Relative age effect in Turkish soccer

Yıl 2016, , 64 - 69, 01.05.2016

Olcay Mulazımoglu , Mehmet Bayansalduz , Kerimhan Kaynak Hacer Mulazımoglu

https://doi.org/10.15314/tjse.14670

Cited By: 3

Öz

Relative Age Effect (RAE) refers to the difference between the individuals who were born in the early or the later period of the same year. The purpose of this study was to investigate the existence and prevalence of RAE in Turkish Soccer. The data were collected from 3074 (530 professional players and 2544 amateur players) active players who play for eight different age categories of 19 soccer clubs in Turkish First Soccer League. The significance of the distributions by birth month, distributions by quarter-year and the differences between groups were analyzed through chi-square test. For all categories, first month (January%=22.10), and first quarter (Q1%=44.44) of distributions by birth month and were found to be significantly high (p<0.01). The researchers observed the existence and prevalence of RAE in youth and professional teams of Turkish Soccer Clubs. Trainers should evaluate players carefully during talent selection, in order to eliminate this unfair competition. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

birth-month, relative age effect, soccer player, Turkish league

Kaynakça

• Barnsley RH, Thompson AH, Barnsley PE. Hockey success and birthdate: The relative age effect. Can Assoc Health Phys Educ Recr J, 1985; 51: 23-28. Reviewed from doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.07.001.
• Baxter-Jones A, Helms P, Baines-Preece J. Preece M. Growth and development of male athletes: implications for identification of talent. J Sports Sci, 1994; 12: 156. 10.1080/02640419408732163
• Bell JF, Daniels S. Are summer-born children disadvantaged? The birthdate effect in education. Oxford Review of Education, 1990; 16: 67-80. doi:10.1080/0305498900160106
• Carling C, Le Gall F, Reilly T, Williams AM. Do anthropometric and fitness characteristics vary according to birth date distribution in elite youth academy soccer players? Scan J Med Sci Sports, 2009; 19: 3-9. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0838.2008.00867
• Cobley S, Abraham C, Baker J. Relative age effects on physical education attainment and school sport representation. Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy, 2008a; 13(3): 267-276. doi:10.1080/17408980701711983
• Cobley S, Schorer J, Baker J. Relative age effects in professional German soccer: A historical analysis. J Sports Sci, 2008b; 26: 1531-1538. doi:10.1080/02640410802298250
• Cobley S, Baker J, Wattie N, McKenna J. Annual age-grouping and athlete development: A meta-analytical review of relative age effects in sport. Sports Med, 2009; 39(3): 235-256. doi:10.2165/00007256-200939030-00005
• Delorme N, Boiche J, Raspaud M. Relative age and dropout in French male soccer. J Sports Sci, 2010; 28(7): 717-722. doi:10.1080/02640411003663276
• Gil SM, Badiolaa A, Bidaurrazaga-Letonaa I, Zabala-Lilia J, Gravinab L, Santos-Concejeroa J, Lekuec JA, Granadosa C. Relationship between the relative age effect and anthropometry, maturity and performance in young soccer players. J Sports Sci, 2014; 32-5: 479-486.
• Glamser FD, Vincent J. The relative age effect among elite American youth soccer players. J Sport Behav, 2004; 27: 31-38.
• Grondin S, Deschaies P, Nault LP. Trimestres de naissance et rendement scolaire, Apprentissage et Socialisation, 1984; 16: 169-174. Reviewed from doi:10.1080/17408980701711983
• Gutierrez CS, Vicedo JCP, Gonzalez SV, Jordan ORC. The relative age effect in youth soccer players from Spain. J Sports Sci Med, 2010; 9: 190-198.
• Helsen WF, Starkes JL,Van Winckel J. The influence of relative age on success and dropout in male soccer players. Am. J. Human Biol, 1998; 10: 791-798. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1520-6300(1998)10:6<791::AID-AJHB10>3.0.CO;2-1
• Helsen WF, Van Winckel J, Williams AM. The relative age effect in youth soccer across Europe. J Sports Sci, 2005; 23(6): 629-636. doi:10.1080/02640410400021310
• Helsen WF, Baker J, Michiels S, Schorer J, Van Winckel J, Williams AM. The relative age effect in European professional soccer: Did ten years of research rnake any difference? J Sports Sci, 2012; 30(15): 1665-1671. doi:10.1080/02640414.2012.721929
• Kirkendall DT. The relative age effect has no influence on match outcome in youth soccer. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 2014; 3(4): 273-278. doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2014.07.001.
• Malina RM, Ribeiro B, Aroso J, Cumming SP. Characteristics of youth soccer players aged 13–15 years classified by skill level. Br J Sports Med, 2007; 41: 290-295. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2006.031294
• McPhillips M, Jordan-Black JA. The effect of month of birth on the attainments of primary and secondary school pupils. The British Journal of Educational Psychology, 2009; 79-3: 419-438. doi:10.1348/978185408x380199
• Mulazimoglu O. The relative age effect (RAE) in youth and professional soccer players in Turkey. Anthropologist, 2014; 18(2): 391-398.
• Musch J, Hay R. The relative age effect in soccer: Cross-cultural evidence for a systematic discrimination against children born late in the competition year. Sociology of Sport Journal, 1999;16: 54-64.
• Musch J, Grondin S. Unequal competition as an impediment to personal development: a review of the relative age effect in sport. Developmental Review, 2001;21: 147-167. doi:10.1006/drev.2000.0516
• Pierson K, Addona V, Yates P. A behavioural dynamic model of the relative age effect. J Sports Sci, 2014; 32(8): 776-784. doi:10.1080/02640414.2013.855804
• Reilly T, Williams AM, Nevill A, Franks A. A multidisciplinary approach to talent identification in soccer. J Sports Sci, 2000; 18: 695-702. doi:10.1080/02640410050120078
• Roberts SJ, Fairclough SJ. The influence of relative age effect in the assessment of high school students in physical education in the United Kingdom. Journal of Teaching in Physical Education, 2012; 31: 56-70.
• Romann M, Fuchslocher J. Influence of the selection level, age and playing position on relative age effects in Swiss women's soccer. Talent Development & Excellence, 2011; 3(2): 239-247.
• Sharp C, Hutchinson D, Whetton C. How do season of birth and length of schooling affect children’s attainment at key stage 1? Educational Research, 1994; 36(2): 107-121. 10.1080/0013188940360201
• Sprietsma M. Effect of relative age in the first grade of elementary school on long-term scholastic results: international comparative evidence using PISA 2003. Education Economics, 2010; 18(1): 1-32. doi:10.1080/09645290802201961
• TFF. (2014) Info Bank >> Club Details (2014) “Team Staff”, Retrieved May 06, 2014, from [http://www.tff.org/Default.aspx?pageID=119].
• Wiium N, Lie SA, Ommundsen Y, Enksen HR. Does relative age effect exist among Norwegian professional soccer players? International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences, 2010; 22/2: 66-76.
• Williams JH. Relative age effect in youth soccer: analysis of the FIFA U17 World Cup competition. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2010; 20: 502-508. doi :10.1111/j.1600-0838.2009.00961