How does the ground reaction force affect the 6 second sprint performance?

Yıl 2016, , 70 - 75, 01.05.2016

İzzet Kırkaya , İlker Yılmaz , Baris Gurol

https://doi.org/10.15314/tjse.81958

Öz

The purpose of this study was to determine kinetics and kinematics of various 6 second sprinting load with %0GRF, %10GRF and %15GRF. Different loads of GRF have been analysed for seeing effect of the increasing ground reaction force. 8 female sportswomen (age=24.7±6.2year; body weight=61.27±8.79kg; height=172.4±11.37m) of Anadolu University Youth and Sport Club that competes in the second division of Turkey Women’s Basketball participated in this study. 6s. sprint kinematical analysis of the participants was made with two fast filming cameras (A602f, Basler, Germany) that are able to record up to 500 Hz and a software program (SIMI 7.3, Germany) that is able to record the scenes simultaneously into computer in 60 Hz. The sprints that is with %0, %10 and %15 loads were applied on non-motorised treadmills during 6s., it was recorded with avi. format and the scenes which are in equal length and simultaneous were analysed. The difference among three different measurements (0%, 10%, 15% ground reaction force) that belongs to one group was tested with One Way Anova after homogeneity of variances and significance level was taken as p<0.05.  In the 6second sprint tests that were done with %0, %10, %15 ground reaction force, a statistically, on highest degree significant result was found among the distance that was passed, average velocity, average horizontal force, the top velocity and the top horizontal force (p≤0.01). A statistically significant relationship was not found between average vertical force and vertical force on the peak velocity (p>0.05).  In the 6second sprint tests which was done with 0%, 10%, 15% GRF of knee and elbow joints, statistically significant relation was not able to be found among angle, angular velocity, vertical velocity, horizontal velocity and resultant velocity (p>0.05). Based on Bonferroni correction post test results there were statistically significant differences have been found between ground reaction forces (GRF0 - GRF10; p<0.05 & GRF0 - GRF15; p<0.001) and there were no statistically significant differences have been found between ground reaction forces (p>0.05). During the 6second sprints that were done with 0%, 10%, 15%  of the participants’ body weights, it has been seen that vertical ground reaction force did not increase. This also shows that the participants could apply more force to the ground to accelerate and accordingly they carried out the sprint performance in a longer time. Not to be found a significant relationship among angle, angular velocity, horizontal velocity, vertical velocity and resultant velocity arises from reacting to ground reaction force in the same way with the sprint that is done with body weight. The participants could not increase their velocity in the face of increasing ground reaction force and therefore realized the 6second sprint performance in a longer time. Consequently, it has been deduced that they could not adapt acutely to ground reaction force and change their sprint styles to accelerate. To overcome the braking components of ground reaction force, supramaximal and plyometric types of trainings can be suggested.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Ground reaction force, motion analysis, sprint biomechanics

Kaynakça

• Ciacci S, Di Michele R, Merni F. Kinematic analysis of the braking and propulsion phases during the support time in sprint running. Gait & Posture, 2010; 31(2), 209-212.
• Comfort P, Bullock N, Stephen S. A comparison of maximal squat strength and 5-10 and 20 meter sprint times in athletes and recreationally trained men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2012; 26(4): 937-940.
• Heymen M. Hamstring Injuries in Sprinting.2000; IAAF/NSA 3.01.
• Highton JM, Lamb KL, Twist C, Nicholas C. The reliability and validity of short-distance sprint performance assessed on a non-motorized treadmill. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2012; 26(2): 458-465.
• Hunter JP, Marshall RN, McNair, PJ, Relationships between ground reaction force impulse and kinematics of sprint-running acceleration. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 2005; 21(1), 31-43.
• Korkusuz F, Tümer T, Ortopedide Biyomekanik Yaklaşımlar, Ankara Üniversitesi Dikimevi Sağlık Hizmetleri Meslek Yüksekokulu Yıllığı 2001; Cilt 2 Sayı 1.
• Luhtanen P, Komi PV. Force, power and elasticity-velocity relationship in walking, running and jumping. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1980; 44 (3), 279-289.
• Mann RA, Moran GT, Dougherty SE. Comparitive electromyography of the lower extremity in jogging, running and sprinting. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 1986; 14(6): 501-510.
• Mero A, Komi PV. Force-emg and elasticity-velocity relationships at submaximal, maximal and supramaximal running speeds in sprinters. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 1986; 55: 553-561.
• Mero A, Komi PV, Gregor RJ. Biomechanics of sprint running. Sports Medicine, 1992; 13(6): 376- 393.
• Morin BJ, Samozino P, Bonnefoy R, Edouard PBA. Direct measurement of power during one single sprint on treadmill. Journal of Biomechanics, 2010; (43): 1970-1975.
• Murphy AJ, Lockie RG, Coutts AJ. Kinematic determinants of early acceleration in field sport athletes. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 2003; 2(4): 144–150.
• Ross MD, Ratamess NA, Hoffman JR, Faigenbaum AD, Kang JC. Test effects of treadmill sprint training and resistance training on maximal running velocity and power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2009; 23(2): 385-394.
• Weyand P, Sternlight D, Bellizzi MJ, Wright S. Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements. Journal of Applied Physiology, 2000; 89(5):1991-1999.
• Wiemann K, Günter T. Relative activity of hip and knee extensors in sprinting - implications for training, New Studies in Athletics, 1995; Vol. 10, 29-49.
• Winter DA. Biomechanics and motor control of movement. 1990; New York: Wiley.
• Young M. Maximal velocity sprint mechanics, Human Performance Consulting, 2005.