Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2019, , 276 - 280, 15.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.555433

Öz

Kaynakça

  • 1. Aggarwal T, Polanco MJ, Scaramuzzino C, Rocchi A, Milioto C, Emionite L, Ognio E, Sambataro F, Galbiati M, Poletti A, Pennuto M, 2014. Androgens affect muscle, motor neuron, and survival in a mouse model of SOD1-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiology of Aging, 1-10.
  • 2. Amer HE, Asker SA, Mazroa SA, 2011. Structural changes and immunohistochemical localisation of edidermal growth factor receptor in the true vocal fold of female albino rats administered anabolic adrogenic steroids, and effects of anti-androgen therapy. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 125, 829-36.
  • 3. Amsterdam JV, Opperhuizen A, Hartgens F, 2010. Adverse health effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 57, 117-23.
  • 4. Baggish AL, Weiner RB, Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Picard MH, Hutter AM, Pope HG, 2010. Long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid use is associated with left ventricular dysfunction. Circ Heart Fail, 3, 472-76.
  • 5. Barkhe MS, Yesalis CE, 2004. Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids and related substances in sport and exercise. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 4, 614-20.
  • 6. Beck DT, Yarrow JF, Beggs LA, Otzel DM, Ye F, Conover CF, Williams AA, 2014. Influence of Aromatase Inhibition on the Bone‐Protective Effects of Testosterone. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 29(11), 2405-13.
  • 7. Bonnet N, Benhamou CL, Brunet-Imbault B, Arlettaz A, Horcajada MN, Richard O, Vico L, Collomp K, Courteix D, 2005. Severe bone alterations under β2 agonist teratments: Bone mass, microarchitecture and strength analyses in female rats. Bone, 37, 622-33.
  • 8. Borges T, Eisele G, Byrd C, 2001. Rewiev of androgenic anabolic steroid use. Office of Safeguards and Security U.S. Department of Energy, 1-18.
  • 9. Chin K Y, Ima-Nirwana S. 2017 The Effects of Testosterone Deficiency and Its Replacement on Inflammatory Markers in Rats: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, (Inpress). 12,125- 136.
  • 10. Chung KJ, Kim KH, 2015. Forbidden fruit for athletes, but possible divine blessing for rehabilitation: testosterone. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 11(1), 2-4.
  • 11. Fontana K Campos GER, Staron RS, Cruz-Höfling MA, 2013. Effects of Anabolik Steroids and High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Skeletal Muscle of Transgenic Mice. PLoS One, 8(11), 1-8.
  • 12. Gunness M, Orwoll E, 1995. Early induction of alterations in cancellous and cortical bone histology after orchiectomy in mature rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 10, 1735-44.
  • 13. Harmer PA, 2010. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among young male and female athletes: is the game to blame. Br J Sports Med, 44, 26-31.
  • 14. Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, 2006. Medical ıssues associated with anabolic steroid use: are they exaggerated. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5, 183-93.
  • 15. Kassem HH, Dashti R, Jarallah M, 2014. Anabolic Steroids and Testosterone Abuse; a Possible Cause of Myocardial Infarction in Young Age, 20, 2685-87.
  • 16. Kerr JM, Congeni JA, 2007. Anabolic-androgenic steroids: use and abuse in pediatric patients. Pediatr Clin N Am, 54, 7771-85.
  • 17. Kicman AT, 2008. Pharmacology of anabolic steroids.British Journal of Pharmacology, 154, 502-21.
  • 18. Kılcı A, Lok S. Morphometric Effects Of Testosterone Supplementation On Certain Extremity Bones In Young Swim-Trained Rats. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 2018; 20(3), 140-144.
  • 19. Kim B, Mosekilde L, Duan Y, Zhang XZ, Tornvig L, Thomsen JS, Seeman E, 2003. The structural and hormonal basis of sex differences in peak appendicular bone strength in rats. J Bone Miner Res, 18:150-5.
  • 20. Lok S, 2015. Does the use of Testosterone Enanthate as a Form of Doping in Sports Cause Early Closure of Epiphyseal in Bones?". International journal of morphology, 33(4), pp. 1201-4.
  • 21. Lok S, Yalcin H, 2010. Morphometric effect of nandrolone decanoate used as doping in sport on femur of rats in puberty period. Archives of budo, 6(4), 1771-5.
  • 22. Maravelias C, Dona A, Stefanidou M, Spiliopoulou C, 2005. Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes: A constant threat. Toxicol Lett, 158, 167-75.
  • 23. Momaya A, Fawal M, Estes R, 2015. Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports: A Review of the Literature. Sports Med, 45, 517–31.
  • 24. Papazisis G, Kouvelas D, Mastrogianni A, Karastergiou A, 2007. Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse and mood disorder. A case report Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 10(2), 292-293.
  • 25. Prakasam G, Yeh JK , Chen MM, Magana MC, Liang CT, Aloia JF, 1999. Effects of growth hormone and testosterone on cortical bone formation and bone density in aged orchiectomized rats. Bone, 5, 491-7.
  • 26. Qu Q, Heapei MP, Kapanen, JA , Salo DJ , Väänänen HK, Härkönen P. Estrogen enhances differentiation of osteoblasts in mouse bone marrow culture. Bone. 1998;22: 201-9.
  • 27. Sims NA, Dupont S, Krust A, Clement-Lacroix P, Minet D, Resche-Rigon M, Gaillard-Kelly M, Baron R, 2002. Deletion of estrogen receptors reveals a regulatory role for estrogen receptors in bone remodeling in females but not in males. Bone, 30, 18-25.
  • 28. Solbach P,Potthoff A, Raatschen HJ, Soudah B, Lehmann U, Schneider A, Gebel MJ, Manns MP, Vogel A, 2015. Testosterone-receptor positive hepatocellular carcinoma in a 29-year old bodybuilder with a history of anabolic androgenic steroid abuse: a case report. BMC Gastroenterology, 15, 60.
  • 29. Tasgin E, Akkus H, Lok S, 2016. Morphometric Effects of Testosterone İntake On Bones of Femur and Humerus İn Female Rats Which Regularly Swim. 14th International Sport Sciences Congress, Book of Abstracts, p 458, 01st-04th November, Belek-Antalya
  • 30. Thevis M, Schanzer W, 2007. Mass spectrometryin sports drug testing: structure characterization and alalytical assays. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 26, 79-107.
  • 31. Weisman Y, Cassorla F, Malozowski S, Krieg R J, Goldray D, Kaye A M, Somjen D, 1993. Sex-specific response of bone cells to gonadal steroids: modulation in perinatally androgenized females and in testicular feminized male rats. Steroids. 58: 126-33.
  • 32. Xiaodong L, Takahashi M, Kushida K, Shimizu S, Hoshino H, 2000. The effect of nandrolone decanoate on bone mass and metabolism overectomized rats with ostepeni. J Bone Miner Metab, 18, 258-63.
  • 33. Yavari A, 2009. Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 5(3), 22-32.

The Effects of Methenolone Enanthate Supplement with Exercise on Rats’ Bones

Yıl 2019, , 276 - 280, 15.09.2019
https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.555433

Öz

Abstract



It is known that anabolic steroids are used by athletes to
increase their performance and cause many health problems. This study aims to
analyze the effects of methenolone enanthate supplement with exercise on rats’
bones.



The study was conducted with 28 28-day-old Wistar male rats
obtained from the Chair of the Experimental Medicine Researc
h and Application Center of Selcuk
University. The rats were allocated into four groups: C (control, n:6), E
(exercise, n:7), M (methenolone enanthate, n:7) and ME (methenolone
enanthate+exercise, n:8). The required doses were arranged weekly depending on
the rats’ live weight for the groups given methenolone enanthate. The rats’
front and back extremity bones were dissected, and the humerus and femur bones
were dried. Each bone’s length, corpus thickness, cortex thickness and
medullary diameter points were determined. The results were presented as
mean±SD. ANOVA and Duncan's test were used for inter-group comparison of the
data. The threshold for statistical significance was p<0.05. The femur
length was 32.46±0.29 in the C group, 32.60±0.64 in the E group, 31.37±0.50 in
the ME group and 31.67±0.52 in the M group. The humerus length was 26.42±0.28
in the C group,26.23±0.59 in the E group, 25.31±0.40 in the ME group and
25.35±0.45 in the M group. The femur and humerus length was statistically
significantly shorter in the groups that received methenolone enanthate
supplement (M and ME) than that of the other two groups (p<0.05). No
statistically significant difference was found between the C, E, M and ME
groups in terms of the cortex and corpus thickness and medullary diameter of
their femur and humerus bones (p>0.05). It was concluded based on the study
results that methenolone enanthate supplement causes early epiphyseal closure
in rats’ femur and humerus bones and stops the increase in these bones’ length.
In addition, exercise was found not to reduce this negative effect of
methenolone enanthate. Although the prohibited substances classified as anabolics
are considered to increase performance by some athletes, these substances are
not recommended for use due to their negative effects on athletes’ health.



 

Keywords:
anabolic
steroids, methenolone enanthate, rats, femur, humerus


Kaynakça

  • 1. Aggarwal T, Polanco MJ, Scaramuzzino C, Rocchi A, Milioto C, Emionite L, Ognio E, Sambataro F, Galbiati M, Poletti A, Pennuto M, 2014. Androgens affect muscle, motor neuron, and survival in a mouse model of SOD1-related amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neurobiology of Aging, 1-10.
  • 2. Amer HE, Asker SA, Mazroa SA, 2011. Structural changes and immunohistochemical localisation of edidermal growth factor receptor in the true vocal fold of female albino rats administered anabolic adrogenic steroids, and effects of anti-androgen therapy. The Journal of Laryngology & Otology, 125, 829-36.
  • 3. Amsterdam JV, Opperhuizen A, Hartgens F, 2010. Adverse health effects of anabolic-androgenic steroids. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 57, 117-23.
  • 4. Baggish AL, Weiner RB, Kanayama G, Hudson JI, Picard MH, Hutter AM, Pope HG, 2010. Long-term anabolic-androgenic steroid use is associated with left ventricular dysfunction. Circ Heart Fail, 3, 472-76.
  • 5. Barkhe MS, Yesalis CE, 2004. Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids and related substances in sport and exercise. Current Opinion in Pharmacology, 4, 614-20.
  • 6. Beck DT, Yarrow JF, Beggs LA, Otzel DM, Ye F, Conover CF, Williams AA, 2014. Influence of Aromatase Inhibition on the Bone‐Protective Effects of Testosterone. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 29(11), 2405-13.
  • 7. Bonnet N, Benhamou CL, Brunet-Imbault B, Arlettaz A, Horcajada MN, Richard O, Vico L, Collomp K, Courteix D, 2005. Severe bone alterations under β2 agonist teratments: Bone mass, microarchitecture and strength analyses in female rats. Bone, 37, 622-33.
  • 8. Borges T, Eisele G, Byrd C, 2001. Rewiev of androgenic anabolic steroid use. Office of Safeguards and Security U.S. Department of Energy, 1-18.
  • 9. Chin K Y, Ima-Nirwana S. 2017 The Effects of Testosterone Deficiency and Its Replacement on Inflammatory Markers in Rats: A Pilot Study. International Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, (Inpress). 12,125- 136.
  • 10. Chung KJ, Kim KH, 2015. Forbidden fruit for athletes, but possible divine blessing for rehabilitation: testosterone. Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation, 11(1), 2-4.
  • 11. Fontana K Campos GER, Staron RS, Cruz-Höfling MA, 2013. Effects of Anabolik Steroids and High-Intensity Aerobic Exercise on Skeletal Muscle of Transgenic Mice. PLoS One, 8(11), 1-8.
  • 12. Gunness M, Orwoll E, 1995. Early induction of alterations in cancellous and cortical bone histology after orchiectomy in mature rats. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 10, 1735-44.
  • 13. Harmer PA, 2010. Anabolic-androgenic steroid use among young male and female athletes: is the game to blame. Br J Sports Med, 44, 26-31.
  • 14. Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, 2006. Medical ıssues associated with anabolic steroid use: are they exaggerated. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 5, 183-93.
  • 15. Kassem HH, Dashti R, Jarallah M, 2014. Anabolic Steroids and Testosterone Abuse; a Possible Cause of Myocardial Infarction in Young Age, 20, 2685-87.
  • 16. Kerr JM, Congeni JA, 2007. Anabolic-androgenic steroids: use and abuse in pediatric patients. Pediatr Clin N Am, 54, 7771-85.
  • 17. Kicman AT, 2008. Pharmacology of anabolic steroids.British Journal of Pharmacology, 154, 502-21.
  • 18. Kılcı A, Lok S. Morphometric Effects Of Testosterone Supplementation On Certain Extremity Bones In Young Swim-Trained Rats. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 2018; 20(3), 140-144.
  • 19. Kim B, Mosekilde L, Duan Y, Zhang XZ, Tornvig L, Thomsen JS, Seeman E, 2003. The structural and hormonal basis of sex differences in peak appendicular bone strength in rats. J Bone Miner Res, 18:150-5.
  • 20. Lok S, 2015. Does the use of Testosterone Enanthate as a Form of Doping in Sports Cause Early Closure of Epiphyseal in Bones?". International journal of morphology, 33(4), pp. 1201-4.
  • 21. Lok S, Yalcin H, 2010. Morphometric effect of nandrolone decanoate used as doping in sport on femur of rats in puberty period. Archives of budo, 6(4), 1771-5.
  • 22. Maravelias C, Dona A, Stefanidou M, Spiliopoulou C, 2005. Adverse effects of anabolic steroids in athletes: A constant threat. Toxicol Lett, 158, 167-75.
  • 23. Momaya A, Fawal M, Estes R, 2015. Performance-Enhancing Substances in Sports: A Review of the Literature. Sports Med, 45, 517–31.
  • 24. Papazisis G, Kouvelas D, Mastrogianni A, Karastergiou A, 2007. Anabolic androgenic steroid abuse and mood disorder. A case report Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 10(2), 292-293.
  • 25. Prakasam G, Yeh JK , Chen MM, Magana MC, Liang CT, Aloia JF, 1999. Effects of growth hormone and testosterone on cortical bone formation and bone density in aged orchiectomized rats. Bone, 5, 491-7.
  • 26. Qu Q, Heapei MP, Kapanen, JA , Salo DJ , Väänänen HK, Härkönen P. Estrogen enhances differentiation of osteoblasts in mouse bone marrow culture. Bone. 1998;22: 201-9.
  • 27. Sims NA, Dupont S, Krust A, Clement-Lacroix P, Minet D, Resche-Rigon M, Gaillard-Kelly M, Baron R, 2002. Deletion of estrogen receptors reveals a regulatory role for estrogen receptors in bone remodeling in females but not in males. Bone, 30, 18-25.
  • 28. Solbach P,Potthoff A, Raatschen HJ, Soudah B, Lehmann U, Schneider A, Gebel MJ, Manns MP, Vogel A, 2015. Testosterone-receptor positive hepatocellular carcinoma in a 29-year old bodybuilder with a history of anabolic androgenic steroid abuse: a case report. BMC Gastroenterology, 15, 60.
  • 29. Tasgin E, Akkus H, Lok S, 2016. Morphometric Effects of Testosterone İntake On Bones of Femur and Humerus İn Female Rats Which Regularly Swim. 14th International Sport Sciences Congress, Book of Abstracts, p 458, 01st-04th November, Belek-Antalya
  • 30. Thevis M, Schanzer W, 2007. Mass spectrometryin sports drug testing: structure characterization and alalytical assays. Mass Spectrometry Reviews, 26, 79-107.
  • 31. Weisman Y, Cassorla F, Malozowski S, Krieg R J, Goldray D, Kaye A M, Somjen D, 1993. Sex-specific response of bone cells to gonadal steroids: modulation in perinatally androgenized females and in testicular feminized male rats. Steroids. 58: 126-33.
  • 32. Xiaodong L, Takahashi M, Kushida K, Shimizu S, Hoshino H, 2000. The effect of nandrolone decanoate on bone mass and metabolism overectomized rats with ostepeni. J Bone Miner Metab, 18, 258-63.
  • 33. Yavari A, 2009. Abuse of anabolic androgenic steroids. Journal of Stress Physiology & Biochemistry, 5(3), 22-32.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Spor Hekimliği
Bölüm Makeleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Özdemir Bu kişi benim

Sefa Lök

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Eylül 2019
Kabul Tarihi 9 Eylül 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Özdemir, M., & Lök, S. (2019). The Effects of Methenolone Enanthate Supplement with Exercise on Rats’ Bones. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, 21(2), 276-280. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.555433
AMA Özdemir M, Lök S. The Effects of Methenolone Enanthate Supplement with Exercise on Rats’ Bones. Turk J Sport Exe. Eylül 2019;21(2):276-280. doi:10.15314/tsed.555433
Chicago Özdemir, Mehmet, ve Sefa Lök. “The Effects of Methenolone Enanthate Supplement With Exercise on Rats’ Bones”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 21, sy. 2 (Eylül 2019): 276-80. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.555433.
EndNote Özdemir M, Lök S (01 Eylül 2019) The Effects of Methenolone Enanthate Supplement with Exercise on Rats’ Bones. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 21 2 276–280.
IEEE M. Özdemir ve S. Lök, “The Effects of Methenolone Enanthate Supplement with Exercise on Rats’ Bones”, Turk J Sport Exe, c. 21, sy. 2, ss. 276–280, 2019, doi: 10.15314/tsed.555433.
ISNAD Özdemir, Mehmet - Lök, Sefa. “The Effects of Methenolone Enanthate Supplement With Exercise on Rats’ Bones”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise 21/2 (Eylül 2019), 276-280. https://doi.org/10.15314/tsed.555433.
JAMA Özdemir M, Lök S. The Effects of Methenolone Enanthate Supplement with Exercise on Rats’ Bones. Turk J Sport Exe. 2019;21:276–280.
MLA Özdemir, Mehmet ve Sefa Lök. “The Effects of Methenolone Enanthate Supplement With Exercise on Rats’ Bones”. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercise, c. 21, sy. 2, 2019, ss. 276-80, doi:10.15314/tsed.555433.
Vancouver Özdemir M, Lök S. The Effects of Methenolone Enanthate Supplement with Exercise on Rats’ Bones. Turk J Sport Exe. 2019;21(2):276-80.
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