, Kovanen V, Valtonen M, et al. Adolescent sport participation and age at menarche in relation to midlife body composition, bone mineral density, fitness, and physical activity. J Clin Med. 2020;9(12):3797.
  • 10. Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R, editors. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Human Kinetics Books; 1988.
  • 11. Wells KF, Dillon EK. The sit and reach---A test of back and leg flexibility. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1952;23(1):115-8.
  • 12. Fess EE. Grip strength. In: Clinical assessment recommendations. 2nd ed. American Society of Hand Therapists; 1992. p. 41-5.
  • 13. Forster JW, Uthoff AM, Rumpf MC, Cronin JB. Advancing the pro--agility test to provide better change of direction speed diagnostics. J Sport Exerc Sci. 2021;5(2):101-6.
  • 14. Gozzoli C, Simohamed J, El-Hebil AM. Educational Cards Kids' Athletics. International Association of Athletics Federations; 2006. Available from: http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/imported/37264.pdf
  • 15. Castro-Piñero J, Ortega FB, Artero EG, Girela-Rejón MJ, Mora J, Sjöström M, et al. Assessing muscular strength in youth: Usefulness of standing long jump as a general index of muscular fitness. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(7):1810-7.
  • 16. Figueiredo AJ, Silva MJ, Malina RM. Growth and maturity status of youth soccer players. In: The Youth Soccer Player. Routledge; 2009. p. 1-24.
  • 17. Round JM, Jones DA, Honour JW, Nevill AM. Hormonal factors in the development of differences in strength between boys and girls during adolescence: A longitudinal study. Ann Hum Biol. 1999;26(1):49-62.
  • 18. Rogol AD. Growth and development. In: Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine and Science. Internet Society for Sport Science; 1994.
  • 19. Armstrong N, Welsman J, Kirby B. Peak oxygen uptake in relation to growth and maturation in 11- to 17-year-old humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998;78(5):495-503.
  • 20. Malina RM, Katzmarzyk PT, Beunen G. The contribution of biological maturity to the strength and motor fitness of children. Ann Hum Biol. 1997;24(6):493-505.
  • 21. Fu Y, Hu Y, Qin Z, Zhao Y, Yang Z, Li Y, et al. Association between age at menarche and physical fitness in adolescent girls: A longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e68836.

Comparison of the Physical Fitness Levels between Premenarcheal and Postmenarcheal Adolescents

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3, 555 - 564, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1805600

Öz

Research findings on understanding the critical impact of biological maturation on physical performance through research findings will enable coaches and physical educators to group adolescent athletes based on their biological maturity levels rather than chronological age. This approach will allow them to design fairer, safer, and more effective training programs by identifying potential risks, such as losses in strength and speed observed during the post-menarche period, and developing strength and injury prevention strategies specific to this phase. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of menarche on the physical fitness levels of adolescent female groups. In the study, pre-tests were administered to 26 sedentary pre-pubertal female students of different ages, measuring body weight, height, BMI, flexibility, vertical jump, handgrip strength, backward medicine ball throw, agility, and sprint speed. Nine months later, the physical fitness tests were repeated for the same participants, who were divided into two groups: those who had not yet experienced menarche (premenarcheal), with a mean age of 151.77 months (12.65 years), and those who had started menstruating (postmenarcheal), with a mean age of 166.92 months (13.91 years). Data analysis included an independent t-test to compare the two groups during pre- and post-tests and a paired sample t-test to determine the 9-month changes in physical fitness components within each group. The findings of this study reveal that menarche has complex and multifaceted effects on the physical fitness parameters of adolescent girls. During the pre- and post-tests, only the mean sprint speed of the younger premenarcheal group differed significantly from that of the older postmenarcheal group. Over the nine-month period, the premenarcheal group showed moderate effect sizes in height and small effect sizes in body weight and BMI, whereas the postmenarcheal group exhibited small effect sizes in height and body weight and a large effect size in mean sprint speed. In the younger group, non-significant increases were observed in flexibility, vertical jump, and medicine ball throw, while non-significant decreases were noted in right and left handgrip strength. In the older postmenarcheal group, non-significant increases were found in BMI and flexibility, whereas non-significant decreases were observed in right and left handgrip strength and agility. The results highlight the critical relationship between biological maturity level and physical performance, emphasizing the necessity of planning training programs based on biological maturity rather than chronological age. Specifically, the declines in handgrip strength and variability in sprint performance observed during the post-menarche period point to risks unique to this transitional phase. In light of these findings, the most important practical implication for coaches and physical education specialists is that evaluating early- and late-maturing individuals within the same groups may negatively affect performance and potentially increase the risk of injury. In conclusion, this study provides a significant scientific foundation for monitoring the physical fitness levels of girls, especially during the pre-menarche period, and for developing targeted strengthening, body composition monitoring, and injury prevention strategies specific to this phase.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Malina RM, Bouchard C, Bar-Or O. Growth, maturation, and physical activity. 2nd ed. Human Kinetics; 2004.
  • 2. Calthorpe L, Brage S, Ong KK. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between childhood physical activity and age at menarche. Acta Paediatr. 2019;108(6):1008-15.
  • 3. Hoch AZ, Pajewski NM, Moraski L, Carrera GF, Wilson CR, Hoffmann RG, et al. Prevalence of the Female Athlete Triad in High School Athletes and Sedentary Students. Clin J Sport Med. 2009;19(5):421-8.
  • 4. He C, Kraft P, Chen C, Buring JE, Paré G, Hankinson SE, et al. Genome-wide association studies identify loci associated with age at menarche and age at natural menopause. Nat Genet. 2009;41(6):724-8.
  • 5. Zhu J, Kusa TO, Chan YM. Genetics of pubertal timing. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2018;30(4):532-40.
  • 6. Yermachenko A, Dvornyk V. Nongenetic Determinants of Age at Menarche: A Systematic Review. Biomed Res Int. 2014;2014:371583.
  • 7. Lloyd RS, Oliver JL, Faigenbaum AD, Howard R, De Ste Croix MB, Williams CA, et al. Long-term athletic development- part 1: A pathway for all youth. J Strength Cond Res. 2014;29(5):1439-50.
  • 8. Philippaerts RM, Vaeyens R, Janssens M, Van Renterghem B, Matthys D, Craen R, et al. The relationship between peak height velocity and physical performance in youth soccer players. J Sports Sci. 2006;24(3):221-30.
  • 9. Ravi S, Kujala UM, Tammelin TH, Hirvensalo M, Kovanen V, Valtonen M, et al. Adolescent sport participation and age at menarche in relation to midlife body composition, bone mineral density, fitness, and physical activity. J Clin Med. 2020;9(12):3797.
  • 10. Lohman TG, Roche AF, Martorell R, editors. Anthropometric standardization reference manual. Human Kinetics Books; 1988.
  • 11. Wells KF, Dillon EK. The sit and reach---A test of back and leg flexibility. Res Q Exerc Sport. 1952;23(1):115-8.
  • 12. Fess EE. Grip strength. In: Clinical assessment recommendations. 2nd ed. American Society of Hand Therapists; 1992. p. 41-5.
  • 13. Forster JW, Uthoff AM, Rumpf MC, Cronin JB. Advancing the pro--agility test to provide better change of direction speed diagnostics. J Sport Exerc Sci. 2021;5(2):101-6.
  • 14. Gozzoli C, Simohamed J, El-Hebil AM. Educational Cards Kids' Athletics. International Association of Athletics Federations; 2006. Available from: http://www.iaaf.org/mm/Document/imported/37264.pdf
  • 15. Castro-Piñero J, Ortega FB, Artero EG, Girela-Rejón MJ, Mora J, Sjöström M, et al. Assessing muscular strength in youth: Usefulness of standing long jump as a general index of muscular fitness. J Strength Cond Res. 2010;24(7):1810-7.
  • 16. Figueiredo AJ, Silva MJ, Malina RM. Growth and maturity status of youth soccer players. In: The Youth Soccer Player. Routledge; 2009. p. 1-24.
  • 17. Round JM, Jones DA, Honour JW, Nevill AM. Hormonal factors in the development of differences in strength between boys and girls during adolescence: A longitudinal study. Ann Hum Biol. 1999;26(1):49-62.
  • 18. Rogol AD. Growth and development. In: Encyclopedia of Sports Medicine and Science. Internet Society for Sport Science; 1994.
  • 19. Armstrong N, Welsman J, Kirby B. Peak oxygen uptake in relation to growth and maturation in 11- to 17-year-old humans. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1998;78(5):495-503.
  • 20. Malina RM, Katzmarzyk PT, Beunen G. The contribution of biological maturity to the strength and motor fitness of children. Ann Hum Biol. 1997;24(6):493-505.
  • 21. Fu Y, Hu Y, Qin Z, Zhao Y, Yang Z, Li Y, et al. Association between age at menarche and physical fitness in adolescent girls: A longitudinal study. PLoS One. 2013;8(7):e68836.
Toplam 21 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Antrenman
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Elif Aycan Atak 0009-0000-6801-2081

Hüseyin Aslan 0000-0003-1008-6058

Mehmet Akif Ziyagil Ziyagil 0000-0003-0984-0607

Gönderilme Tarihi 17 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 13 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 27 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Atak, E. A., Aslan, H., & Ziyagil, M. A. Z. (2025). Comparison of the Physical Fitness Levels between Premenarcheal and Postmenarcheal Adolescents. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 27(3), 555-564. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1805600
AMA Atak EA, Aslan H, Ziyagil MAZ. Comparison of the Physical Fitness Levels between Premenarcheal and Postmenarcheal Adolescents. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. Aralık 2025;27(3):555-564. doi:10.15314/tsed.1805600
Chicago Atak, Elif Aycan, Hüseyin Aslan, ve Mehmet Akif Ziyagil Ziyagil. “Comparison of the Physical Fitness Levels between Premenarcheal and Postmenarcheal Adolescents”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27, sy. 3 (Aralık 2025): 555-64. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1805600.
EndNote Atak EA, Aslan H, Ziyagil MAZ (01 Aralık 2025) Comparison of the Physical Fitness Levels between Premenarcheal and Postmenarcheal Adolescents. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27 3 555–564.
IEEE E. A. Atak, H. Aslan, ve M. A. Z. Ziyagil, “Comparison of the Physical Fitness Levels between Premenarcheal and Postmenarcheal Adolescents”, Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, c. 27, sy. 3, ss. 555–564, 2025, doi: 10.15314/tsed.1805600.
ISNAD Atak, Elif Aycan vd. “Comparison of the Physical Fitness Levels between Premenarcheal and Postmenarcheal Adolescents”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 27/3 (Aralık2025), 555-564. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.1805600.
JAMA Atak EA, Aslan H, Ziyagil MAZ. Comparison of the Physical Fitness Levels between Premenarcheal and Postmenarcheal Adolescents. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. 2025;27:555–564.
MLA Atak, Elif Aycan vd. “Comparison of the Physical Fitness Levels between Premenarcheal and Postmenarcheal Adolescents”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, c. 27, sy. 3, 2025, ss. 555-64, doi:10.15314/tsed.1805600.
Vancouver Atak EA, Aslan H, Ziyagil MAZ. Comparison of the Physical Fitness Levels between Premenarcheal and Postmenarcheal Adolescents. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise. 2025;27(3):555-64.
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